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A Packet Switched Network, or PSN, refers to the packet switched networks that existed before Internet. History can be divided into three eras: Early networks before the introduction of X.25 and OSI X.25 era when many PTTs introduced networks with X.25 interfaces Internet era when restrictions on connection to the Internet were removed. X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for wide area networks using leased lines, the phone or ISDN system as the networking hardware. ...
The Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model for short) is a layered, abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design, developed as part of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative. ...
Early Networks
ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25 in 1969, about twenty different network technologies were developed. There was a debate about the merits of two drastically different views as to proper division of labour between the hosts and the network. In the datagram system the host must detect loss or duplication of packets. Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the best known example of a host to datagram protocol. In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model. X.25 is the best known virtual call protocol. It has been suggested that Internet Protocols be merged into this article or section. ...
X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for wide area networks using leased lines, the phone or ISDN system as the networking hardware. ...
Inexpensive minicomputers were an important component in the early networks. In some cases custom I/O devices were added to allow inexpensive or exotic attachments to communication lines. Minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a largely obsolete term for a class of multi-user computers which make up the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (traditionally, mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). ...
Arpanet -
This is the principal survivor from the early era. TCP/IP which was an important component of ARPANET2 was chosen for use in NSFNET which eventually became the Internet. ARPANET logical map, March 1977. ...
BNRNET BNRNET was a network which Bell Northern Research developed for internal use. It initially had only one host but was designed to support many hosts. BNR later made major contributions to the CCITT X.25 project.
Martel, C. C.; J. M. Cunningham and M. S. Grushcow. "THE BNR NETWORK: A CANADIAN EXPERIENCE WITH PACKET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY". IFIP Congress 1974: 10-14.
CETNET Hochschulkooperation "Central European Tourism Network" stimmt Realisierung des Bologna-Prozesses ab Vom 2. bis 4. Dezember 2004 findet an der FH München der erste Workshop des "Central European Tourism Network" (CETnet) statt. Dabei soll die Realisierung des Bologna-Prozesses an den CETnet-Mitgliedshochschulen abgestimmt werden. Die Partner wollen gemeinsame Module für Bachelor- und Master-Studiengänge entwickeln, zum Beispiel in den Bereichen Marketing und Marktforschung, Interkulturelles Management sowie Gesundheitsorientierter Tourismus. CETnet ist eine Kooperation der Fachhochschule München mit verschiedenen mitteleuropäischen Hochschulen mit Tourismus-Fachbereichen.
Jaffar.a 05:48, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
CTNE Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España was the national telephone company in Spain. They developed a network called RETD. See below for details.
CYCLADES -
CYCLADES was an experimental French network. Louis Pouzin was the principal designer. Some ideas from this network were later incorporated into ARPANET. The Cyclades (Greek Κυκλάδες) are a Greek island group in the Aegean Sea, south-east of the mainland of Greece; and an administrative prefecture of Greece. ...
Louis Pouzin, from France, inveted the datagram and designed the first packet communications network, CYCLADES. He also created the first forms of command-line interface. ...
DDX-1 This was an experimental network from Nippon PTT. It mixed circuit switching and packet switching. It was succeeded by DDX-2.
EIN nee COST II European Informatics Network was a project to link several national networks. It became operational in 1976.
EPSS EPSS (Experimental Packet Switching System) was an experiment of the UK Post Office. Ferranti supplied the hardware and software. The handling of link control messages (acknowledgements and flow control) was differed from that of most another networks and is not fully explained in the published literature.
Bright, Roy D.; Smith, Michael A. (1973). "EXPERIMENTAL PACKET SWITCHING PROJECT OF THE UK POST OFFICE". Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks: 435-44, Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing.
Pearson, D J; Wilkin, D (1974). "Some Design Aspects of a public packet switching network". Proceedings of the 2nd ICCC 74: 199-213.
