Paclitaxel
Systematic (IUPAC) name
β-(benzoylamino)-α-hydroxy-,6,12b-bis (acetyloxy)-12-(benzoyloxy)-2a,3,4,4a, 5,6,9,10,11,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4,11- dihydroxy-4a,8,13,13-tetramethyl-5-oxo- 7,11-methano-1H-cyclodeca(3,4)benz(1,2-b) oxet-9-ylester,(2aR-(2a-α,4-β,4a-β,6-β,9-α (α-R*,β-S*),11-α,12-α,12a-α,2b-α))- benzenepropanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	33069-62-4
ATC code	L01CD01
PubChem	36314
DrugBank	APRD00259
Chemical data
Formula	C47H51NO14
Mol. mass	853.906 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	6.5% (oral)[1]
Protein binding	89 to 98%
Metabolism	Hepatic (CYP2C8 and CYP3A4)
Half life	5.8 hours
Excretion	Fecal and urinary
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	D(US) Image File history File links Taxol. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Atomic mass 14. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Atomic mass 15. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... The mole (symbol: mol) is the SI base unit that measures an amount of substance. ... In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of medication that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ... seadonkey rules =P ... Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. ... The liver is an organ in some animals, including vertebrates (and therefore humans). ... Cytochrome P450 2C8 (abbreviated CYP2C8), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. ... Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC 1. ... It has been suggested that Effective half-life be merged into this article or section. ... Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other materials that are of no use. ... The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from...
Legal status
Routes	iv

Paclitaxel is a drug used in the treatment of cancer. It was discovered at Research Triangle Institute (RTI) in 1967 when Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani isolated the compound from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia, and noted its antitumor activity in a broad range of rodent tumors. By 1970, the two scientists had determined the structure of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel has since become an effective tool of doctors who treat patients with lung, ovarian, breast cancer, and advanced forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (Saville et. al 1995). It is sold under the tradename Taxol. Together with docetaxel, it forms the drug category of the taxanes. The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ... In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... Oral medication A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) is a non-profit research organization based in the Research Triangle Park (RTP) of North Carolina. ... Professor Mansukh C. Wani, Ph. ... Binomial name Taxus brevifolia Nutt. ... Lung cancer is the malignant transformation and expansion of lung tissue, and is the most lethal of all cancers worldwide, responsible for 1. ... Ovarian cancer is a malignant ovarian neoplasm (an abnormal growth located on the ovaries). ... Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... A trade name, also known as a trading name or a business name, is the legal name of a business, or the name which a business trades under for commercial purposes. ... Docetaxel chemical structure Docetaxel is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of cancer. ... The taxanes are NOT alkaloids (not every molecule coming from a plant and bearing a nitrogen is an alkaloid!). They are diterpenes produced by the plants of the genus Taxus (yews). ...

Paclitaxel is also used for the prevention of restenosis (recurrent narrowing) of coronary stents; locally delivered to the wall of the coronary artery, a paclitaxel coating limits the growth of neointima (scar tissue) within stents (Heldman et. al 2001). Paclitaxel coated stents are sold under the trade name Taxus by Boston Scientific in the United States. Restenosis literally means the reoccurrence of stenosis. ... Endoscopic image of self-expanding metallic stent in esophagus, which was used to palliatively treat esophageal cancer. ... The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from, the heart. ... The Boston Scientific Corporation (NYSE: BSX) (abbreviated BSC), is a worldwide developer, manufacturer and marketer of medical devices whose products are used in a range of interventional medical specialties, including interventional cardiology, peripheral interventions, neuromodulation, neurovascular intervention, electrophysiology, cardiac surgery, vascular surgery, endoscopy, oncology, urology and gynecology. ...

History

Crystal structure of Paclitaxel reported by Nogales and coworkers in J. Mol. Biol., 2001, page 1045

The history of paclitaxel begins with a 1958 National Cancer Institute (NCI) study that commissioned Department of Agriculture botanists to collect samples of over 30,000 plants to test for anticancer properties. Arthur S. Barclay, one of those botanists, collected 15 lbs of twigs, needles, and bark from Pacific yew trees, Taxus brevifolia, in a forest near Mount St. Helens. Months later, in 1963, Monroe E. Wall discovered that bark extract from the Pacific yew possessed antitumor qualities, beginning to reveal the tree's hidden treasure. Soon after, Wall and his colleague Mansukh C. Wani were busy isolating and purifying plant compounds for anticancer tests in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. In 1967 the team had isolated the active ingredient, announcing their findings at an American Chemical Society meeting in Miami Beach. Wall and Wani published their results, including the chemical structure, in a 1971 issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 541 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (666 × 738 pixel, file size: 33 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a picture generated from a crystal structure data reported by J. Löwe, H. Li, K. H. Downing and E. Nogales... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 541 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (666 × 738 pixel, file size: 33 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a picture generated from a crystal structure data reported by J. Löwe, H. Li, K. H. Downing and E. Nogales... The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the United States Federal governments National Institutes of Health. ... The U.S. Department of Agriculture, also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA, is a Cabinet department of the United States Federal Government. ... A twig is a small terminal branch section that bears leaves, buds and usually the flowers and fruit of plants. ... The word needle has several meanings: Sewing Needles used for sewing In sewing, a needle is a long, slender, object with a pointed tip, usually made of metal. ... For other meanings of bark, see Bark (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Taxus brevifolia Nutt. ... For the mountain in California see Mount Saint Helena. Mount St. ... Professor Mansukh C. Wani, Ph. ... Research Triangle Park (RTP) is the largest research park in the world. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ... The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. ... Miami Beach is a city located in Miami-Dade County, Florida. ...

