Pamphilus, presbyter of Caesarea (late 3rd century – martyred February 409), chief among Biblical scholars of his generation, was the friend and teacher of Eusebius, who recorded details of his career in a three-book Vita that has been lost. For the cleaning product 409®, see butoxyethanol. ... Eusebius of Caesarea (~275 – May 30, 339) (often called Eusebius Pamphili, Eusebius [the friend] of Pamphilus) was a bishop of Caesarea in Palestine and is often referred to as the father of church history because of his work in recording the history of the early Christian church. ...

Eusebius' Martyrs of Palestine attests that Pamphilus was of a rich and honorable family of Beirut, but the assertion that he gave all his property to the poor and attached himself to the "perfect men" does not square with his magnificent patronage of the library at Caesarea and his constant generosity to scholars through his lifetime. Photius (Codex 118), quotes Pamphilus's Apology for Origen to the effect that Pamphilus went to Alexandria, where his teacher was Pierius, the head of the famous catechetical school there, before settling in Caesarea Maritima, where he was ordained priest and was made presbyter. In Alexandria Pamphilus became devoted to the works of Origen. Central Beirut (2004) Beirut (Arabic: , transliterated Bayrūt - the French name, Beyrouth, was also commonly used in English in the past) is the capital, largest city and chief seaport of Lebanon. ... Photius (b. ... Caesarea Palaestina, also called Caesarea Maritima, a town built by Herod the Great about 25 - 13 BC, lies on the sea-coast of Israel about halfway between Tel Aviv and Haifa, on the site of a place previously called Pyrgos Stratonos (Strato or Stratons Tower, in Latin Turris Stratonis). ... Presbyter is, in the Bible, a synonym for bishop (episkopos), referring to a leader in local Christian congregations. ... Origen was a Christian scholar and theologian and one of the most distinguished of the Fathers of the early Christian Church. ...

The library at Caesarea

Pamphilus, not unlike the humanists of the Renaissance, devoted his life to searching out and obtaining copies which he collected in the famous library that Jerome was later to use, and established a school for theological study (Eusebius, Hist. eccl., VII.xxxii.25). In the scriptorium, a necessary adjunct to all libraries of Antiquity, he oversaw the production of accurate edited copies of Scripture. Testimonies to his zeal and care in this work are to be found in the colophons of biblical MSS. Jerome , De Viris Illustribus (lxxv) says that Pamphilus "transcribed the greater part of the works of Origen with his own hand", and that "these are still preserved in the library of Cæsarea." He himself was a possessor of "twenty-five volumes of commentaries of Origen", copied out by Pamphilus, which he looked upon as a most precious relic of the martyr. Among other priceless lost treasures in the library, Jerome knew the copy of the Aramaic (so-called "Hebrew") text of the Gospel of Matthew (See Gospel of the Hebrews). Eusebius (VI, xxxii) refers to the catalogue of the library that he appended to his life of Pamphilus. A passage from the lost life, quoted by Jerome (Adversus Rufinem, I, ix), describes how Pamphilus supplied poor scholars with the necessaries of life, and, not merely lent, but gave them copies of the scriptures, of which he kept a large supply. He likewise bestowed copies on women devoted to study. The great treasure of the library at Cæsarea was Origen's own copy of the Hexapla, probably the only complete copy ever made. It was consulted by Jerome ("In Psalmos comm.", ed. Morin, pp. 5, 21; "In Epist. ad Tit."). The collections of the library suffered during the persecutions under Diocletian, but was repaired subsequently by bishops of Caesarea (Jeropme, Epistles xxxiv). It was noted in the 6th century, but Henry Barclay Swete (Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, pp 74-5) was of the opinion that probably did not long survive the capture of Caesarea by the Saracens in 638, though a modern historian would attribute more destruction to its previous capture by the Persians. An important element in private and civic life during the Renaissance, which was also reflected in the scholarship of the period, was the cultural movement and philosophy known as Humanism. ... , by Albrecht Dürer Jerome (about 340 - September 30, 420), (full name Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) is best known as the translator of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. ... A Scriptorium was a room or building, usually within a Christian monastery where, during medieval times, manuscripts were written. ... Colophon (Gr. ... The Gospel of the Hebrews (see About titles below), is a lost gospel that is only preserved in a few quotations in the Panarion of Epiphanius, a church writer who lived at the end of the 4th century AD, who goes on to say that. ... This article is about the Persians (Iranians), a nationality and an ethnic group. ...