GE IS General Electric was the major international provider of information services. They designed a network to connect their worldwide customers to a large data center near Cleveland, Ohio. Very little has been published about the internal details of their network. The design was hierarchal with redundant communication links. Two papers provides some details. GE redirects here. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Kirstein, Peter T. (1973). "A SURVEY OF PRESENT AND PLANNED GENERAL PURPOSE EUROPEAN DATA AND COMPUTER NETWORKS". Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks, Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing.
Schwartz, Mischa; Boorstyn, Rober R. and Pickholtz, Raymond L. (November 1972). "Terminal-Oriented Computer-Communication Networks". Proceedings of the IEEE 60 (11): 1408-23.
GMD
IPSANET -
IPSANET was a semi-private network constructed by I. P. Sharp Associates to serve their time-sharing customers. It became operational in May 1976. IPSANET was an early packet switching network hosted on I. P. Sharp Associates (IPSA)s commercial time sharing hosts. ...
I. P. Sharp Associates, IPSA for short, was a major Canadian computer time sharing, consulting and services firm of the 1970s and 80s. ...
NPL Donald Davies of the National Physical Laboratory, UK made many important contributions to the theory of packet switching. NPL built a single node network to connect sundry hosts at NPL. Donald Davies Donald Watts Davies CBE FRS (June 7, 1924 – May 28, 2000) was a British computer scientist who was a co-inventor of packet switching (and originator of the term), along with Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock in the US. Just prior to Davies death, he contested Kleinrocks...
The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is the national measurement standards laboratory for the United Kingdom, based at Bushy Park in Teddington in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. ...
Scantlebury, R. A.; Wilkinson, P.T. (1974). "The National Physical Laboratory Data Communications Network". Proceedings of the 2nd ICCC 74: 223-228.
OCTOPUS Octopus was a local network at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It connected sundry hosts at the lab to interactive terminals and various computer peripherals including a bulk storage system. Aerial view of the lab and surrounding area. ...
Philips Research Philips Research Laboratories in Redhill, Surrey developed a packet switching network for internal use. It was a datagram network with a single switching node. Philips HQ in Amsterdam Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics N.V.), usually known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is one of the largest electronics companies in the world, founded and headquartered in the Netherlands. ...
Redhill is a town in the borough of Reigate and Banstead, Surrey, England and is part of the London commuter belt. ...
Burnett, D.J.; Sethi, H.R.. "Packet Switching at Philips Research Laboratories". Computer Networks 1: 341-348.
RCP RCP was an experimental network created by the French PTT. It was used to gain experience with packet switching technology before the specification of TRANSPAC was frozen. RCP was a virtual-call network in contrast to CYCLADES which was based on datagrams. RCP emphasised terminal to host and terminal to terminal connection; CYCLADES was concerned with host-to-host communication. TRANSPAC was introduced as an X.25 network. RCP may have influenced the specification of X.25.
Bache, A.; Matras, Y. (1976). "Fundamental Choices in the Development of RCP, the Experimental Packet-Switching Data Transmission Service of the French PTT". Proceedings of ICCC 76: 311-16.
Bache, A.; L. Guillou, H. Layec, B. Long and Y. Matras (1976). "RCP, the Experimental Packet-Switched Data Transmission Service of the French PTT: History, Connections, Control". Proceedings of ICCC 76.
Duprés, R. (1974). "RCP, THE EXPERIMENTAL PACKET-SWITCHED DATA TRANSMISSION SERVICE OF THE FRENCH PTT". Proceedings of ICCC 74: 171-85.
RETD Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos was a network developed in Spain. It became operational in 1972 and thus was the first public network.
Alarcia, G.; Herrera, S. (1974). ""C.T.N.E.'s PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. ITS APPLICATIONS"". Proceedings of 2nd ICCC 74: 163-170.
Cuenca, L. (1980). "[http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEC1.html A PUBLIC PACKET SWITCHING DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK: EIGHT YEARS OF OPERATING EXPERIENCE]". Conference Record of ICC 80: 39.3.1-39.3.5, IEEE.
