NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Palestinian people

Palestinian people (Arabic: الشعب الفلسطيني‎, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni), Palestinians (Arabic: الفلسطينيون‎, al-filasTīnīyyūn), or Palestinian Arabs (Arabic: العرب الفلسطينيون‎, al-`arab al-filasTīnīyyūn) are terms used to refer to an Arabic-speaking people with family origins in Palestine. Image File history File links Flag_of_Palestine. ... This article is about the Palestinian territories as a geopolitical phenomenon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chile. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kuwait. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup spoken by Palestinian Arabs. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Relation to other religions Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... A Bedouin man in Sinai Peninsula Bedouin, (from the Arabic (), pl. ... In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical Shem, Hebrew: ×©×, translated as name, Arabic: Ø³Ø§Ù…) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ...

The first widespread use of "Palestinian" as an endonym to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by the Arabs of Palestine began prior to the outbreak of World War I,^[3] and the first demand for Syrian-Palestinian national independence was issued by the Syrian-Palestinian Congress on 21 September 1921.^[4] After the exodus of 1948, and even more so after the exodus of 1967, the term came to signify not only a place of origin, but the sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian nation-state.^[3] The term Palestine and the related term Palestinian have several overlapping (and occasionally contradictory) definitions. ... It has been suggested that Ethnonym be merged into this article or section. ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolizing French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... For the Palestinian annual commemorative day, see Nakba Day. ... The 1967 Palestinian exodus refers to the flight of around 300 000 Palestinians out of Cisjordan during and in the afternath of the Six day war. ... Proposals for a Palestinian state vary depending on ones views of Palestinian statehood, as well as various definitions of Palestine and Palestinian (see also Palestinian state and State of Palestine). ...

The total Palestinian population worldwide is estimated to be between 10 and 11 million people, over half of whom are stateless, lacking citizenship in any country.^[5] Palestinians are predominantly Sunni Muslims, though there is a significant Christian minority as well as smaller religious communities. It has been suggested that Stateless person be merged into this article or section. ... Citizen redirects here. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Palestinian Christians are Palestinians who follow Christianity. ...

Roughly half of all Palestinians continue to live in parts of the former British Mandate—an area today known as Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem.^[i] The other half, many of whom are refugees, live elsewhere in different places throughout the world. (See Palestinian diaspora.) Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ... Palestinian diaspora (Arabic: , al-shatat) is a term used to describe Palestinians living outside of historic Palestine - an area today known as Israel and the Palestinian territories or the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem. ...

The Palestinian people as a whole are represented before the international community by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).^[6] The Palestinian National Authority, created as a result of the Oslo Accords, is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. PLO redirects here. ... â€œPalestinian governmentâ€ redirects here. ... Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993. ...

Origins of Palestinian identity

Etymology

The Greek toponym Palaistinê (Παλαιστίνη), with which the Arabic Filastin (فلسطين) is cognate, first occurs in the work of the Ionian historian Herodotus, active in the middle of the 5th century BCE, where it denotes generally^[7] the coastal land from Phoenicia down to Egypt.^[8] Herodotus also employs the term as an ethnonym, as when he speaks of the 'Syrians of Palestine' or 'Palestinian-Syrians',^[9] an ethnically amorphous group he distinguishes from the Phoenicians.^[10] The word bears comparison to a congeries of ethnonyms in Semitic languages, Ancient Egyptian Prst, Assyrian Palastu, and the Hebraic Plishtim, the latter term used in the Bible to signify the Philistines.^[11] A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... Download high resolution version (979x1072, 213 KB)Map of Palestine during the Middle Ages according to the description of the Arab geographers, drawn by Geo. ... Download high resolution version (979x1072, 213 KB)Map of Palestine during the Middle Ages according to the description of the Arab geographers, drawn by Geo. ... The term Palestine may refer to: Palestine: A geographical region in the Middle East, centered on Jerusalem. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Location of Ionia Ionia (Greek Î™Ï‰Î½Î¯Î±; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Ä°zmir,) on the Aegean Sea. ... Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: HÄ“rÃ³dotos HalikarnÄsseÃºs) was a Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC (ca. ... Phoenicia (or Phenicia ,[1] from Biblical Phenice [1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria. ... An ethnonym (Gk. ... Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plain of what is now Lebanon and Syria. ... 14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... The pyramids are the most recognizable symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt. ... The term Assyrian language can mean one of: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: a language spoken in Israel, Syria, and Mesopotamia from perhaps 700 BC until now. ... Map showing the location of Philistine land and cities of Gaza, Ashdod, and Ashkelon Map of the southern Levant, c. ...

The Arabic word Filastin has been used to refer to the region since the earliest medieval Arab geographers adopted the Greek name. Filastini (فلسطيني), also derived from the Latinized Greek term Palaestina (Παλαιστίνη), appears to have been used as an Arabic adjectival noun in the region since as early as the 7th century CE.^[12] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of the physical environment and human habitat. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Arabic redirects here. ... Arabic is a Semitic language. ...

During the British Mandate of Palestine, the term "Palestinian" was used to refer to all people residing there, regardless of religion or ethnicity, and those granted citizenship by the Mandatory authorities were granted "Palestinian citizenship".^[13] Following the 1948 establishment of the State of Israel as the national homeland of the Jewish people, the use and application of the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinian" by and to Palestinian Jews largely dropped from use. The English-language newspaper The Palestine Post for example — which, since 1932, primarily served the Jewish community in the British Mandate of Palestine — changed its name in 1950 to The Jerusalem Post. Jews in Israel and the West Bank today generally identify as Israelis. Arab citizens of Israel identify themselves as Israeli and/or Palestinian and/or Arab.^[14] Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... Citizen redirects here. ... David Ben Gurion (First Prime Minister of Israel) publicly pronouncing the Declaration of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948. ... The State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, transliteration: ; Arabic: دَوْلَةْ اِسْرَائِيل, transliteration: ) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or a member of the Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... A Palestinian Jew is a Jewish inhabitant of Palestine throughout certain periods of Middle East history. ... The Palestine Post was an English language Zionist newspaper founded on December 1, 1932 by American journalist-turned-newspaper-editor, Gershon Agron in the British mandate of Palestine and subsequently, in Israel. ... Yishuv is a Hebrew word meaning settlement. ... Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... The May 16, 1948 Palestine Post headline announcing the creation of the state of Israel The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English language broadsheet newspaper, originally founded on December 1, 1932, by American journalist-turned-newspaper-editor Gershon Agron as the The Palestine Post. ... Arab citizens of Israel, Arabs of Israel or Arab population of Israel are terms used by Israeli authorities and Israeli Hebrew-speaking media to refer to non-Jewish Arabs who are citizens of the State of Israel. ...

The Palestinian National Charter, as amended by the PLO's Palestine National Council in July 1968, defined "Palestinians" as: "those Arab nationals who, until 1947, normally resided in Palestine regardless of whether they were evicted from it or stayed there. Anyone born, after that date, of a Palestinian father — whether in Palestine or outside it — is also a Palestinian."^[15] This definition also extends to, "The Jews who had normally resided in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion." The Charter also states that "Palestine with the boundaries it had during the British Mandate, is an indivisible territorial unit."^[16]^[15] The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ... The Palestinian National Covenant (Arabic: al-Mithaq al-Watani al-Filastini) is the charter or constitution of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). ... The Palestinian National Council (PNC) is the parliament in exile of the Palestinian people. ... A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. ... For other uses, see Border (disambiguation). ...

Palestinian perceptions of identity

In his 1997 book, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, historian Rashid Khalidi notes that the archaeological strata that denote the history of Palestine—encompassing the Biblical, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad, Fatimid, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman periods—form part of the identity of the modern-day Palestinian people, as they have come to understand it over the last century.^[17] Khalidi stresses that Palestinian identity has never been an exclusive one, with "Arabism, religion, and local loyalties" continuing to play an important role.^[18] Rashid Khalidi (born 1950 , an American historian of the Middle East, is the Edward Said Professor of Arab Studies at Columbia University, and the director of the Middle East Institute of Columbias School of International and Public Affairs. ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... The Bible (From Greek βιβλια—biblia, meaning books, which in turn is derived from βυβλος—byblos meaning papyrus, from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported papyrus) is the sacred scripture of Christianity. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Fatimids, Fatimid Caliphate or al-FÄtimiyyÅ«n (Arabic Ø§Ù„ÙØ§Ø·Ù…ÙŠÙˆÙ†) is the Shia dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant from 5 January 910 to 1171. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... The Ayyubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Egypt, Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries. ... Mamluk Flag Eastern Mediterranean 1450 Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic, Kipchak Turkic[1] Religion Islam Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Mamluk Sultanate, 1250]] History - As-Salih Ayyubs death 1250 - Battle of Ridanieh 1517 Today part of Egypt Saudi Arabia Syria Palestine Israel Lebanon Jordan Turkey Libya A Mamluk cavalryman... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320...

Echoing this view, Walid Khalidi writes that Palestinians in Ottoman times were "[a]cutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history ..." and that "[a]lthough proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them."^[19] Walid Khalidi (1925- ) is a Palestinian historian who had written extensively on the Palestinian exodus and the 1948 Israeli-Arab War. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320... The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... This article is about the Hebrew people. ... This article is about the land called Canaan. ...

Ali Qleibo, a Palestinian anthropologist, explains how identity is "a discursive narrative that validates the present by selecting events, characters, and moments in time as formative beginnings."^[20] Qleibo critiques Muslim historiography for assigning the beginning of Palestinian cultural identity to the advent of Islam in the seventh century.^[20] In describing the effect of such a historiography, he writes: "Pagan origins are disavowed. As such the peoples that populated Palestine throughout history have discursively rescinded their own history and religion as they adopted the religion, language, and culture of Islam".^[20] That the peasant culture of the large fellahin class embodied strong elements of both pre-Arabic and pre-Israelitic traditions was a conclusion arrived at by the many Western scholars and explorers who mapped and surveyed Palestine in great detail throughout the latter half of the 19th century,^[21] and this assumption was to influence later debates on Palestinian identity by local ethnographers. See Anthropology. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Pagan may refer to: A believer in Paganism or Neopaganism Bagan, a city in Myanmar also known as Pagan Pagan (album), the 6th album by Celtic metal band Cruachan Pagan Island, of the Northern Mariana Islands Pagan Lorn, a metal band from Luxembourg, Europe (1994-1998) Pagans Mind, is... Charles Gleyre, Three Fellahs (fr. ...

The contributions of the 'nativist' ethnographies produced by Tawfiq Canaan and other Palestinian writers and published in The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society (1920-1948) indicate that the disavowal of pre-Islamic roots was not complete. Canaan and his colleagues were driven by the concern that the "native culture of Palestine", and in particular peasant society, was being undermined by the forces of modernity.^[22] Salim Tamari writes that: Ethnography ( ethnos = people and graphein = writing) is the genre of writing that presents varying degrees of qualitative and quantitative descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. ... Tawfiq Canaan (b. ... Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being related to modernism. ...