The Diocletian persecution began in 303. In 306 a young man named Apphianus–a disciple of Pamphilus "while no one was aware; he even concealed it from us who were even in the same house" (Eusebius, "Martyrs of Palestine")–interrupted the governor in the act of offering sacrifice, and paid for his boldness with a terrible martyrdom. His brother Aedesius, also a disciple of Pamphilus, suffered martyrdom about the same time at Alexandria under similar circumstances (ibid.). Pamphilus's turn came in November, 307. He was brought before the governor and, on refusing to sacrifice, was cruelly tortured, and then relegated to prison. In prison he continued copying and correcting MSS. He also composed, in collaboration with Eusebius, an Apology for Origen in five books, which Eusebius edited and added a sixth. Pamphilus and other members of his household, men "in the full vigour of mind and body", were without further torture sentenced to be beheaded in February, 309. While sentence was being given a youth named Porphyrius–"the slave of Pamphilus", "the beloved disciple of Pamphilus", who "had been instructed in literature and writing"–demanded the bodies of the confessors for burial. He was cruelly tortured and put to death, the news of his martyrdom being brought to Pamphilus before his own execution. Christians have sometimes experienced persecution during the history of Christianity. ...

Pamphilus' works

• Of the Apology for Origen only the first book is extant, in a Latin version made by Rufinus. It begins with describing the extravagant bitterness of the feeling against Origen. He was a man of deep humility, of great authority in the Church of his day, and honoured with the priesthood. He was above all things anxious to keep to the rule of faith that had come down from the Apostles. The soundness of his doctrine concerning the Trinity and the Incarnation is then vindicated by copious extracts from his writings. Then nine charges against his teaching are confronted with passages from his works. St. Jerome stated in his "De Viris illustribus" that there were two apologies—one by Pamphilus and another by Eusebius. He discovered his mistake when Rufinus's translation appeared in the height of the controversy over Origen, and rushed to the conclusion that Eusebius was the sole author. He charged Rufinus, among other things, with palming off under the name of the martyr what was really the work of the heterodox Eusebius, and with suppressing unorthodox passages. As to the first accusation there is abundant evidence that the "Apology" was the joint work of Pamphilus and Eusebius. Against the second may be set the negative testimony of Photius who had read the original; "Photius, who was severe to excess towards the slightest semblance of Arianism, remarked no such taint in the Apology of Origen which he had read in Greek" (Ceillier). The Canons of the alleged Council of the Apostles at Antioch were ascribed by their compiler (late fourth century) to Pamphilus (Adolf von Harnack, Spread of Christianity, I, 86-101).
• The ascription to Pamphilus, by Gemmadius, of a treatise "Contra mathematicos" was a blunder due to a misunderstanding of Rufinus's preface to the "Apology".
• A Summary of the Acts of the Apostles among the writings associated with Euthalius bears in its inscription the name of Pamphilus (P. G., LXXXIX, 619 sqq.)

David Hume adopted the evocative pseudonym Pamphilus for his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Tyrannius Rufinus or Rufinus of Aquileia (between 340 and 345–410 CE) was a monk, historian, and theologian. ... Adolf von Harnack, German theologian Adolf von Harnack (May 7, 1851 - June 10, 1930), was a German theologian and science administrator. ... David Hume David Hume (April 26, 1711 (May 7th by the Gregorian reckoning of his time, his birthday is celebrated by the International Humanist and Ethical Union on May 7th)– August 25, 1776) was a Scottish philosopher and historian and, with Adam Smith and Thomas Reid among others, one of...

External links

• Catholic Encyclopedia vol. IX, 1911: Pamphilus of Caesarea
• Henry Wace, A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Pamphilus

Further reading

• Pamphilus, Defence of Origen: Introduction to Book 1, from Rufinus' Latin version (in English)