Palmiro Togliatti
Italian Minister of Justice
In office June 21, 1945 – July 1, 1946
Prime Minister	Alcide De Gasperi
Preceded by	Umberto Tupini
Succeeded by	Fausto Gullo
Born	March 26, 1893 Genoa, Italy
Died	August 21, 1964 Yalta, Soviet Union
Nationality	Italian
Political party	Italian Communist Party

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Justice since 1943. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Image File history File links Genova-Stemma. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Image File history File links Yalta-arms. ... Yalta (Ukrainian: , Russian: , Crimean Tatar: ) is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ...

Biography

Early life

Born in Genoa to a middle class family, Togliatti began his political life in the Italian Socialist Party prior to the First World War. He served as a volunteer officer during the war, and was wounded in action and sent home for illness. Returning at the end of the conflict, he was a part of the group around Antonio Gramsci's L'Ordine Nuovo paper in Turin, while working as a tutor. For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Antonio Gramsci (IPA: ) (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician and political theorist. ... For other uses, see Turin (disambiguation). ... In British, Australian, New Zealand, and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a postgraduate student or a lecturer assigned to conduct a seminar for undergraduate students, often known as a tutorial. ...

He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I, later PCI) and, after Gramsci was jailed by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, he became the senior leader of the PCd'I until his death, for which he also directed Il Comunista. The Fourth Estate The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... Mussolini redirects here. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the interests of the state. ...

Exile

When the party was banned by the Italian Fascist government in 1926, Togliatti was one of few leaders not to be arrested, as he was attending a meeting of the Comintern in Moscow. In exile during the late 1920s and the 1930s, he organized clandestine meetings of the PCd'I at Lyon (1926) and Cologne (1931). In 1927 he took the position of Secretary of the party. The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... This article is about the French city. ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions, parties or associations. ...

In 1935, under the nom de guerre Ercole Ercoli, he was named member of the secretariat of the Comintern. In Spain in 1937, during the Civil War, he willingly contributed to the elimination of anarchists by the Catalan Communist leaders (carried out on the orders of Joseph Stalin). In 1939 he was arrested in France: released, he moved to the Soviet Union and, remained there during World War II, broadcasting radio messages to Italy, in which he called for resistance to Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic. For other uses, see Alias. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Anarchism has historically gained the most support and influence in Spain, especially in the seventy or so years before Francisco Francos victory in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] – March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Anthem Giovinezza (The Youth)¹ Capital Salò Language(s) Italian Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic Head of State Benito Mussolini Historical era World War II  - Established September 23, 1943  - Disestablished April 25, 1945 ¹ External link The Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Nazi puppet state led by...

"Salerno turn" and shooting

He returned to his native country in 1944 and it was under his direction that the PCI carried out the svolta di Salerno, the "Salerno Turn" — this change in policy was the turn of the party to support of democratic measures of reform in Italy (the birth of the Italian Republic), and the refusal to engage in armed struggle for the cause of Socialism. In effect, the turn moved the party to the right, in contrast with many demands from within; it also meant the disarmament of those members of the Italian resistance movement that had been organized by the PCI. Togliatti briefly served as Justice Minister. Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Salerno is a town in Campania, south-western Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. ... For other uses, see Democracy (disambiguation). ... The birth of the Italian Republic (officially on June 2, 1946) is a key event of Italian contemporary history. ... Guerrilla War redirects here. ... Partisans parading in Milan The Italian resistance movement was a partisan force during World War II. // After Italys capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Italian resistance movement became massive. ... This is a list of Italian Ministers of Justice since 1943. ...

After having been minister without portfolio in the Pietro Badoglio government, he acted as vice-premier under Alcide De Gasperi in 1945. In opposition with the dominant line in his own party, he voted for the including of the Lateran Pacts in the Italian Constitution. At the 1946 general election, the PCI obtained 19% of the votes and 104 seats. A Minister without Portfolio is a government minister with no specific responsibilities. ... Pietro Badoglio (September 28, 1871 - November 1, 1956) was an Italian soldier and politician. ... Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Lateran Treaties of February 11, 1929 provided for the mutual recognition of the then Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican City. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Note that the Labour Democratic Party ran within the banner of the National Democratic Union in most regions. ...