Indeed, the folklorist revival among Palestinian intellectuals such as Nimr Sirhan, Musa Allush, Salim Mubayyid, and the Palestinian Folklore Society of the 1970s, emphasized pre-Islamic (and pre-Hebraic) cultural roots, re-constructing Palestinian identity with a focus on Canaanite and Jebusite cultures.^[22] Such efforts seem to have borne fruit as evidenced in the organization of celebrations like the Qabatiya Canaanite festival and the annual Music Festival of Yabus by the Palestinian Ministry of Culture.^[22] Nonetheless, some Palestinians, like Zakariyya Muhammad, have criticized "Canaanite ideology" as an "intellectual fad, divorced from the concerns of ordinary people."^[22] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Jahiliyyah is an Islamic concept referring to the spiritual condition of pre-Islamic Arabian society. ... According to the Hebrew Bible the Jebusites (Hebrew ×™Ö°×‘×•Ö¼×¡Ö´×™, Standard Hebrew YÉ™vusi, Tiberian Hebrew YÉ™á¸‡Ã»sÃ®) were a CanaÃ¤nite tribe who inhabited the region around Jerusalem in pre-biblical times (second millennium BC). ... Qabatiya (Arabic: ) is a Palestinian city located in the northern West Bank 10km south of the city of Jenin. ... Meanings of Jebus (×™×‘×•×¡, Standard Hebrew YÉ™vus, Tiberian Hebrew YÉ™á¸‡Ã»s): Jebus (fortress) a fortress on the hill of Zion captured by King David (died circa 965 BCE). ...

Emergent Palestinian nationalism

The timing and causes behind the emergence of a distinctively Palestinian national consciousness among the Arabs of Palestine are matters of scholarly disagreement. Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal consider the 1834 revolt of the Arabs in Palestine as constituting the first formative event of the Palestinian people. Under the Ottomans, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects. In the 1830s however, Palestine was occupied by the Egyptian vassal of the Ottomans, Muhammad Ali and his son Ibrahim Pasha. The revolt was precipitated by popular resistance against heavy demands for conscripts, as peasants were well aware that conscription was little more than a death sentence. Starting in May 1834 the rebels took many cities, among them Jerusalem, Hebron and Nablus. In response, Ibrahim Pasha sent in an army, finally defeating the last rebels on 4 August in Hebron.^[23] Nevertheless, the Arabs in Palestine remained part of a Pan-Islamist or Pan-Arab national movement.^[24] Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ... Baruch Kimmerling (born 1939) is a Professor of Sociology at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. ... This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Ibrahim Pasha (Arabic: Ø¥Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù‡ÙŠÙ… Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø§) â€Ž (1789 â€“ November 10, 1848), a 19th century general of Egypt. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Arabic Ø§Ù„Ø®Ù„ÙŠÙ„ Government City (from 1997) Also Spelled Al-Khalil (officially) Al-Halil (unofficially) Governorate Hebron Population 167,000 (2006) Jurisdiction dunams Head of Municipality Mustafa Abdel Nabi , Hebron (Arabic: al-á¸ªalÄ«l or al KhalÄ«l; Hebrew: , Standard Hebrew: á¸¤evron, Tiberian Hebrew: á¸¤eá¸‡rÃ´n) is a city at the... Map of the West Bank, with Nablus in the center north. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ...

Rashid Khalidi argues that the modern national identity of Palestinians has its roots in nationalist discourses that emerged among the peoples of the Ottoman empire in the late 19th century, and which sharpened following the demarcation of modern nation-state boundaries in the Middle East after World War I.^[18] Khalidi also states that although the challenge posed by Zionism played a role in shaping this identity, that "it is a serious mistake to suggest that Palestinian identity emerged mainly as a response to Zionism."^[18] Rashid Khalidi (born 1950 , an American historian of the Middle East, is the Edward Said Professor of Arab Studies at Columbia University, and the director of the Middle East Institute of Columbias School of International and Public Affairs. ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolizing French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ...

Historian James L. Gelvin argues that Palestinian nationalism was a direct reaction to Zionism. In his book The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War he states that "Palestinian nationalism emerged during the interwar period in response to Zionist immigration and settlement."^[25] Gelvin argues that this fact does not make the Palestinian identity any less legitimate: James Gelvin is an American scholar of Middle Eastern history. ... Palestinian nationalism is a nationalist ideology which calls for the creation of a Palestinian state in all or part of the former British Mandate of Palestine. ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ...

Bernard Lewis argues it was not as a Palestinian nation that the Arabs of Ottoman Palestine objected to Zionists, since the very concept of such a nation was unknown to the Arabs of the area at the time and did not come into being until very much later. Even the concept of Arab nationalism in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, "had not reached significant proportions before the outbreak of World War I."^[26] For the founder of the River Island retail chain, see Bernard Lewis (entrepreneur). ...

Tamir Sorek, a sociologist, submits that, "Although a distinct Palestinian identity can be traced back at least to the middle of the nineteenth century (Kimmerling and Migdal 1993; Khalidi 1997b), or even to the seventeenth century (Gerber 1998), it was not until after World War I that a broad range of optional political affiliations became relevant for the Arabs of Palestine."^[27] Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. ...

Whatever the differing viewpoints over the timing, causal mechanisms, and orientation of Palestianian nationalism, by the early 20th century strong opposition to Zionism and evidence of a burgeoning nationalistic Palestinian identity is found in the content of Arabic-language newspapers in Palestine, such as Al-Karmil (est. 1908) and Filasteen (est. 1911).^[28] Filasteen, published in Jaffa by Issa and Yusef al-Issa, addressed its readers as "Palestinians",^[29] first focusing its critique of Zionism around the failure of the Ottoman administration to control Jewish immigration and the large influx of foreigners, later exploring the impact of Zionist land-purchases on Palestinian peasants (Arabic: فلحين‎, fellahin), expressing growing concern over land dispossession and its implications for the society at large.^[28] For other uses, see Jaffa (disambiguation). ... Arabic redirects here. ... Charles Gleyre, Three Fellahs (fr. ...

The first Palestinian nationalist organisations emerged at the end of the World War I.^[30] Two political factions emerged. Al-Muntada al-Adabi, dominated by the Nashashibi family, militated for the promotion of the Arabic language and culture, for the defense of Islamic values and for an independent Syria and Palestine. In Damascus, al-Nadi al-Arabi , dominated by the Husayni family, defended the same values.^[31] â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Nashashibi is the name of a prominent Palestinian family based in Jerusalem. ... For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...

The historical record continued to reveal an interplay between "Arab" and "Palestinian" identities and nationalisms. The idea of a unique Palestinian state separated out from its Arab neighbors was at first rejected by some Palestinian representatives. The First Congress of Muslim-Christian Associations (in Jerusalem, February 1919), which met for the purpose of selecting a Palestinian Arab representative for the Paris Peace Conference, adopted the following resolution: "We consider Palestine as part of Arab Syria, as it has never been separated from it at any time. We are connected with it by national, religious, linguistic, natural, economic and geographical bonds."^[32] For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Paris 1919 redirects here. ... Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ...

After the Nabi Musa riots, the San Remo conference and the failure of Faisal to establish the Kingdom of Greater Syria, a distinctive form of Palestinian Arab nationalism took root between April and July 1920.^[33]^[34] With the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the French conquest of Syria, the formerly pan-Syrianist mayor of Jerusalem, Musa Qasim Pasha al-Husayni, said "Now, after the recent events in Damascus, we have to effect a complete change in our plans here. Southern Syria no longer exists. We must defend Palestine".^{[citation needed]} This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem from April 4-7, 1920. ... The San Remo conference (19-26 April 1920, San Remo, Italy) of the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council determined the allocation of Class A League of Nations mandates for administration of the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East by the victorious powers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320... This is the list of Mayors of Jerusalem. ... Musa al-Husayni Musa Kazim al-Husayni (also spelled Husseini; Jerusalem, 1850- 1934) was nominated to several senior posts in the Ottoman administration. ... For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...

Conflict between Palestinian nationalists and various types of pan-Arabists continued during the British Mandate, but the latter became increasingly marginalized. Two prominent leaders of the Palestinian nationalists were Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem,appointed by the British, and Izz ad-Din al-Qassam.^[35] Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ... Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (ca. ... -1...

Palestinians struggle against occupation

Palestinians have never exercised sovereignty over the land in which they have lived. Palestine was administered by the Ottoman Empire until World War I, and then by the British Mandatory authorities. Israel was established in parts of Palestine in 1948, and in the wake of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, the West Bank and East Jerusalem were occupied by Jordan, and the Gaza Strip by Egypt, with both countries continuing to administer these areas until Israel occupied them during the 1967 war. Avi Shlaim explains that the argument that "you never had sovereignty over this land, and therefore you have no rights," has been used by Israelis to deny Palestinian rights and attachment to the land.^[36] Combatants Israel Haganah Irgun Lehi Palmach Foreign Volunteers Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen[2], Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin John Bagot Glubb, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji, Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi Strength Israel: 29,677 initially... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ...

Today, the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination is generally recognized, having been affirmed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the International Court of Justice and even by Israel itself.^[37] About 100 nations recognize Palestine as a state,^[38] with Costa Rica being the most recent country to do so, in February of 2008.^[39] However, Palestinian sovereignty over the areas claimed as part of the Palestinian state remains limited, and the boundaries of the state remain a point of contestation between Palestinians and Israelis. Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... General assembly could be: The United Nations General Assembly General Assembly (presbyterian church), a supreme governing body, such as the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland See also List of Christian denominations#Presbyterian and Reformed Churches The General Assembly of Unitarian... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ... It has been suggested that State of Palestine be merged into this article or section. ...

Against the British occupation 1917-1948

After the British general, Louis Bols, declared the enforcement of the Balfour Declaration in February of 1920, some 1,500 Palestinians demonstrated in the streets of Jerusalem.^[35] A month later, during the 1920 Palestine riots, the protests against British rule and Zionist immigration became violent and Bols banned all demonstrations. In May 1921 however, further anti-Zionist riots broke out in Jaffa and dozens of Arabs and Jews were killed in the confrontations.^[35] This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem from April 4-7, 1920. ... Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni (1907-1948) was a Palestinian nationalist and fighter who commanded the Arab Liberation Army in the war of 1948. ... The name Balfour Declaration is applied to two key British government policy statements associated with Conservative statesman and former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour. ... This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem from April 4-7, 1920. ... On May 1, 1921, a scuffle began in Tel Aviv-Jaffa between rival groups of Jewish Bolsheviks, carrying Yiddish banners demanding Soviet Palestine, and Socialists parading on May Day. ...

In 1922, the British authorities over Mandate Palestine proposed a draft constitution which would have granted the Palestinian Arabs representation in a Legislative Council. The Palestine Arab delegation rejected the proposal as "wholly unsatisfactory," noting that "the People of Palestine" could not accept the inclusion of the Balfour Declaration in the constitution's preamble as the basis for discussions. They further took issue with the designation of Palestine as a British "colony of the lowest order."^[40] The Arabs tried to get the British to offer an Arab legal establishment again roughly ten years later, but to no avail.^[41] The British Mandate of Palestine was a swathe of territory in the Middle East, formerly belonging to the Ottoman Empire, which the League of Nations entrusted to the United Kingdom to administer in the aftermath of World War I as a Mandate Territory. ...

After the killing of Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam by the British in 1935, his followers initiated the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, which began with a general strike in Jaffa and attacks on Jewish and British installations in Nablus.^[35] The Arab High Committee called for a nationwide general strike, non-payment of taxes, and the closure of municipal governments, and demanded an end to Jewish immigration and a ban of the sale of land to Jews. By the end of 1936, the movement had become a national revolt, and resistance gre during 1937 and 1938. In response, the British declared martial law, dissolved the Arab High Committee and arrested officials from the Supreme Muslim Council who were behind the revolt. By 1939, five thousand Palestinians had been killed in British attempts to quash the revolt and more than 15,000 were wounded.^[35]-1... The 1936â€“1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Palestinian Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... For other uses, see Jaffa (disambiguation). ... Map of the West Bank, with Nablus in the center north. ... The Arab Higher Committee was the central political organ of the Arab community of Palestine, established in 1936. ... For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ...

The "lost years" (1948 - 1967)

After the 1948 Arab-Israeli war and the accompanying Palestinian exodus, known to Palestinians as Al Nakba (the "catastrophe"), there was a hiatus in Palestinian political activity which Khalidi partially attributes to "the fact that Palestinian society had been devastated between November 1947 and mid-May 1948 as a result of a series of overwhelming military defeats of the disorganized Palestinians by the armed forces of the Zionist movement."^[42] Those parts of British Mandate Palestine which did not become part of the newly declared Israeli state were occupied by Egypt and Jordan. During what Khalidi terms the "lost years" that followed, Palestinians lacked a center of gravity, divided as they were between these countries and others such as Syria, Lebanon, and elsewhere.^[43] Not to be confused with Fatah Revolutionary Council or Fatah al-Islam. ... Combatants Israel Haganah Irgun Lehi Palmach Foreign Volunteers Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen[2], Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin John Bagot Glubb, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji, Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi Strength Israel: 29,677 initially... For the Palestinian annual commemorative day, see Nakba Day. ... Nakba Day (Arabic: ÙŠÙˆÙ… Ø§Ù„Ù†ÙƒØ¨Ø© yawm al-nakba â€” 15 May)[1] is the annual day of commemoration by Palestinian Arabs of the anniversary of the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. ...

In the 1950s, a new generation of Palestinian nationalist groups and movements began to organize clandestinely, stepping out onto the public stage in the 1960s.^[44] The traditional Palestinian elite who had dominated negotiations with the British and the Zionists in the Mandate, and who were largely held responsible for the loss of Palestine, were replaced by these new movements whose recruits generally came from poor to middle class backgrounds and were often students or recent graduates of universities in Cairo, Beirut and Damascus.^[44] The potency of the pan-Arabist ideology put forward by Gamel Abdel Nasser—popular among Palestinian for whom Arabism was already an important component of their identity^[45]—tended to obscure the identities of the separate Arab nation-states it subsumed.^[46] For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Lebanese city. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ... Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر) Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 - September 28, 1970) was the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib and is considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history. ...

Recent developments in Palestinian identity (1967 - present)

Since 1967, pan-Arabism has diminished as an aspect of Palestinian identity. The Israeli capture of the Gaza Strip and West Bank in the 1967 Six-Day War prompted fractured Palestinian political and militant groups to give up any remaining hope they had placed in pan-Arabism. Instead, they rallied around the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), founded in 1964, and its nationalistic orientation.^[47] Mainstream secular Palestinian nationalism was grouped together under the umbrella of the PLO whose constituent organizations include Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, among others.^[48] These groups have also given voice to a tradition that emerged in 1960s that argues Palestinian nationalism has deep historical roots, with extreme advocates reading a Palestinian nationalist consciousness and identity back into the history of Palestine over the past few centuries, and even millennia, when such a consciousness is in fact relatively modern.^[49] Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ... PLO redirects here. ... This article concerns secularity, that is, being secular, in various senses. ... Not to be confused with Fatah Revolutionary Council or Fatah al-Islam. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The Battle of Karameh and the events of Black September in Jordan contributed to growing Palestinian support for these groups. In 1974, the PLO was recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by the Arab states and was granted observer status as a national liberation movement by the United Nations that same year.^[6]^[50] Israel rejected the resolution, calling it "shameful".^[51] In a speech to the Knesset, Deputy Premier and Foreign Minister Yigal Allon outlined the government's view that: 'No one can expect us to recognize the terrorist organization called the PLO as representing the Palestinians—because it does not. No one can expect us to negotiate with the heads of terror-gangs, who through their ideology and actions, endeavour to liquidate the State of Israel.'^[51] Al Karameh (or simply Karameh) is a town in Jordan, near the Allenby Bridge which spans the Jordan River, which defines the border with territory controlled by Israel. ... Combatants PLO Jordan Commanders Yasser Arafat King Hussein Casualties 7,000-8,000 killed[1] This article, Black September in Jordan, describes the events surrounding September, 1970 in Jordan. ... Wars of national liberation were conflicts fought by indigenous military groups against an imperial power in an attempt to remove that powers influence. ... Type Unicameral Speaker of the Knesset Dalia Itzik, Kadima since May 4, 2006 Deputy Speaker Majalli Wahabi, Kadima since May 4, 2006 Members 120 Political groups Kadima Labour-Meimad Shas Likud Last elections March 28, 2006 Meeting place Knesset, Jerusalem, Israel Web site www. ... Yigal Allon (Hebrew: ; October 10, 1918- February 29, 1980) was an Israeli Labour Party statesman. ...

The British historian Eric Hobsbawn allows that an element of justness can be discerned in skeptical outsider views that dismiss the propriety of using the term 'nation' to peoples like the Palestinians: such language arises often as the rhetoric of an evolved minority out of touch with the larger community that lacks this modern sense of national belonging. But at the same time, he argues, this outsider perspective has tended to "overlook the rise of mass national identification when it did occur, as Zionist and Israeli Jews notably did in the case of the Palestinian Arabs."^[52] Eric Hobsbawm (born June 9, 1917) is a British historian and author, once the leading theoretician of the now defunct Communist Party of Great Britain. ...

From 1948 through until the 1980’s, according to Eli Podeh, professor at Hebrew University, the textbooks used in Israeli schools tried to disavow a unique Palestinian identity, referring to 'the Arabs of the land of Israel' instead of 'Palestinians.' Israeli textbooks now widely use the term 'Palestinians.' Podeh believes that Palestinian textbooks of today resemble those from the early years of the Israeli state.^[53] The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים) is one of Israels biggest and most important institutes of higher learning and research. ... Israeli textbooks have attracted much interest due to the role of education in the course of the Arab-Israeli conflict. ... Palestinian textbooks have been accused of instilling anti-Semitic attitudes or inciting Palestinian children to commit violence or terrorism. ...

Various declarations, such as the PLO's 1988 proclamation of a State of Palestine, have further served to reinforce the Palestinian national identity.^{[citation needed]} Today, most Palestinian organizations conceive of their struggle as either Palestinian-nationalist or Islamic in nature, and these themes predominate even more today. Within Israel itself, there are political movements, such as Abnaa el-Balad that assert their Palestinian identity, to the exclusion of their Israeli one. ... Abnaa el-Balad is an Israeli Arab political organization. ...

Palestinian ethnic identity today is based primarily on two elements: the village of origin and family networks. The village of origin holds a privileged place in Palestinian memory because of its historically important role as a center for religious and political power throughout Palestine's administration by various empires. The village of origin also represents "the very expression of their Arabic Palestinian culture and identity," and is a site central to kinship and familial ties. The progressive deterritorialization experienced by Palestinians has rendered the village of origin a symbol of lost territory, and it forms a central part of a diasporic consciousness among Palestinians.^[54] Sumud, an ideological theme and political strategy that translates as "steadfastness" has been promiment in the period since the 1967 war and revolves around the importance of holding fast to the lands that remain in Palestinian hands. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (960x1280, 388 KB) Summary Photo: Soman Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (960x1280, 388 KB) Summary Photo: Soman Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Qalqīlyah (Arabic قلقيلية; Standard Hebrew קלקיליה Qalqilya) is an Arab city in the West Bank. ... An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ... Kinship is the most basic principle of organizing individuals into social groups, roles, and categories. ...

Intifada

First Intifada (War of the Stones) 1987-1993. Combatants Israel Unified National Leadership ot the Uprising Commanders Yitzhak Shamir Yasser Arafat Casualties 160 (5 children) 1,162 (241 children) The First Intifada (1987 - 1993) (also intifada and war of the stones) was a mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule[1] that began in Jabalia refugee camp and quickly...

Second Intifada (Al-Aqsa Intifada) 2000- Present. For other uses, see al-Aqsa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see al-Aqsa (disambiguation). ...

Demographics

In the absence of a comprehensive census including all Palestinian diaspora populations, and those that have remained within what was British Mandate Palestine, exact population figures are difficult to determine. Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ...

The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) announced on October 20, 2004 that the number of Palestinians worldwide at the end of 2003 was 9.6 million, an increase of 800,000 since 2001.^[55] The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) is the statistical organisation of the Palestinian National Authority. ... is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 2005, a critical review of the PCBS figures and methodology was conducted by the American-Israel Demographic Research Group.^[61] In their report,^[62] they claimed that several errors in the PCBS methodology and assumptions artificially inflated the numbers by a total of 1.3 million. The PCBS numbers were cross-checked against a variety of other sources (e.g., asserted birth rates based on fertility rate assumptions for a given year were checked against Palestinian Ministry of Health figures as well as Ministry of Education school enrollment figures six years later; immigration numbers were checked against numbers collected at border crossings, etc.). The errors claimed in their analysis included: birth rate errors (308,000), immigration & emigration errors (310,000), failure to account for migration to Israel (105,000), double-counting Jerusalem Arabs (210,000), counting former residents now living abroad (325,000) and other discrepancies (82,000). The results of their research was also presented before the United States House of Representatives on March 8, 2006.^[63] Image File history File links Palestinian_outside_palestine. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_outside_palestine. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas in an equal-area projection The Americas are the lands of the New World, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... It has been suggested that Arab states of the Persian Gulf be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... In demography, the crude birth rate of a population is the number of childbirths per 1000 persons per year. ... Fertility is the natural capability of giving life. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The study was criticised by Sergio DellaPergola, a demographer at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.^[64] DellaPergola accused the authors of misunderstanding basic principles of demography on account of their lack of expertise in the subject. He also accused them of selective use of data and multiple systematic errors in their analysis. For example, DellaPergola claimed that the authors assumed the Palestinian Electoral registry to be complete even though registration is voluntary and good evidence exists of incomplete registration, and similarly that they used an unrealistically low Total Fertility Ratio (a statistical abstraction of births per woman) incorrectly derived from data and then used to reanalyse that data in a "typical circular mistake". The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (â€Ž, Arabic: ) is one of Israels oldest, largest, and most important institutes of higher learning and research. ...

DellaPergola himself estimated the Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza at the end of 2005 as 3.33 million, or 3.57 million if East Jerusalem is included. These figures are only slightly lower than the official Palestinian figures.^[64]

In Jordan today, there is no official census data that outlines how many of the inhabitants of Jordan are Palestinians, but estimates by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics cite a population range of 50% to 55%.^[65]^[66] Hebrew (Natzrat or Natzeret) Arabic Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø§ØµØ±Ø© (an-NÄá¹£ira) Government City District North Population 64,800[1] Metropolitan Area: 185,000 (2006) Jurisdiction 14 200 dunams (14. ... The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) is the statistical organisation of the Palestinian National Authority. ...

Many Arab Palestinians have settled in the United States, particularly in the Chicago area.^[67]^[68]

In total, an estimated 600,000 Palestinians are thought to reside in the Americas. Arab Palestinian emigration to South America began for economic reasons that pre-dated the Arab-Israeli conflict, but continued to grow thereafter.^[69] Many emigrants were from the Bethlehem area. Those emigrating to Latin America were mainly Christian. Half of those of Palestinian origin in Latin America live in Chile. El Salvador^[70] and Honduras^[71] also have substantial Arab Palestinian populations. These two countries have had presidents of Palestinian ancestry (in El Salvador Antonio Saca, currently serving; in Honduras Carlos Roberto Flores Facusse). Belize, which has a smaller Palestinian population, has a Palestinian minister — Said Musa.^[72] Schafik Jorge Handal, Salvadoran politician and former guerrilla leader, was the son of Palestinian immigrants.^[73] A memorial statue in Hanko, Finland, commemorating the thousands of emigrants who left the country to start a new life in the United States Emigration is the act and the phenomenon of leaving ones native country or region to settle in another. ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Israel-Lebanon conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel, Palestine and the... Arabic Ø¨ÙŠØª Ù„ØÙ… Name Meaning House of Lambs Government City (from 1995) Also Spelled Beit Lahm (officially) Bayt Lahm (unofficially) Governorate Bethlehem Population 29,930 (2006) Jurisdiction 29,799 dunams (29. ... Kinship and descent is one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology. ... ElÃas Antonio (Tony) Saca GonzÃ¡lez (born in Usulutan, 9 March 1965) is a Salvadoran politician and the current President of El Salvador. ... Carlos Roberto Flores FacussÃ© (b. ... A minister or a secretary is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government. ... Said Wilbert Musa, PC, (born March 19, 1944) is a Belizean lawyer and politician, and has been Prime Minister of Belize since August 28, 1998. ... Schafik Jorge Handal (October 14, 1930 â€“ January 24, 2006) was a Salvadoran politician. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ...

Refugees

There are 4,255,120 Palestinians registered as refugees with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). This number includes the descendants of refugees from the 1948 war, but excludes those who have emigrated to areas outside of UNRWA's remit.^[58] Based on these figures, almost half of all Palestinians are registered refugees. The 993,818 Palestinian refugees in the Gaza Strip and 705,207 Palestinian refugees in the West Bank who hail from towns and villages that now located in Israel are included in these UNRWA figures.^[74] UNRWA figures do not include some 274,000 people, or 1 in 4 of all Arab citizens of Israel, who are internally displaced Palestinian refugees.^[75]^[76] In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinians call the Nakba (نكبة, meaning disaster). History Most of the refugees had already fled by the time the neighboring Arab states intervened on the side of Palestinians and continued after... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Balata is the name of a Palestinian refugee camp established on the West Bank in 1950 adjacent to the city of Nablus. ... bjhgfshudgfgbfsfas Refugee camp for Rwandans located in what is now the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo following the Rwandan Genocide A camp in Guinea for refugees from Sierra Leone. ... Internally displaced Palestinians is a term used to refer to Palestinians and their descendants, who as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war or al-Nakba, became internally displaced refugees within what became the state of Israel. ... In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinians call the Nakba (نكبة, meaning disaster). History Most of the refugees had already fled by the time the neighboring Arab states intervened on the side of Palestinians and continued after... The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a relief and human development agency, providing education, healthcare, social services and emergency aid to over four million refugees living in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab republic. ... Kinship and descent is one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology. ... Arab citizens of Israel, Arabs of Israel or Arab population of Israel are terms used by Israeli authorities and Israeli Hebrew-speaking media to refer to non-Jewish Arabs who are citizens of the State of Israel. ... Internally displaced Palestinians is a term used to refer to Palestinians and their descendants, who as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war or al-Nakba, became internally displaced refugees within what became the state of Israel. ...

Virtually every Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and the West Bank is organized according to a refugee family's village or place of origin. Among the first things that children born in the camps learn is the name of their village of origin. David McDowall writes that, "[...] a yearning for Palestine permeates the whole refugee community and is most ardently espoused by the younger refugees, for whom home exists only in the imagination."^[77]

Religion

Background

Until the end of the nineteenth century, most villages in the countryside did not have local mosques. Cross-cultural syncretism between Biblical and Islamic symbols and figures in religious practice was common.^[20] For example, Jonah is worshipped in Halhul as both a Biblical and Islamic prophet and St. George, known to Muslims as el Khader, is another shared symbol. Villagers would pay tribute to local patron saints at a maqam — a domed single room often placed in the shadow of an ancient carob or oak tree.^[20] Saints, taboo by the standards of orthodox Islam, mediated between man and Allah, and shrines to saints and holy men dotted the Palestinian landscape.^[20] Ali Qleibo, a Palestinian anthropologist, states that this built evidence constitutes "an architectural testimony to Christian/Moslem Palestinian religious sensibility and its roots in ancient Semitic religions."^[20] The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... The Bible (From Greek βιβλια—biblia, meaning books, which in turn is derived from βυβλος—byblos meaning papyrus, from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported papyrus) is the sacred scripture of Christianity. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... For other uses, see Jonah (disambiguation). ... Halhul (Arabic: ) is a Palestinian city located in the southern West Bank 5km north of the city of Hebron. ... For alternate uses, see Saint George (disambiguation) Saint George on horseback rides alongside a wounded dragon being led by a princess, late 19th century engraving. ... In Arabic music a maqaam (Arabic: â€Ž, Hebrew: ) is, a technique of improvisation that defines the pitches, patterns, and development of a piece of music and which is unique to Arabian art music. ... Allah is the Arabic language word for God. ... See Anthropology. ... In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical Shem, Hebrew: ×©×, translated as name, Arabic: Ø³Ø§Ù…) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ...

Religion as constitutive of individual identity was accorded a minor role within Palestinian tribal social structure until the latter half of the 19th century.^[20] Jean Moretain, a priest writing in 1848, wrote that a Christian in Palestine was "distinguished only by the fact that he belonged to a particular clan. If a certain tribe was Christian, then an individual would be Christian, but without knowledge of what distinguished his faith from that of a Muslim."^[20] This article is about the church building in Jerusalem. ...

The concessions granted to France and other Western powers by the Ottoman Sultanate in the aftermath of the Crimean War had a significant impact on contemporary Palestinian religious cultural identity.^[20] Religion was transformed into an element "constituting the individual/collective identity in conformity with orthodox precepts", and formed a major building block in the political development of Palestinian nationalism.^[20] Combatants Allies: Second French Empire British Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,194 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1853â€“1856) was fought...

The British census of 1922 registered 752,048 inhabitants in Palestine, consisting of 589,177 Palestinian Muslims, 83,790 Palestinian Jews, 71,464 Palestinian Christians (including Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and others) and 7,617 persons belonging to other groups. The corresponding percentage breakdown is 78% Muslim, 11% Jewish, and 9% Christian. Palestinian Bedouin were not counted in the census, but a 1930 British study estimated their number at 70,860.^[78] A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Palestinian Christians are Palestinians who follow Christianity. ... A Bedouin man in Sinai Peninsula Bedouin, (from the Arabic (), pl. ...

Today

Currently, no comprehensive data on religious affiliation among the worldwide Palestinian population is available. Bernard Sabella of Bethlehem University estimates that 6% of the Palestinian population is Christian.^[79] According to the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, the Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza Strip is 97% Muslim and 3% Christian.^[80] For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Bethlehem University of the Holy Land is a Catholic Christian co-educational institution of higher learning founded in 1973 in the Lasallian tradition, open to students of all faith traditions. ... The Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA) was founded in March 1987 by Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi and by a group of Palestinian academics and intellectuals in Jerusalem. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

All of the Druze living in what was then British Mandate Palestine became Israeli citizens, though some individuals identify themselves as "Palestinian Druze".^[81] According to Salih al-Shaykh, most Druze do not consider themselves to be Palestinian: "their Arab identity emanates in the main from the common language and their socio-cultural background, but is detached from any national political conception. It is not directed at Arab countries or Arab nationality or the Palestinian people, and does not express sharing any fate with them. From this point of view, their identity is Israel, and this identity is stronger than their Arab identity".^[82] Religions Druzism Scriptures Rasail al-hikmah (Epistles of Wisdom), Quran Languages Arabic. ... Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ...

There are also about 350 Samaritans who carry Palestinian identity cards and live in the West Bank while a roughly equal number live in Holon and carry Israeli citizenship.^[83] Those who live in the West Bank also are represented in the legislature for the Palestinian National Authority.^[83] They are commonly referred to among Palestinians as the "Jews of Palestine."^[83] For other uses, see Samaritan (disambiguation). ... The Yanshul, half-cat half-owl, the symbol of Holons Childrens Museum. ... The State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, transliteration: ; Arabic: دَوْلَةْ اِسْرَائِيل, transliteration: ) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. ... â€œPalestinian governmentâ€ redirects here. ...

Jews who identify as Palestinian Jews are few, but include Israeli Jews who are part of the Neturei Karta group,^[84] and Uri Davis, an Israeli citizen and self-described Palestinian Jew who serves as an observer member in the Palestine National Council.^[85] Neturei Karta synagogue and study hall in Jerusalem Neturei Karta (Aramaic: , Guardians of the City) is a Haredi Jewish group formally created in 1935, that opposes Zionism and call for a peaceful dismantling of the State of Israel, in the belief that Jews are forbidden to have their own state... Uri Davis is an Israeli-born academic and a one-time Jewish member of the Palestine Liberation Organization. ... The Palestinian National Council (PNC) is the parliament in exile of the Palestinian people. ...

Culture

Palestinian culture is most closely related to the cultures of the nearby Levantine countries such as Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan and of the Arab World. It includes unique^{[citation needed]} art, literature, music, costume and cuisine. Though separated geographically, Palestinian culture continues to survive and flourish in the Palestinian territories, Israel and the Diaspora. The Levant The Levant (IPA: ) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... Arab States redirects here. ... This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ... For other uses, see Literature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... Yarkand ladies summer fashions. ... Cuisine (from French cuisine, cooking; culinary art; kitchen; ultimately from Latin coquere, to cook) is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. ... This article is about the Palestinian territories as a geopolitical phenomenon. ...