The paper was noticed immediately by Robert A. Holton who was starting postdoctoral research at Stanford University in natural products synthesis. But, it would be several years before he dedicated his attention to synthesizing paclitaxel at Florida State University, quelling an emerging environmental controversy; a 40-foot Pacific yew, which may have taken 200 years to reach that height, yields only a half gram of paclitaxel from its bark, but Holton's group perfected a four-step procedure to convert 10-deacetylbaccatin, a related compound found in various non-threatened yew species, Taxus, and which can be harvested without destruction of the entire tree, into paclitaxel. A postdoctoral (colloquially, post-doc) appointment is a usually temporary academic job held by a person who has completed his or her doctoral studies. ... The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university located approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles northwest of San José in an unincorporated area of Santa Clara County. ... The Florida State University (commonly referred to as Florida State or FSU)[4] is a public research university located in Tallahassee, the capital city of Florida. ... 10-Deacetylbaccatin is a molecule used as a precursor for Paclitaxel. ... Species Taxus baccata - European Yew Taxus brevifolia - Pacific (or Western) Yew Taxus canadensis - Canadian Yew Taxus chinensis - Chinese Yew Taxus cuspidata - Japanese Yew Taxus floridana - Florida Yew Taxus globosa - Mexican Yew Taxus sumatrana - Sumatran Yew Taxus wallichiana - Himalayan Yew Taxus is a genus of yews, small coniferous trees or shrubs...

In the late 1970s, Susan B. Horwitz, a molecular pharmacologist at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City, unravelled the key mystery of how paclitaxel works. Largely in part of an enormous research and development effort, starting in government facilities and continued in commercial labs, paclitaxel quickly became a top-selling pharmaceutical. Paclitaxel was brought to the market by Bristol-Myers Squibb in 1993 as Taxol®. Annual sales peaked in 2000, reaching US$1.6 billion. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECOM) is a private medical school located at 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York (see website link). ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area... The phrase research and development (also R and D or R&D) has a special commercial significance apart from its conventional coupling of scientific research and technological development. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Bristol-Myers Squibb (NYSE: BMY), colloquially referred to as BMS, is a pharmaceutical corporation, formed by a 1989 merger between pharmaceutical companies Bristol-Myers Company, founded in 1887 by William McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers in Clinton, NY (both were graduates of Hamilton College), and Squibb Corporation. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

Production

Undisturbed Pacific Yew bark contains paclitaxel and related chemicals.

The bark is peeled and processed to provide paclitaxel.

Unfortunately, the Pacific yew is one of the slowest growing trees in the world, and is governed by the National Forest Registry. Furthermore, the paclitaxel treatment of just one patient required the cutting down and processing of six 100-year old trees, until the implementation of recent production innovations. Although other paclitaxel-like compounds may be extracted from Pacific and other yew trees, these are not as potent as paclitaxel itself. Image File history File linksMetadata PacificYew_8566. ... Image File history File linksMetadata PacificYew_8566. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1350x900, 683 KB) Source: http://visualsonline. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1350x900, 683 KB) Source: http://visualsonline. ...

Initially, a process developed by Hauser Chemical Research of Boulder, Colorado made it practical to extract paclitaxel from the annual "sheds" of Pacific yew bark. Then Total synthesis provided another means of obtaining paclitaxel, using petrochemical-derived starting materials, the results of which are summarised in the Taxol total synthesis. However, total synthesis is not an economically feasible way of manufacturing paclitaxel, so its semisynthesis was developed. In this process 10-deacetylbaccatin can be extracted in relatively large amounts from various yew-related species and is converted by several steps of organic synthesis into paclitaxel. Cell-cultures can also be used to provide the starting 10-deactylbaccatin material for semisynthesis. A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) precursors. ... Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum (hydrocarbon) origin. ... Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry is a major ongoing research effort in the total synthesis of Taxol. ... A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) precursors. ... 10-Deacetylbaccatin is a molecule used as a precursor for Paclitaxel. ... Organic synthesis is the construction of organic molecules via chemical processes. ... 10-Deacetylbaccatin is a molecule used as a precursor for Paclitaxel. ...