Communist ministers were evicted during the May 1947 crisis. The same month, Maurice Thorez, head of the French Communist Party (PCF), was forced to quit Paul Ramadier's government along with the four others communist ministers. As in Italy, the PCF was very strong, taking part in the Three parties alliance (Tripartisme) and scoring 28.6% at the November 1946 elections. Maurice Thorez Maurice Thorez (April 28, 1900–July 11, 1964) was a French statesman and longtime leader of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1930 until his death. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... French prime minister Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier (March 17, 1888 - October 14, 1961) was a prominent French Socialist politician of the Third and Fourth Republics. ... The Three-parties alliance (Tripartisme in French) was a coalition which governed in France from 1944 to 1947, composed of the Communists (PCF), the Socialists (SFIO) and the Christian-Democrats (MRP), which at the beginning regrouped Gaullists. ...

In 1948, Togliatti led the PCI in the first democratic election after World War II.^[1] He lost to the Christian Democrat party (DC – Democrazia Cristiana) after a violent campaign in which the United States, viewing him as a Cold War enemy, played a large part.^[2] The CIA, which had just been created, allegedly massively interfered in the elections. Allied with the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front, the left-wing achieved 31% of the votes. Until 1996, the left-wing coalition was unable to prevail in the national political elections, while scoring many successes in local administrative elections. The only tentative to include the PCI in government, under Enrico Berlinguer's leadership, through the historic compromise, ended up with Aldo Moro's 1978 assassination. In 2000, the Olive Tree left-of-center coalition released a report explicitly accusing Washington of having followed a strategy of tension in Italy "to prevent the PCI, and in a lesser measure the PSI, of acceding to power." Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Italian elections of 1948 were the first democratic elections with universal suffrage ever held in Italy. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Psi has multiple meanings: Psi (letter) (Ψ, ψ) of the Greek alphabet Psi (Cyrillic) (Ñ°, ѱ), letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet, adopted from Greek Psi (parapsychology) Psi (instant messaging client), a popular Jabber client program J/ψ particle, a subatomic particle Wavefunction in Quantum Mechanics, ψ In mathematics, Ψ is used to denote the angle between... The Popular Democratic Front (FDP, Italian: ) was a coalition of Italian political parties for the Parliamentary election of 1948. ... Enrico Berlinguer. ... The term Historic Compromise (Italian:compromesso storico) most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the 1970s, after the latter embraced eurocommunism. ... Aldo Moro (September 23, 1916 in Maglie – May 9, 1978 in Rome) was an Italian politician and five time Prime Minister of Italy, from 1963 to 1968, and then from 1974 to 1976. ... For the Italian political alliance see Olive Tree, and the color, olive (color). ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, as well as false flag terrorist actions (including bombings). ...

On July 14 1948, Togliatti was shot three times, being severely wounded — his life hung in the balance for days and news about his condition was uncertain, causing an acute political crisis in Italy (which included a general strike called by the Italian General Confederation of Labour).^[3] is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... The Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) is a national trade union centre in Italy. ...

1950s and 1960s

Under his leadership, the PCI became the second largest party in Italy, and the largest non-ruling communist party in Europe. Although permanently in the opposition at the national level during Togliatti's lifetime, the party ran many municipalities and held great power at the local and regional level in certain areas. In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

In 1953, he fought against the so-called "cheat or swindle law", an electoral one voted by the Christian Democracy-led majority of the time, which aimed at using first past the post to augment the center-right's power. Ultimately, the law was to prove of no use for the government in the elections of that year, which won Togliatti's PCI 22.6% of the vote; it was repealed in November of 1953. An example of a plurality ballot. ...

Despite his allegedly tight relationship with Soviet Union, Togliatti's leadership remained unscathed after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution (which was everywhere else a cause for major conflicts within the left). He coined the development of the polycentrism theory (unity in diversity within the communist parties in all countries). In the 1958 elections, the number of Communist votes was still on the rise. In the 1963 elections, the PCI gained 25.2% of the votes, but again failed to reach a relative majority. Combatants Soviet Union ÁVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov Pál Maléter, Béla Király, Gergely Pongrátz, József Dudás Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 720 killed according to official... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Polycentrism is the principle of organisation of a region around several political, social or financial centres. ... The Italian general elections of 1958 were held on 1958-05-25. ... The Italian general elections of 1963 were held on 1963-04-28. ...