Lavandera, Luis (1980). "ARCHITECTURE, PROTOCOLS AND PERFORMANCE OF RETD". Conference Record of ICC 80: 28.4.1-28.4.5, IEEE.
SCANNET "The first experimental packet-switched Nordic telecommunication network SCANNET was implemented in Nordic technical libraries in 70's, and it included first Nordic electronic journal Extemplo. Libraries were also among first ones in universities to accommodate microcomputers for public use in early 80's."
The preceding paragraph taken from: [href="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/conferences/eunis2001/e/Haarala/HTML/haarala-ch2.html"]
SITA HLN SITA is a consortium of airlines. Their High Level Network became operational in 1969 at about the same time as ARPANET. It carried interactive traffic and message-switching traffic. As with many non-academic networks very little has been published about it. Lord Rama (center) with wife Sita, brother Lakshmana and devotee Hanuman. ...
Chretien, G.J.; Konig, W.M. and Rech, J.H. (1973). "The SITA Network". Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks: 373-396, Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing.
SNA Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is IBM's proprietary networking architecture created in 1974. An IBM customer could acquire hardware and software from IBM and lease private lines from a common carrier. This allowed construction of a private network. Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is IBMs proprietary networking architecture created in 1974. ...
International Business Machines Corporation (known as IBM or Big Blue; NYSE: IBM) is a multinational computer technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. ...
Sundstrom, R.J.; G.D. Schultz (1980). ""1980 SNA'S First Six Years: 1974-1980"". Proceedings of 5th ICCC 80: 578-585.
Telenet -
Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States. It initially used ARPANET technology but changed to host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29. Telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the CCITT. Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It was went puplic in 1979 was then sold to GTE. Telenet is the largest provider of broadband cable services in Belgium. ...
Tymnet -
Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways. Italic textTymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized circuit switched technology and used X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC interfaces to connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. ...
TYMES, LA ROY W.. "TYMNET — A terminal oriented communication network". Proceedings of the SJCC 1971 38: 211-16.
TYMES, LA ROY W. (APRIL 1981). "Routing and Flow Control in TYMNET". IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS COM-29 (4): 392-98.
X.25 Era There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks. A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address. Bell Canada Enterprises (TSX: BCE, NYSE: BCE), legally BCE Inc. ...
Northern Telecommunications Networks, commonly known as Nortel, is a telecommunications equipment manufacturer headquartered in Canada. ...
This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, tone, style, and voice). ...
X.75 is an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard specifying the interface between DCE units in a network. ...
X.121 is the ITU-T address format of the X.25 protocol suite used as part of call setup to establish a switched virtual circuit between Public Data Networks (PDNs), connecting two network user addresses (NUAs). ...
Austpac -
AUSTPAC is an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by the then-Telecom in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched data network, supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications — the Australian Tax Office has made use of AUSTPAC — and remote terminal access to academic institutions, who maintained their connections to AUSTPAC up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases. Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network. AUSTPAC is an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra. ...
X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for wide area networks using leased lines, the phone or ISDN system as the networking hardware. ...
Telstra Corporation (ASX: TLS, NZX: TLS, NYSE: TLS) (formed from Telecom Australia) is an Australian telecommunications company under private ownership, holding a dominant position in landline telephone services, large share of mobile phone services, domestic consumer (including dial-up access and Broadband internet broadband cable modem, satellite and ADSL services...
In computer networking and telecommunications, packet switching is a communications paradigm in which packets (messages or fragments of messages) are individually routed between nodes, with no previously established communication path. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Autonet
ConnNet ConnNet was a packet switched data network operated by the Southern New England Telephone Company serving the state of Connecticut. ConnNet was a packet switched data network operated by the Southern New England Telephone Company serving the state of Connecticut. ...