The initial perceived supply problem, combined with the alleged threat to the endangered spotted owl (Strix occidentalis), also prompted researchers to develop actinobacteria from which paclitaxel-like compounds can be obtained by fermentation. Cultures of the fungus Nodulisporium sylviforme are used to produce paclitaxel itself.^[2] Binomial name Strix occidentalis Xantus de Vesey, 1860 The Spotted Owl, Strix occidentalis, is a species of owl. ... Subclasses Acidimicrobidae Actinobacteridae Coriobacteridae Rubrobacteridae Sphaerobacteridae The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation is a process of energy production in a cell in an anaerobic environment (with no oxygen present). ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Fungi (singular fungus) are a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. ...

Currently, the majority of paclitaxel production uses plant cell fermentation (PCF) technology. In the cell fermentation stage of the process, calluses of a specific taxus cell line are propagated in a wholly aqueous medium in large fermentation tanks under controlled conditions at ambient temperature and pressure. The feedstock for the cell growth consists of renewable nutrients: sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and trace elements. Paclitaxel is then extracted directly from plant cell cultures, purified by chromatography and isolated by crystallization. By replacing leaves and twigs with plant cell cultures, PCF improves the sustainability of the paclitaxel supply, allows year-round harvest, and eliminates solid biomass waste. Compared to the semisynthesis, PCF has no chemical transformations, thereby eliminating an estimated 71,000 pounds of hazardous chemicals and other materials, and saving a considerable amount of energy.^[3]

Method of action

Paclitaxel interferes with the normal function of microtubule growth. Whereas drugs like colchicine cause the depolymerization of microtubules, paclitaxel arrests their function by having the opposite effect; it hyper-stabilizes their structure. This destroys the cell's ability to use its cytoskeleton in a flexible manner. Specifically, paclitaxel binds to the β subunit of tubulin. Tubulin is the "building block" of microtubules, and the binding of paclitaxel locks these building blocks in place. The resulting microtubule/paclitaxel complex does not have the ability to disassemble. This adversely affects cell function because the shortening and lengthening of microtubules (termed dynamic instability) is necessary for their function as a mechanism to transport other cellular components. For example, during mitosis, microtubules position the chromosomes during their replication and subsequent separation into the two daughter-cell nuclei. Microtubules are one of the components of the cytoskeleton. ... Colchicine is a highly deadly poisonous alkaloid, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum (Autumn crocus, also known as the Meadow saffron). Originally used to treat rheumatic complaints and especially gout, it was also prescribed for its cathartic and emetic effects. ... The eukaryotic cytoskeleton. ... Tubulin is the protein which makes up microtubules. ... Mitosis divides genetic information during cell division. ... THERE ARE NOW 30 CHROMOSOMES!!!!!! Figure 1: A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen during cell division. ...

Further research has indicated that paclitaxel induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells by binding to an apoptosis stopping protein called Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia 2) and thus arresting its function. A cell undergoing apoptosis. ... Bcl-2 is the prototype for a family of genes that can be either pro-apoptopic – Bax, Bak and Bok among others – or anti-apoptopic – including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w also among an assortment of others. ...

One common characteristic of most cancer cells is their rapid rate of cell division. In order to accommodate this, the cytoskeleton of a cell undergoes extensive restructuring. Paclitaxel is an effective treatment for aggressive cancers because it adversely affects the process of cell division by preventing this restructuring. Cancer cells are also destroyed by the aforementioned anti-Bcl-2 mechanism. Other cells are also affected adversely, but since cancer cells divide much faster than non-cancerous cells, they are far more susceptible to paclitaxel treatment. For other uses, see Cancer (disambiguation). ...

Side Effects and Contraindications

Allergies to drugs such as cyclosporine, teniposide and drugs containing polyoxyethylated castor oil may indicate increased risk of adverse reactions to paclitaxel. Dexamethasone is given prior to beginning paclitaxel treatment to mitigate some of the side effects. Common side-effects include nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, change in taste, thinned or brittle hair, pain in the joints of the arms or legs lasting 2-3 days, changes in the color of the nails, tingling in the hands or toes. More serious side effects such as unusual bruising or bleeding, pain/redness/swelling at the injection site, change in normal bowel habits for more than 2 days, fever, chills, cough, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe exhaustion, skin rash, facial flushing and chest pain can also occur.^[4] Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones. ...