Death and legacy

Togliatti died as a result of cerebral haemorrhage while vacationing with his companion Nilde Iotti in Yalta, then in the Soviet Union. According to some of his collaborators, Togliatti was travelling to the Soviet Union in order to give his support to Leonid Brezhnev's election as Nikita Khrushchev's successor at the lead of Communist Party of the Soviet Union. His favourite pupil, Enrico Berlinguer, was later elected as his successor to the National Secretary of the PCI position, though Berlinguer's time in office saw the rejection of some policies advocated by Togliatti. A cerebral hemorrhage is a condition in the brain in which a blood vessel leaks. ... Leonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (April 10, 1920 - December 4, 1999) was an Italian politician, the first woman to became president of the Italian Chamber of Deputies for three consecutive legislatures from 1979 to 1992. ... Yalta (Ukrainian: , Russian: , Crimean Tatar: ) is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. ... Brezhnev redirects here. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: , Nikita Sergeevič Chruščiov; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov[1]; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894[2]–September 11, 1971) was the chief director of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza, acronym: КПСС (KPSS)) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. ... Enrico Berlinguer. ...

The Russian city of Stavropol-on-Volga, where Togliatti had been instrumental in establishing the AutoVAZ (Lada) automobile manufacturing plant in collaboration with Fiat, was renamed Tolyatti in his honor in 1964, after his death. This page is about a car manufacturer. ... For other uses, see Fiat (disambiguation). ... Vasily Tatishchev monument in Toliatti Tolyatti (Толья́тти) is a city in Samara Oblast, Russia. ...

Overview

Togliatti has been heavily criticised by many Italian historians for not having condemned the Soviet suppression of the democratic uprising in Hungary. His politics have been defined as Machiavellian and cynical in purpose, aimed mainly at securing the growth of the PCI (and that of Communism in general). Machiavellianism is primarily the term some social and personality psychologists use to describe a persons tendency to deceive and manipulate others for personal gain. ...

He has been also criticized for his alternate relations with the maverick Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito, which were considered to be closely following the party line dictated from the Kremlin. Motto Brotherhood and Unity Anthem Hey, Slavs Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croatian (spoken throughout the territory), Slovenian, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian (all official), and languages of other nationalities. ... Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, May 7, 1892 [May 25th according to official birth certificate] – May 4, 1980) was the leader of the Second Yugoslavia, which lasted from 1943 until 1991. ... Politics In politics, the line or the party line is an English language idiom for a political party or social movements canon agenda, as well as specific ideological elements specific to the organizations partisanship. ... The Moscow Kremlin (Russian: Московский Кремль) is a historic fortified complex at the very heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River (to the south), Saint Basils Cathedral (often mistaken as the Kremlin) and Red Square (to the east) and the Alexander Garden (to the west). ...

The same has been said of Togliatti's judgement of Stalin's policies: after the communist leader's death in 1953, he had stated that "Joseph Stalin is a titan of thought. His name is to be given to an entire century...". Later on, in 1956, after the de-Stalinization process, he had declared that: "Stalin has disseminated false and exaggerated theses, and was victim of an almost desperate perspective of endless persecution". In the following year, Togliatti repeatedly stated that he had been unaware of Stalin's crimes. The "Italian road to Socialism" he propounded from that moment moved the Italian Communist Party to more democratic and independent positions, which would lead to events such as the PCI's condemnation of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in a famous speech given by Enrico Berlinguer in Moscow. // See also: Nikita Khrushchev After Stalin had died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Georgi Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. ... People in a café watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar, Russian: пражская весна) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander Dubček came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the...

Despite such contradictions, Togliatti is widely ranked among the creators of Republican Italy and of its Constitution. He always strove for a certain collaboration with the other main party of Italy, Christian Democracy, and, while still recovering from his wounds in 1948, he had invited the rioting workers to respect the democratic institutions of the country.

References

See also

• Attempt on Togliatti's life
• Italian Communist Party
• Nilde Iotti
• History of the Italian Republic