Datapac DATAPAC was the first operational X.25 network (1976). It covered major Canadian cities and was eventually extended to smaller centres. DATAPAC is Canadas packet switched X.25-equivalent data network. ...
Datex-P Deutsche Bundespost operated this national network in Germany. The technology was acquired from Northern Telecom. This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, tone, style, and voice). ...
Northern Telecommunications Networks, commonly known as Nortel, is a telecommunications equipment manufacturer headquartered in Canada. ...
Eirpac Eirpac is the Irish public switched data network supporting X.25 and X.28. It was launched in 1984, replacing Euronet. Eirpac is run by eircom. X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for wide area networks using leased lines, the phone or ISDN system as the networking hardware. ...
X.28 stands for an ITU-T standard (1997) for exchange of information between a DTE and a PAD on the X.25 network. ...
Year 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar). ...
Isranet
JANET JANET was the UK academic and research network, linking all universities, higher education establishments, publically funded research laboratories. The X.25 network was based mainly on GEC 4000 series switches, and run X.25 links at up to 8Mbits/sec in it's final phase before being converted to an IP based network. The JANET network grew out of the 1970's SRCnet (later called SERCnet) network. JANET is a private British government-funded computer network dedicated to education and research. ...
The GEC 4000 was a series of 16/32-bit minicomputers produced by GEC Computers Ltd. ...
Luxpac
PSS PSS was the UK Post Office (later to become British Telecom) national X.25 network with a DNIC of 2342. British Telecom renamed PSS under its GNS (Global Network Service) name, but the PSS name has remained better known. PSS also included public dial-up PAD access, and various InterStream gateways to other services such as Telex. In the UK, an X.25-based packet-switched network, provided by British Telecom. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
RCA
Saponet
Telepac
Transpac Transpac was the national X.25 network in France. It was developed locally at about the same time as DataPac in Canada. The development was done by the French PTT and influenced by the experimental RCP network. It began operation in 1978.
Venus-P
Internet Era When Internet connectivity was made available to anyone who could pay for an ISP subscription, the distinctions between national networks blurred. The user no longer saw network identifiers such as the DNIC. Some older technologies such as circuit switching have resurfaced with new names such as fast packet switching. Researchers have created some experimental networks to complement the existing Internet. “ISP†redirects here. ...
In telecommunications, a circuit switching network is one that establishes a dedicated circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate. ...
In telecommunications, fast packet switching is a packet switching technique that increases the throughput by eliminating overhead. ...
Internet2 -
Internet2 is not an actual network. It is a research consortium which has created the Abilene Network. Abilene Network is the U.S. high-performance backbone network created by the Internet2 community. ...
National LambdaRail -
National LambdaRail is a high-speed national computer network in the United States that runs over fiber-optic lines, and is the first transcontinental Ethernet network. The network as of October 2005. ...
TransPAC2 -
The TransPAC2 Network is a National Science Foundation-funded high-speed international circuit connecting research and education networks in the Asia-Pacific region to those in the US. It is the 5-year continuation of the TransPAC project. ...
See also PSDN is an acronym for public switched data network, a publicly-available network supporting packet-switched data, separate from the PSTN. In the UK, this term refers only to PSS (Packet Switch Stream), an X.25-based packet-switched network, originally used to provide leased-line Internet connections. ...
A Public Data Network is a network established and operated by a telecommunications administration, or a recognized private operating agency, for the specific purpose of providing data transmission services for the public. ...
CompuServe, (in full, CompuServe Information Services, or CIS), was the first major commercial online service in the United States. ...
A virtual private network (VPN) is a private communications network often used by companies or organizations to communicate confidentially over a public network. ...
External links - "The Guide to Hacking & Phreaking, Issue #2", Liquid Jesus
- X.25 DNIC List
- "Hobbes' Internet Timeline v8.1", Robert H'obbes' Zakon, Zakon Group LLC
- 20+ articles on packet switching in the 70s
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