Poetry

Poetry, using classical pre-Islamic forms, remains an extremely popular art form, often attracting Palestinian audiences in the thousands. Until 20 years ago, local folk bards reciting traditional verses were a feature of every Palestinian town.^[86]

After the 1948 Palestinian exodus, poetry was transformed into a vehicle for political activism. From among those Palestinians who became Arab citizens of Israel after the passage of the Citizenship Law in 1952, a school of resistance poetry was born that included poets like Mahmoud Darwish, Samih al-Qasim, and Tawfiq Zayyad.^[86] For the Palestinian annual commemorative day, see Nakba Day. ... Arab citizens of Israel, Arabs of Israel or Arab population of Israel are terms used by Israeli authorities and Israeli Hebrew-speaking media to refer to non-Jewish Arabs who are citizens of the State of Israel. ... Mahmoud Darwish Mahmoud Darwish (Arabic: ; born 1941 in Al-Birwah, British Mandate of Palestine) is a contemporary Palestinian poet and writer of prose. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Tawfiq Ziad (Arabic: ØªÙˆÙÙŠÙ‚ Ø²ÙŠÙ‘Ø§Ø¯ Hebrew: ×ª××•×¤×™×§ ×–×™××“), also transliterated as Tawfik Zayyad, 7 May 1929 â€“ 5 July 1994) was a Palestinian Arab citizen of Israel, well-known for his poetry of protest. Born in the Galilee, Zayyad studied literature in Russia. ...

The work of these poets was largely unknown to the wider Arab world for years because of the lack of diplomatic relations between Israel and Arab governments. The situation changed after Ghassan Kanafani, another Palestinian writer in exile in Lebanon, published an anthology of their work in 1966.^[86] Ghassan Kanafani Ghassan Kanafani (ØºØ³Ø§Ù† ÙƒÙ†ÙØ§Ù†ÙŠ, born April 9, 1936 in Acre, Palestine - died July 8, 1972 in Beirut, Lebanon) was a Palestinian writer and a spokesman for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. ...

Palestinian poets often write about the common theme of a strong affection and sense of loss and longing for a lost homeland.^[86]

Art

Similar to the structure of Palestinian society, the Palestinian art field extends over four main geographic centers: 1) the West Bank and Gaza Strip 2) Israel 3) the Palestinian diaspora in the Arab world, and 4) the Palestinian diaspora in Europe and the United States.^[87] Palestinian art is a term used to refer to paintings, posters, installation art and other visual media produced by Palestinian artists. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1531x1032, 403 KB) Summary From German Wikipedia: http://de. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1531x1032, 403 KB) Summary From German Wikipedia: http://de. ... Hishams Palace in 1996 Hishams Palace is an archaeological site located 5 km north of Jericho in Palestine, also known as the West Bank. ... Arab States redirects here. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Contemporary Palestinian art finds its roots in folk art and traditional Christian and Islamic painting popular in Palestine over the ages. After the 1948 Palestinian exodus, nationalistic themes have predominated as Palestinian artists use diverse media to express and explore their connection to identity and land.^[88] Island of Salvation Botanica, Piety Street, Bywater neighborhood, New Orleans Folk art describes a wide range of objects that reflect the craft traditions and traditional social values of various social groups. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... For the Palestinian annual commemorative day, see Nakba Day. ...

Literature

The long history of the Arabic language and its rich written and oral tradition form part of the Palestinian literary tradition as it has developed over the course of the 20th and 21st centuries. Palestinian literature refers to the Arabic language novels, short stories and poems produced by Palestinians. ...

Intellectuals

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Palestinian intellectuals were integral parts of wider Arab intellectual circles, as represented by individuals such as May Ziade and Khalil Beidas. Educational levels among Palestinians have traditionally been high. In the 1960s the West Bank had a higher percentage of its adolescent population enrolled in high school education than did Israel.^[89] Claude Cheysson, France’s Minister for Foreign Affairs under the first Mitterand Presidency, held in the mid eighties that, ‘even thirty years ago, (Palestinians) probably already had the largest educated elite of all the Arab peoples.’^[90] May Ziade (1886 - 1941) was born in Palestine (of the Ottoman Empire) in 1886. ... Khalil Beidas Khalil Beidas (Arabic Ø®Ù„ÙŠÙ„ Ø¨ÙŠØ¯Ø³, also transliterated Khalil Bedas, Khalil Baydas, Khalil Beydas) (1874 - 1949) was a Palestinian scholar, educator, translator and novelist. ... Claude Cheysson (born April 13, French Socialist politician who served as Foreign Minister in the government of Pierre Mauroy from 1981 to 1984. ... IPA: (October 26, 1916 â€“ January 8, 1996) served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, elected as representative of the Socialist Party (PS). ...

Diaspora figures like Edward Said and Ghada Karmi, Arab citizens of Israel like Emile Habibi, refugee camp residents like Ibrahim Nasrallah have made contributions to a number of fields, exemplifying the diversity of experience and thought among Palestinians. Edward Wadie SaÃ¯d, Arabic: , , (1 November 1935 â€“ 25 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and Palestinian activist. ... â€”Ghada Karmi (1939- ) (Arabic: â€Ž) is a Palestinian doctor of medicine, author and academic. ... Emile Habibi (August, 1921 - May 3, 1996) was a Palestinian-Israeli writer and politician. ... Ibrahim Nasrallah (Arabic: ; born 1954 in Amman, Jordan, in Ilwihdat refugee camp) is a Palestinian poet, novelist, professor, painter and photographer. ...

Film

Palestinian cinema is relatively young compared to Arab cinema overall and many Palestinian movies are made with European and Israeli support.[13] Palestinian films are not exclusively produced in Arabic; some are made in English, French or Hebrew.[14] More than 800 films have been produced about Palestinians, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and other related topics. Palestinian cinema is relatively young in comparison to Arab Cinema as a whole, many Palestinian movies are made with European / Arab funding and subject to Israeli restrictions due to the current situation in the Palestinian territories. ... Arab cinema referes to the cinema of the Arab world where Arabic language is used in theatre and films. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... Israel, with the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is an ongoing dispute between the State of Israel and Arab Palestinians. ...

Folklore

Palestinian folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, and comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of Palestinian culture. For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dance (disambiguation). ... A legend (Latin, legenda, things to be read) is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and to possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. ... Oral history is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. ... Proverbs may refer to: The plural of the word proverb. ... Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting customs duties and for controlling the flow of animals and goods (including personal effects and hazardous items) in and out of a country. ...

Music

Palestinian music is well-known and respected throughout the Arab world.^[91] A new wave of performers emerged with distinctively Palestinian themes following the 1948 Palestinian exodus, relating to the dreams of statehood and the burgeoning nationalist sentiments. In addition to zajal and ataba, traditional Palestinian songs include: Bein Al-dawai, Al-Rozana, Zarif - Al-Toul, and Al-Maijana, Dal'ona, Sahja/Saamir, Zaghareet (See section on "External links"). Palestinian music ;Arabic,Ù…ÙˆØ³ÙŠÙ‚Ù‰ ÙÙ„Ø³Ø·ÙŠÙ†ÙŠØ© is one of many regional sub-genres of Arabic music. ... Palestinian music ;Arabic,Ù…ÙˆØ³ÙŠÙ‚Ù‰ ÙÙ„Ø³Ø·ÙŠÙ†ÙŠØ© is one of many regional sub-genres of Arabic music. ... Arab States redirects here. ... For the Palestinian annual commemorative day, see Nakba Day. ... Zajal (Arabic:Ø²Ø¬Ù„) is a very traditional form of popular Arabic poetry. ...

The Ataaba is a form of folk singing that spread outwards from Palestine. It consists of 4 verses, following a specific form and meter. The main aspect of the ataaba is that the first three verses must end with the same word meaning three different things, and the fourth verse comes as a conclusion to the whole thing. It is usually followed by a dalouna.

Dance

Villagers have danced the Dabke since Phoenician times celebrating feast days.^{[citation needed]} The Dabke dance is marked by synchronized jumping, stamping, and movement, similar to tap dancing. One version is performed by men, another by women. Dabke (Arabic: ; also transliterated as debke, dabka, and dabkeh) is the traditional folk dance of the Levant, going back generations, and is also the national dance of Lebanon, Jordon, Syria and Palestine, its found also in Iraq and northern Saudi Arabia but with a different name (Chobi). ...

Folk tales

Traditional storytelling among Palestinians is prefaced with an invitation to the listeners to give blessings to God and the Prophet Mohammed or the Virgin Mary as the case may be, and includes the traditional opening: "There was, or there was not, in the oldness of time ..."^[86]^[92]

Formulaic elements of the stories share much in common with the wider Arab world, though the rhyming scheme is distinct. There are a cast of supernatural characters: djinns who can cross the Seven Seas in an instant, giants, and ghouls with eyes of ember and teeth of brass. Stories invariably have a happy ending, and the storyteller will usually finish off with a rhyme like: "The bird has taken flight, God bless you tonight," or "Tutu, tutu, finished is my haduttu (story)."^[86] Genie is the anglicized word for the Arabic jinni. In Semitic mythology and Islamic religion, a jinni (also djinni or djini) is a member of the jinn (or djinn), a race of spirits. ...

Costumes

Foreign travelers to Palestine in late 19th and early 20th centuries often commented on the rich variety of costumes among the Palestinian people, and particularly among the fellaheen or village women. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... FÃ©lix Bonfils (1831 - 1885) was a French photographer and writer who was active in the Middle East. ... Palestinian Costumes Foreign travelers to Palestine often commented on the rich variety of costumes among the Palestinian people, especially among the village women. ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... Charles Gleyre, Three Fellahs (fr. ...

Until the 1940s, a woman's economic status, whether married or single, and the town or area they were from could be deciphered by most Palestinian women by the type of cloth, colors, cut, and embroidery motifs, or lack thereof, used for the dress.^[93] Embroidery in silk thread on linen, 19th century Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle. ...

Though such local and regional variations largely disappeared after the 1948 Palestinian exodus, Palestinian embroidery and costume continue to be produced in new forms and worn alongside Islamic and Western fashions. For the Palestinian annual commemorative day, see Nakba Day. ...

Cuisine

The region that has become Palestine has a varied past and as such its cuisine has contributions from various cultures. Modern Syrian-Palestinian dishes have been generally influenced by the rule of three major Islamic groups: the Arabs, the Persian-influenced Arabs and the Turks.^[94] The Arabs that conquered Syria and Palestine had simple culinary traditions primarily based on the use of rice, lamb and yogurt, as well as dates.^[95] The already simple cuisine did not advance for centuries due to Islam's strict rules of parsimony and restraint, until the rise of the Abbasids, who established Baghdad as their capital. Baghdad was historically located on Persian soil and henceforth, Persian culture was integrated into Arab culture during the 800-1000s as ideas spread throughout central areas of the empire.^[94] Palestinian cuisine or foods from or commonly eaten in the Palestinian territories and the Arab population of Israel. ... Look up Persian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Mashriq Dynasties Maghrib Dynasties The Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid (Arabic: , ) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...

The cuisine of the Ottoman Empire — which incorporated Palestine as one of its provinces in 1512-14 — was partially made up of what had become, by then a "rich" Arab cuisine. After the Crimean War, in 1855, many other communities including Bosnians, Greeks, French and Italians began settling in the area especially in urban centers such as Jerusalem, Jaffa and Bethlehem. These communities' cuisines contributed to the character of Palestinian cuisine, especially communities from the Balkans.^[96]^[94] Until around the 1950s-60s, the main ingredients for rural Palestinians was olive oil, oregano and bread baked in a simple oven called a taboon.^[97] Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320... Combatants Allies: Second French Empire British Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,194 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1853â€“1856) was fought... Bosnian cuisine does not use any spices, and, when it does, in very small quantity. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Jaffa (disambiguation). ... Arabic Ø¨ÙŠØª Ù„ØÙ… Name Meaning House of Lambs Government City (from 1995) Also Spelled Beit Lahm (officially) Bayt Lahm (unofficially) Governorate Bethlehem Population 29,930 (2006) Jurisdiction 29,799 dunams (29. ... ...

Palestinian cuisine is divided into three regional groups: the Galilee, the West Bank and the Gaza area. The Galilee is highly influenced by Lebanese cuisine, due to extensive communication between the two regions before the establishment of Israel. Its inhabitants specialize in a number of meals based on the combination of bulgur, spices and meat, known as kibbee by Arabs. Kibbee has several variations including it being served raw, fried or baked.^[96]^[38] Musakhan is a common main dish that originated in the Jenin and Tulkarm area in the northern West Bank. It consists of a roasted chicken over a taboon bread that has been topped with pieces of fried sweet onions, sumac, allspice and pine nuts.^[38] Other meals common to the area are maqluba and mansaf, the latter originating from the Bedouin population of Jordan. Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ø®Ù‘Ù†. A Palestinian country dish. ... For other uses, see Galilee (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with the Spanish name Garza or the Egyptian town of Giza. ... Boiling wheat grains to make bulgur in Turkey, 1990. ... Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ø®Ù‘Ù†. A Palestinian country dish. ... It has been suggested that Anem be merged into this article or section. ... Tulkarm or Tulkarem (Arabic: á¹¬Å«lkarm; â€Ž) is a Palestinian city in the Tulkarm Governorate in the northwestern West Bank. ... Taboon bread Arabic: Ø®Ø¨Ø² Ø·Ø§Ø¨ÙˆÙ† is a type of flatbread common in Palestinian villages. ... Species About 250 species; see text Rhus is a genus approximately 250 species of woody shrubs and small trees in the family Anacardiaceae. ... Binomial name (L.) Merr. ... Pine nuts are the edible seeds of pine trees (family Pinaceae, genus Pinus). ... Mansaf is the national dish of Jordan, and is also cooked in many Levantine and Persian Gulf countries (in the latter, it is sometimes called kabsa or makbus. ... A Bedouin man in Sinai Peninsula Bedouin, (from the Arabic (), pl. ...

The cuisine of the Gaza Strip is influenced by both neighboring Egypt and its location on the Mediterranean coast. The staple food for the majority of the inhabitants in the area is fish. Gaza has a major fishing industry and fish is often served either grilled or fried after being stuffed with cilantro, garlic, red peppers and cumin and marinated in a mix of coriander, red peppers, cumin, and chopped lemons.^[98]^[99] The Egyptian culinary influence is also seen by the frequent use of hot peppers, garlic and chard to flavor many of Gaza's meals.^[38] A dish native to the Gaza area is Sumaghiyyeh, which consists of water-soaked ground sumac mixed with tahina and then, added to sliced chard and pieces of stewed beef and garbanzo beans.^[98] Binomial name Coriandrum sativum Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is an annual herb commonly used in Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Indian, Latin American and Southeast Asian cooking. ... For other uses, see Coriander (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Chard (disambiguation). ... Species About 250 species; see text Rhus is a genus approximately 250 species of woody shrubs and small trees in the family Anacardiaceae. ... Tahini, jar 453g. ...

There are several foods native to Palestine that are well-known in the Arab world, such as, kinafe Nabulsi, Nabulsi cheese (cheese of Nablus]], Ackawi cheese (cheese of Acre) and musakhan. Kinafe originated in the city of Nablus, as well as the sweetened Nabulsi cheese that's used to fill it. Baqlawa, a pastry introduced at the time of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, is also an integral part of Palestinian cuisine.^[100] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 569 pixelsFull resolution (1958 Ã— 1393 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 569 pixelsFull resolution (1958 Ã— 1393 pixel, file size: 1. ... Arab States redirects here. ... Nabulsi Cheese is one of the traditional white brined cheese known in various countries of the Middle East, particularly in Palestine, Jordan and other neighboring countries. ... Ackawi is a white cows milk cheese, native to Palestine, a city called Akka where the cheese gets its name from, meaning from akka (ackawi). ... For other uses, see Akko (disambiguation). ... Map of the West Bank, with Nablus in the center north. ... Baklava is prepared on large trays and cut into a variety of shapes Baklava or Baklawa is a rich, sweet pastry featured in many cuisines of the former Ottoman countries. ... Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish: SulaymÄn, Turkish: ; almost always Kanuni Sultan SÃ¼leyman) (November 6, 1494 â€“ September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. ...

Chick-pea based falafel substituting the fava beans used in the original Egyptian recipe, and spiced with Indian peppers that were introduced after the Mongol invasions opened new trade routes, are a favorite staple in Palestinian cuisine, and which has now been introduced into Israeli cooking.^[101] This article is about the Middle Eastern food. ... Binomial name Vicia faba L. Vicia faba, the broad bean, fava bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean or tic bean is a species of bean (Fabaceae) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...

Mezze describes an assortment of dishes laid out on the table for a meal that takes place over several hours, a characteristic common to Mediterranean cultures. Some common mezze dishes are hummus, tabouleh, baba ghanoush, labaneh, and zate 'u zaatar, which is the pita bread dipping of olive oil and ground thyme and sesame seeds. Mezes (pl. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Hummus or hummus bi tahini (Arabic: ; â€Ž; Armenian Õ°Õ¡Õ´Õ¸Õ½) also spelled hamos, houmous, hommos, hommus, hummos, hummous or humus) is a dip or spread made of ground chickpeas, sesame tahini, lemon juice, and garlic. ... Tabouli (or tabouleh) is a Middle Eastern vegetarian salad. ... Syrian style Baba Ghanoush Baba Ghanoush or Baba-Ganouj (Arabic Ø¨Ø§Ø¨Ø§ ØºÙ†ÙˆØ¬), melitzanosalata (Greek Î¼ÎµÎ»Î¹Ï„Î¶Î±Î½Î¿ÏƒÎ±Î»Î¬Ï„Î±), baklazhannaya ikra (Russian Ð±Ð°ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ÐºÑ€Ð°, literally eggplant caviar) or simply eggplant salad or aubergine salad is a family of popular Middle Eastern dishes made primarily of eggplant (aubergine). ... ... Zaatar (sometimes spelled Zaatar, Zatar or Zahatar) is a popular mixture of spices that originated in the Middle East. ... Species About 350 species, including: Thymus adamovicii Thymus altaicus Thymus amurensis Thymus bracteosus Thymus broussonetii Thymus caespititius Thymus camphoratus Thymus capitatus Thymus capitellatus Thymus camphoratus Thymus carnosus Thymus cephalotus Thymus cherlerioides Thymus ciliatus Thymus cilicicus Thymus cimicinus Thymus comosus Thymus comptus Thymus curtus Thymus disjunctus Thymus doerfleri Thymus glabrescens Thymus... Binomial name Sesamum indicum Sesame (Sesamum indicum)is a crop grown primarily for its seeds. ...

Entrées that are eaten throughout Palestine, include waraq al-'inib — boiled grape leaves wrapped around cooked rice and ground lamb. Mahashi is an assortment of stuffed vegetables such as, zucchinis, potatoes, cabbage and in Gaza, chard. For the university exchange programme ENTREE, see European Network for Training and Research in Electrical Engineering. ... Dolma is a family of stuffed vegetable dishes in the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire and surrounding regions, including the Middle East, the Balkans, Greece, and Central Asia. ... A dolma (dolma in Turkish; dolma in Bosnian; dolmades in Greek; Dolme (Ø¯Ù„Ù…Ù‡) in Persian; tolma (Õ¿Õ¸Õ¬Õ´Õ¡) in Armenian; sarma, plural sarmale in Romanian; Yaprakes finos in Ladino), generally considered a Turkish meal. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Sheep redirects here. ...

Pottery

Palestinian pottery shows a remarkable continuity throughout the ages. Modern Palestinian pots, bowls, jugs and cups, particularly those produced prior to the establishment of Israel in 1948, are similar in shape, fabric and decoration to their ancient equivalents.^[102] Cooking pots, jugs, mugs and plates that are still hand-made and fired in open, charcoal-fuelled kilns as in ancient times in historic villages like al-Jib (Gibeon), Beitin (Bethel) and Sinjil.^[103] Palestinian pottery refers to pottery produced in Palestine throughout the ages, and pottery produced by modern-day Palestinians. ... al-Jib (Arabic: ) is a Palestinian village of 4,800 people[1], 10 kilometres northwest of Jerusalem[2] in the seam zone of the West Bank. ... The city of Gibeon in Canaan (about 6 miles north of the center of Jerusalem in the West Bank) was one of the four cities of the Hivites, which did not easily fall to the Hebrews. ... Bethel (×‘×™×ª ××œ), also written as Beth El or Beth-El, is a Semitic word that has acquired various meanings. ...

Language

Palestinian Arabic is a spoken Arabic dialect that is specific to Palestinians and is a subgroup of the broader Levantine Arabic dialect. It has three primary sub-variations with the pronunciation of the qāf serving as a shibboleth to distinguish between the three main Palestinian sub-dialects:^{[citation needed]} In most cities, it is a glottal stop; in smaller villages and the countryside, it is a pharyngealized k (a characteristic unique to Palestinian Arabic); and in the far south, it is a g, as among Bedouin speakers. In a number of villages in the Galilee (e.g. Maghār), and particularly, though not exclusively among the Druze, the qāf is actually pronounced qāf as in Classical Arabic. Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup spoken by Palestinian Arabs. ... Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup spoken by Palestinian Arabs. ... Levantine Arabic (sometimes called Eastern Arabic) is a group of Arabic dialects spoken in the 100 km-wide eastern-Mediterranean coastal strip known as the Levant, i. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pharyngealisation is a secondary feature of phonemes in a language. ... A Bedouin man in Sinai Peninsula Bedouin, (from the Arabic (), pl. ... For other uses, see Galilee (disambiguation). ... Religions Druzism Scriptures Rasail al-hikmah (Epistles of Wisdom), Quran Languages Arabic. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Barbara McKean Parmenter has noted that the Arabs of Palestine have been credited with the preservation of the indigenous Semitic place names for many sites mentioned in the Bible which were documented by the American archaeologist Edward Robinson in the early 20th century.^[104] A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical Shem, Hebrew: ×©×, translated as name, Arabic: Ø³Ø§Ù…) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956â€“present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic - President George W. Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... For the American screen actor see Edward G. Robinson Edward Robinson was the recipient of a Victoria Cross Categories: Stub | Victoria Cross recipients ...