Clinical use

The license to commercialize and market paclitaxel (as Taxol®) was held by the Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., which was selected for this role by the U.S. National Cancer Institute. Bristol-Myers held an exclusive contract in the harvesting of Pacific yew trees from US government lands; it was criticized for having a "cancer monopoly."^[5] Bristol-Myers Squibb (NYSE: BMY), colloquially referred to as BMS, is a pharmaceutical corporation, formed by a 1989 merger between pharmaceutical companies Bristol-Myers Company, founded in 1887 by William McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers in Clinton, NY (both were graduates of Hamilton College), and Squibb Corporation. ... The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the United States Federal governments National Institutes of Health. ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Latin word monopolium - Greek language monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. ...

In January 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Abraxane® (ABI-007) for the treatment of breast cancer after failure of combination chemotherapy for metastatic disease or relapse within six months of adjuvant chemotherapy. In this preparation, paclitaxel is bonded to albumin as the delivery agent as an alternative to the often toxic, solvent delivery method.^[6] 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Deaths in January • 29 Ephraim Kishon • 25 Philip Johnson • 23 Johnny Carson • 22 Parveen Babi • 20 Jan Nowak-Jeziorański • 17 Virginia Mayo • 17 Zhao Ziyang • 15... The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food (humans and animal), dietary supplements, drugs (human and animal), cosmetics, medical devices (human and animal) and radiation emitting devices (including non-medical devices), biologics, and... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into serum albumin. ...

See also

• Cremophor EL
• Castor oil

Cremophor EL is polyethoxylated castor oil. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Additional images

Model of the Paclitaxel molecule Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Rotated Paclitaxel molecule model (Animated GIF, 1.2Mb size) Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Further reading

• Mitch Jacoby. Chemical & Engineering News. Volume 83, Number 25. 20 June 2005.
• Greg Palast. The Best Democracy Money Can Buy. 2002 ISBN 0-452-28391-4
• Wani M, Taylor H, Wall M, Coggon P, McPhail A (1971). "Plant antitumor agents. VI. The isolation and structure of taxol, a novel antileukemic and antitumor agent from Taxus brevifolia.". J Am Chem Soc 93 (9): 2325-7. PMID 5553076. 
• Bolton, Penni, Carl Edwin Lindgren (1993, July). The extraction of taxol from taxus X media 'hickii' -- RIPS and anticancer research. Science Technology, no. 29.
• Bolton, Penni, Carl Edwin Lindgren (1992, August). Taxol: a Natural Cure for Cancer. Let's Live, Vol 60, No. 8.
• Heldman A, Cheng L, Jenkins G, Heller P, Kim D, Ware M, Nater C, Hruban R, Rezai B, Abella B, Bunge K, Kinsella J, Sollott S, Lakatta E, Brinker J, Hunter W, Froehlich J (2001). "Paclitaxel stent coating inhibits neointimal hyperplasia at 4 weeks in a porcine model of coronary restenosis.". Circulation 103 (18): 2289-95. PMID 11342479. 
• Saville M, Lietzau J, Pluda J, Feuerstein I, Odom J, Wilson W, Humphrey R, Feigal E, Steinberg S, Broder S (July 1 1995). "Treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with paclitaxel.". Lancet 346 (8966): 26-8. PMID 7603142. 

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References

1. ^ Peltier, S.; et al. "Enhanced oral paclitaxel bioavailability after administration of paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanocapsules." Pharmaceutical Research. May 25, 2006. 23 (6). pp. 1243-50.
2. ^ Zhao, K.; et al. "Study on the Preparation and Regeneration of Protoplast from Taxol-producing Fungus Nodulisporium sylviforme'." Nature and Science. 2004. 2 (2). pp. 52-59.
3. ^ "2004 Greener Synthetic Pathways Award: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company: Development of a Green Synthesis for Taxol® Manufacture via Plant Cell Fermentation and Extraction." United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Retrieved on March 9, 2007.
4. ^ "Medline Plus Entry for Taxol." MEDLINE. Last revised on April 1, 2003. Retrieved on March 9, 2007.
5. ^ Nader, Ralph; Love, James. "Looting the medicine chest: how Bristol-Myers Squibb made off with the public's cancer research." The Progressive. February, 1993. Retrieved on March 9, 2007.
6. ^ "Abraxane Drug Information." Food and Drug Administration. January 7, 2005. Retrieved on March 9, 2007.

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External links

• NCI Drug Information Summary for Patients.
• NCI Drug Dictionary Definition
• Molecule of the Month: TAXOL by Neil Edwards, University of Bristol.
• A Tale of Taxol from Florida State University.
• Abraxane Information from Chemo Care, a nonprofit program of the Scott Hamilton CARES Initiative
• Paclitaxel coated stents from Sahajanand Medical Technologies, a Paclitaxel Coated Coronary Stent Manufacturer
• Anzatax / Paclitaxel Virtual Cancer Centre
• Links to external chemical sources
• [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0CE1DD1730F932A35753C1A9609C8B63&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss}