Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937) was a United States Supreme Court case concerning the incorporation of the Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy. 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Incorporation of the Bill of Rights is the legal doctrine by which the U.S. Bill of Rights, either in full or in part, is applied to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ... The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, guarantees several protections related to legal procedure. ... The term Double Jeopardy can be used to mean: double jeopardy, a legal term. ...

Frank Palko had been charged with first-degree murder but was instead convicted of the lesser offense of second-degree murder and given a sentence of life imprisonment. Prosecutors appealed per Connecticut law and won a new trial, in which Palko was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to death. Palko appealed, arguing that the Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy applied to state governments through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. State nickname: The Constitution State Other U.S. States Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport Governor M. Jodi Rell Official languages English Area 14,371 km² (48th)  - Land 12,559 km²  - Water 1,809 km² (12. ... Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ... Due process of law is a legal concept that ensures the government will respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights, when the government deprives a person of life, liberty, or property. ... Amendment XIV (the Fourteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments and includes the due process and equal protection clauses (Section 1). ...

Applying a subjective case-by-case approach, the Court disagreed and upheld Palko's conviction, arguing that only fundamental rights, those rights that are central to the concept of "ordered liberty", are protected under the Due Process Clause. Speaking for the majority, Justice Cardozo listed freedom of thought and speech as being chief among such rights. Justice Benjamin Nathan Cardozo (May 24, 1870–July 9, 1938) was a distinguished American jurist who is remembered not only for his landmark decisions on negligence but also his modesty and philosophy. ... Freedom of speech is the liberty to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related liberty to hear what others have stated. ...

The Court eventually reversed course and incorporated the protection against double jeopardy with its ruling in Benton v. Maryland (1969). 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...