Ancestry of the Palestinians

Palestinians, like most other Arabic-speakers, combine ancestries from those who have come to settle the region throughout history, a matter on which genetic evidence (see below) has begun to shed some light.^[105] Ali Qleibo, a Palestinian anthropologist writes: A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... The History of Palestine is the account of events in the greater geographic area called Palestine, which includes the modern state of Israel, as well as the West Bank, Gaza, and the newly-established state of Jordan, along with parts of Syria. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 786 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1024 Ã— 781 pixel, file size: 159 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ramallah, Jerusalem Sanjac (district), Damascus region, Ottoman Empire. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 786 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1024 Ã— 781 pixel, file size: 159 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ramallah, Jerusalem Sanjac (district), Damascus region, Ottoman Empire. ... This article is about the general scientific term. ...

Bernard Lewis, an American historian, writes: For the founder of the River Island retail chain, see Bernard Lewis (entrepreneur). ...

Semitic tribes from the Arabian peninsula began migrating into Palestine as early as the 3rd millennium BCE,^[107]^[108] and among these migrants were the Arabs, such that the region was Arabized centuries before the Islamic era began.^[109]^[110] Aramaic and Greek were replaced by Arabic as the area's dominant language.^[111] Among the cultural survivals from pre-Islamic times are the significant Palestinian Christian community, and smaller Jewish and Samaritan ones, as well as an Aramaic and possibly Hebrew sub-stratum in the local Palestinian Arabic dialect.^[112] Kermit Zarley writes that, "The early ancestors of some of today's Palestinians are no doubt the Canaanites, Philistines, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Idumaeans, Nabateans and Samaritans. In later periods, their intermarriage with conquering peoples, such as Greeks, Romans, Arabians and Turks, merely added to the genetic mix in Palestine."^[113] Much of the local Palestinian population in Nablus, for example, is believed to be descended from Samaritans who converted to Islam.^[114] Even today, certain Nabulsi family names including Muslimani, Yaish, and Shakshir among others, are associated with Samaritan ancestry.^[114] In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical Shem, Hebrew: ×©×, translated as name, Arabic: Ø³Ø§Ù…) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ... Arabia redirects here. ... Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ... Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ... Arabic redirects here. ... For other uses, see Samaritan (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup spoken by Palestinian Arabs. ... // Kermit Zarley (born September 29, 1941) is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour; he is also an author of several books. ... Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plain of what is now Lebanon and Syria. ... Map of the West Bank, with Nablus in the center north. ...

The Bedouins of Palestine are said to be more securely known to be Arab ancestrally as well as by culture; their distinctively conservative dialects and pronunciation of qaaf as gaaf group them with other Bedouin across the Arab world and confirm their separate history.^{[citation needed]} Arabic onomastic elements began to appear in Edomite inscriptions starting in the 6th century BC, and are nearly universal in the inscriptions of the Nabataeans, who arrived in today’s Jordan in the 4th-3rd centuries BC.^[115] It has thus been suggested that the present day Bedouins of the region may have their origins as early as this period. A few Bedouin are found as far north as Galilee; however, these seem to be much later arrivals, rather than descendants of the Arabs that Sargon II settled in Samaria in 720 BC. The term “Arab,” as well as the presence of Arabs in the Syrian desert and the Fertile Crescent, is first seen in the Assyrian sources from the 9th century bce (Eph'al 1984).^[116] A Bedouin man in Sinai Peninsula Bedouin, (from the Arabic (), pl. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... The Arabic language is classified as a Semitic language. ... A Bedouin man in Sinai Peninsula Bedouin, (from the Arabic (), pl. ... Arabic redirects here. ... The Edomite language is the extinct Hebrew Canaanite language of the Edomites in southwestern Jordan in the first millennium BC. It is known only from a very small corpus. ... Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans, a people of ancient Arabia, whose settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the border-land between Syria and Arabia from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ... For other uses, see Galilee (disambiguation). ... Sargon II (right), king of Assyria (r. ... â€œShomronâ€ redirects here. ...

Canaanite claims

The claim that Palestinians are direct descendants of the region's earliest inhabitants, the Canaanites, has been put forward by some authors. Marcia Kunstel and Joseph Albright, author-journalists, for example put forward this claim in their 1990 book Their Promised Land: Arab and Jew in History's Cauldron-One Valley in the Jerusalem Hills.^[117] Kathleen Christison notes in her review of the work that Kunstel and Albright are "those rare historians who give credence to the Palestinians' claim that their 'origins and early attachment to the land' derive from the Canaanites five millennia ago, and that they are an amalgamation of every people who has ever lived in Palestine."^[118] Canaanite can describe anything pertaining to Canaan: in particular, its languages and inhabitants. ... Kathleen Christison and her husband, William Christison, worked for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). ...

Adel Yahya, a Palestinian archaeologist, also claims that modern-day Palestinians are the direct descendants of the Philistines and that they might be descendants of the ancient Canaanites.^[119] Sandra Scham, an American archaeologist at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Jerusalem and author of Archaeology of the Disenfranchised dismissed such conclusions as falling into the realm of 'popular imagination and folklore.'^[119]

In an article in the journal Science, it was reported that "most Palestinian archaeologists were quick to distance themselves from these ideas," with the reasons cited by those interviewed centering around the view that the issue of who was in Palestine first constitutes an ideological issue that lies outside of the realm of archaeological study.^[120] Bernard Lewis writes that, "The rewriting of the past is usually undertaken to achieve specific political aims... in bypassing the biblical Israelites and claiming kinship with the Canaanites, the pre-Israelite inhabitants of Palestine, it is possible to assert a historical claim antedating the biblical promise and possession put forward by the Jews."^[106] Zakariyya Mohammed also assigns the search for Canaanite roots to a desire to predate Jewish national claims. Describing "Canaanism" as a "losing ideology when used to manage our conflict with the Zionist movement," he writes that, "'Canaanism' concedes a priori the central thesis of Zionism. Namely that we have been engaged in a perennial conflict with Zionism—and hence with the Jewish presence in Palestine—since the Kingdom of Solomon and before ... thus in one stroke Canaanism cancels the assumption that Zionism is a European movement, propelled by modern European contingencies..."^[22] Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the worlds most prestigious scientific journals. ... This article is about the Biblical figure. ...

Salim Tamari posits that the Canaanite revivalist writings following the war of 1948 were a reaction to Zionist attempts at establishing their own claims to Israelite and biblical motifs.^[22] Like Mohammed, Tamari also criticized this tendency for giving up "any attempt to relocate (or even relate) modern Palestinian cultural affinities to biblical roots. They seem to have abandoned this patrimony of biblical representation to Jewish nationalist discourse, in a paradoxical manner, reinforcing the claims of their protagonists. [Tawfiq] Canaan and his group, by contrast, were not Canaanites. They contested Zionist claims to biblical patrimonies by stressing present day continuities between the biblical heritage (and occasionally pre-biblical roots) and Palestinian popular beliefs and practices."^[22]

Tamari further notes the paradoxes that emerged in a parallel search for 'nativist' roots among Zionists and the so-called Canaanite (anti-Zionist) followers of Yonatan Ratosh.^[22] He cites the example of Ber Borochov who claimed that the lack of a crystallized national consciousness among Palestinian Arabs would result in their likely assimilation into the new Hebrew nationalism, basing this on the belief that: "the fellahin are considered in this context as the descendants of the ancient Hebrew and Canaanite residents 'together with a small admixture of Arab blood'".^[22] Ahad Ha'am also shared the belief that: "the Moslems [of Palestine] are the ancient residents of the land ... who became Christians on the rise of Christianity and became Moslems on the arrival of Islam."^[22] Even David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben Zvi tried to establish in a 1918 paper written in Yiddish that Palestinian peasants and their mode of life were living historical testimonies to Israelite practices in the biblical period.^[22] Tamari notes that "the ideological implications of this claim became very problematic and were soon withdrawn from circulation."^[22] The Canaanites is a political and aesthetic movement, which reached its peak in the 1940s among the Jewish residents in Palestine, and has significantly impacted the course of Israeli art, literature, and spiritual and political thought. ... Anti-Zionism is a term that has been used to describe several very different political and religious points of view, both historically and in current debates. ... Yonatan Ratosh, Israeli poet, was born in 1908 in Russia, but his dedicated Zionist parents educated his siblings and him to speak, read and write only in Hebrew. ... Ber Borochov, c. ... Asher Ginsberg (1856 - 1927), also known by the pen name Ahad Haam (Hebrew: one of the people, compare with L.L. Zamenhofs Unuel), was one of the great pre-state Zionist thinkers. ... Ben Gurion redirects here. ... Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (â€Ž (November 24, 1884 â€“ April 23, 1963) was a historian, Labor Zionist leader, and the second and longest serving President of Israel. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... â€œThe Twelve Tribesâ€ redirects here. ...

DNA clues

Results of a DNA study by geneticist Ariella Oppenheim matched historical accounts that "some Muslim Arabs are descended from Christians and Jews who lived in the southern Levant, a region that includes Israel and the Sinai. They were descendants of a core population that lived in the area since prehistoric times."^[121] The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Languages Historical Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others Liturgical languages: Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant spoken languages: The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Arabs and other Semitic groups For the Jewish religion, see Judaism. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: ) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 The Sinai Peninsula (in Arabic, Shibh Jazirat Sina) is a triangle-shaped peninsula lying between the Mediterranean Sea (to the north) and Red Sea (to the south). ... Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is the period of human history prior to the advent of writing (which marks the beginning of recorded history). ...

In genetic genealogy studies, Palestinians and Negev Bedouins have the highest rates of Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA) among all populations tested (62.5%).^[122] Arab and other Semitic populations usually possess an excess of J1 Y chromosomes compared to other populations harboring Y-haplogroup J.^[123]^[124]^[125]^[126]^[127]^[128]^[129] The haplogroup J1, associated with marker M267, originates south of the Levant and was first disseminated from there into Ethiopia and Europe in Neolithic times; a second diffusion of the marker took place in the seventh century CE when Arabs brought it from the Arabia to North Africa.^[125] J1 is most common in the southern Levant, as well as Syria, Iraq, Algeria, and Arabia, and drops sharply at the border of non-Arab areas like Turkey and Iran. While it is also found in Jewish populations (<15%), haplogroup J2 (M172) (of eight sub-Haplogroups), is almost twice as common as J1 among Jews (<29%). Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. ... The Negev Bedouins (Arabic: Badawit an-Naqab) are traditionally pastoral semi-nomadic Arab tribes indigenous to the Negev region, who hold close ties to the Bedouins of the Sinai. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup J (previously known as HG9 or Eu9/Eu10) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ... In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical Shem, Hebrew: ×©×, translated as name, Arabic: Ø³Ø§Ù…) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: ) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: ) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. Haplogroup J2 is widely believed to be associated with the spread of agriculture from Anatolia ,. This connection is supported by its age (18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years ago) , which is very...

Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA) includes the modal haplotype of the Galilee Arabs (Nebel et al. 2000) and of Moroccan Arabs (Bosch et al. 2001) and the sister Modal Haplotype of the Cohanim, the "Cohan Modale Haplotype", representing the descendents of the priestly caste Aaron.^[130]^[131] J2 is known to be related to the ancient Greek movements and is found mainly in Europe and the central Mediterranean ( Italy, the Balkans, Greece). According to a 2002 study by Nebel et al., on Genetic evidence for the expansion of Arabian tribes, the highest frequency of Eu10 (i.e. J1) (30%–62.5%) has been observed so far in various Muslim Arab populations in the Middle East. (Semino et al. 2000; Nebel et al. 2001).^[132] The most frequent Eu10 microsatellite haplotype in Northwest Africans is identical to a modal haplotype of Muslim Arabs who live in a small area in the north of Israel, the Galilee. (Nebel et al. 2000) termed the modal haplotype of the Galilee (MH Galilee). The term “Arab,” as well as the presence of Arabs in the Syrian desert and the Fertile Crescent, is first seen in the Assyrian sources from the 9th century B.C.E. (Eph'al 1984).^[133] A modal haplotype is an ancestral haplotype derived from the DNA test results of a specific group of people, using genetic genealogy. ... The position of a Kohens hands when he raises them to bless a Jewish congregation A Kohen (or Cohen, Hebrew priest, pl. ... The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin Aaron (Hebrew: , Standard Tiberian ), or Aaron the Levite (flourished about 1200 B.C.), was, according to biblical accounts, one of two brothers who play a unique part in the history of the Hebrew people. ... The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

In recent years, many genetic surveys have suggested that, at least paternally, most of the various Jewish ethnic divisions and the Palestinians — and in some cases other Levantines — are genetically closer to each other than the Palestinians or European Jews to non-Jewish Europeans (a Europpean sample from the Welsh.^[134] However, Nebel et al. (2001) report that Jews were found to be more closely related to groups in the north of the Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks, and Armenians) than to their Arab neighbors.^[135]^[136] Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct Jewish communities within the worlds ethnically Jewish population. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: ) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Languages Historical Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others Liturgical languages: Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant spoken languages: The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Arabs and other Semitic groups For the Jewish religion, see Judaism. ...

See also

The following is a list of prominent Palestinians, both from Palestine and from the Palestinian diaspora. ... Languages Arabic and other minority languages Religions Sunni Islam, Shia Islam, Christianity, Druzism and Judaism Arab diaspora refers to the numbers of Arab immigrants, and their descendants, who voluntarily or as refugees emigrated from their native countries and now reside in non-Arab nations, primarily in Western countries as well...

External links

References

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"208,000 Palestinians were counted in east Jerusalem ... 2.345 million in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and 1.416 million in Gaza"
^ ^a ^b Cordesman, 2005, p. 54. The figure is based on an estimate for 2005, extrapolating from a population 2.3 million in 2001.
^ ^a ^b Palestine. Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-29.
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^ Herodotus, The Histories, Bks. 2, 104: 3.5.
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^ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, p.49 in the French edition.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Drummond, 2004, p. 50.
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^ [http://www.pademographics.com/ American-Israel Demographic Research Group (AIDRG)], is led by Bennett Zimmerman, Yoram Ettinger, Roberta Seid, and Michael L. Wise
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^ Dana Rosenblatt (October 14, 2002). Amid conflict, Samaritans keep unique identity. CNN.
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^ Nissim Dana, The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status, Sussex Academic Press, 2003, p. 201.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dana Rosenblatt (October 14, 2002). Amid conflict, Samaritans keep unique identity. CNN.
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^ Ankori, 1996.
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^ Interview with Elias Sanbar. Claude Cheysson, ‘The Right to Self-Determiniation,’ Journal of Palestine Studies Vol.16, no.1 (Autumn 1986) pp.3-12 p.3
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^ Muhawi, 1989.
^ Jane Waldron Grutz (January-February 1991). Woven Legacy, Woven Language. Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
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^ ABC of Arabic Cuisine ArabNet. Accessed on 2007-12-25.
^ ^a ^b An Introduction to Palestinian Cuisine: Typical Palestinian Dishes This Week in Palestine, Turbo Computers & Software Co. Ltd. July 2001, Accessed on 2007-01-07.
^ Modernity and Authenticity: The Evolution of the Palestinian Kitchen Qleibo, Ali, This week in Palestine, Turbo Computers & Software Co. Ltd. December 2006, Accessed on 2008-01-09.
^ ^a ^b The Foods of Gaza al-Haddad, Laila, This week in Palestine. Turbo Computers & Software Co. Ltd. June 2006, Accessed on 2008-01-07.
^ The rich flavors of Palestine Farsakh, Mai M. Institute for Middle East Understanding (IMEU), (Originally published by This Week in Palestine) 2006-06-21 Accessed on 2007-12-18
^ Joseph Massad, ‘Munich, or Making Baklava,’ The Electronic Intifada, 3 February 2006
^ Jodi Kantor, 'A History of the Mideast in the Humble Chickpea.’
^ Needler, 1949, p. 75.
^ PACE's Exhibit of Traditional Palestinian Handicrafts. PACE. Retrieved on 2007-07-13.
^ Parmenter, 1994, p. 11.
^ Nebel et al. (2000). "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews" 107. Human Genetics. "According to historical records part, or perhaps the majority, of the Moslem Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century AD (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistorical times (Gil 1992)... Thus, our findings are in good agreement with the historical record..."
^ ^a ^b Lewis, 1999, p. 49.
^ Lewis, 2002, p. 17.
^ Itzhaq Beit-Arieh (August 1986). "Two Cultures in the Southern Sinai in the Third Millennium BCE" No. 263. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.
^ Raja G. Mattar (August 2005). Arab Christians are Arabs. PASSIA. Retrieved on 2007-08-18."What used to be known as Bilad Al Sham (Greater Syria, if you will) was Arabized long before Islam. To quote Salibi again (ch. 5): "Since pre-Islamic times, Mount Lebanon appears to have been densely populated by Arab tribes.." In ch. 7: "To maintain that the Syrians came to be [A]rabized after the conquest of their country by the Muslim Arabs was simply not correct, because Syria was already largely inhabited by Arabs—in fact, Christian Arabs—long before Islam."
^ Steve Tamari. Who are the Arabs?. Retrieved on 2007-08-18.
^ Griffith, Sidney H. (1997). "From Aramaic to Arabic: The Languages of the Monasteries of Palestine in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods" 51: 13.
^ Kees Versteegh (2001). The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University.
^ Zarley, 1990, p. 96.
^ ^a ^b Sean Ireton (2003). The Samaritans - A Jewish Sect in Israel: Strategies for Survival of an Ethno-religious Minority in the Twenty First Century. Anthrobase. Retrieved on 2007-11-29.
^ Healey, 2001, pp. 26-28.
^ Eph`al I (1984) The Ancient Arabs. The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
^ Kunstel and Albright, 1990. The authors write that: "Between 3000 and 1100 B.C., Canaanite civilization covered what is today Israel, the West Bank, Lebanon and much of Syria and Jordan ... Those who remained in the Jerusalem hills after the Romans expelled the Jews [in the second century A.D.] were a potpourri: farmers and vineyard growers, pagans and converts to Christianity, descendants of the Arabs, Persians, Samaritans, Greeks and old Canaanite tribes."
^ Christison, Kathleen. Review of Marcia Kunstel and Joseph Albright's Their Promised Land: Arab and Jew in History's Cauldron-One Valley in the Jerusalem Hills. Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 21, No. 4. (Summer, 1992), pp. 98-100.
^ ^a ^b Netty C. Gross (11 September 2000). "Demolishing David". The Jerusalem Report.
^ Michael Balter, "Palestinians Inherit Riches, but Struggle to Make a Mark" Science, New Series, Vol. 287, No. 5450. (Jan. 7, 2000), pp. 33-34. "'We don't want to repeat the mistakes the Israelis made,' says Moain Sadek, head of the Department of Antiquities's operations in the Gaza Strip. Taha agrees: 'All these controversies about historical rights, who came first and who came second, this is all rooted in ideology. It has nothing to do with archaeology.'"
^ Gibbons, Ann (October 30, 2000). Jews and Arabs Share Recent Ancestry. ScienceNOW. American Academy for the Advancement of Science.
^ See J1 Haplogroup frequencies in last page: [5]
^ The International Society of Genetic Genealogy see Haplogroup definition in DNA-NEWBIE GLOSSARY [6][7]
^ Martinez et al. (31 January 2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics.
^ ^a ^b Semino et al. (2004). "Origin, Diffusion and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J" 74. American Journal of Human Genetics.
^ Rita Gonçalves et al. (July 2005). "[www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry]" 69, Issue 4. Annals of Human Genetics.
^ E. Levy- Coffman (2005). "A Mosaic of People". Journal of Genetic Genealogy. "J1 is the only haplogroup that researchers consider “Semitic” in origin"
^ Cinnioglu et al. (29 October 2003). "Haplogroup J1-M267 typifies East Africans and Arabian populations" 114. Human Genetics.
^ DNA Haplogroup Definitions - J
^ The Y-Haplogroup J DNA Project- see Results page: [8]
^ Nebel et al. 2001, Fig 3-Simplified netword of CMH and sisters Galilee MH and Bedoin MH [9]
^ Almut Nebel et Al., Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa, Am J Hum Genet. 2002 June; 70(6): 1594–1596[10]
^ Eph`al I (1984) The Ancient Arabs. The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
^ Almut Nebel, Ariella Oppenheim, "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews." Human Genetics 107(6) (December 2000): 630-641
^ Nebel et al. 2001, The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East, Ann Hum Genet. 2001 Mar;70(2):195-206.[11]
^ Judy Siegel, Jerusalem Post (November 20, 2001)

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Contents

Origins of Palestinian identity

Etymology

Palestinian perceptions of identity

Emergent Palestinian nationalism

Palestinians struggle against occupation

Against the British occupation 1917-1948

The "lost years" (1948 - 1967)

Recent developments in Palestinian identity (1967 - present)

Intifada

Demographics

Refugees

Religion

Background

Today

Culture

Poetry

Art

Literature

Intellectuals

Film

Folklore

Music

Dance

Folk tales

Costumes

Cuisine

Pottery

Language

Ancestry of the Palestinians

Canaanite claims

DNA clues

See also

External links

References

Bibliography

Contents

Origins of Palestinian identity GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Etymology

Palestinian perceptions of identity

Emergent Palestinian nationalism

Palestinians struggle against occupation

Against the British occupation 1917-1948

The "lost years" (1948 - 1967)

Recent developments in Palestinian identity (1967 - present)

Intifada

Demographics

Refugees

Religion

Background

Today

Culture

Poetry

Art

Literature

Intellectuals

Film

Folklore

Music

Dance

Folk tales

Costumes

Cuisine

Pottery

Language

Ancestry of the Palestinians

Canaanite claims

DNA clues

See also

External links

References

Bibliography

Origins of Palestinian identity