Indonesia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Indonesia Image File history File links Coat_of_Indonesia. ... The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ...

Pancasila Constitution President (List) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Vice-president Jusuf Kalla Cabinet People's Consultative Assembly Regional Representatives Council People's Representative Council Political parties Elections Parliament, 2004 President, 2004 Provinces Regional government Foreign relations Foreign aid

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Symbol of Indonesia's Pancasila

Pancasila, (pronounced /panʧaˈsiːla/), is the philosophical basis of the Indonesian state. Pancasila consists of two Sanskrit words, "panca" meaning five, and "sila" meaning principle. It comprises five principles held to be inseparable and interrelated, and is to some extent modeled on the original Pancasila, a Buddhist code of ethics.^{[citation needed]} It was the inspiration for a similar statement of principles in neighbouring Malaysia, the Rukunegara.^{[citation needed]} The President of the Republic of Indonesia (Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the Head of State as well as the Head of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. ... This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. ... General (ret. ... List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) B.J.Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) See also... Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia. ... United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) is a presidential cabinet led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Indonesia has moved towards bicameralism by establishing the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, most commonly called the DPD in the Indonesian media. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... Politics of Indonesia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Indonesia ... Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on April 5, 2004. ... A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ... The province (Indonesian: provinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. ... There are four levels of government administration in Indonesia, plus one community-led level of administration. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... US$43 billion in International Monetary Fund (IMF) aid in 2003 was sent as foreign aid to Indonesia, and this assistance has traditionally been an important part of the central government’s budget. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_Indonesia. ... This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language. ... The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... The five precepts (Pali: PañcasÄ«la, Sanskrit: Pañcaśīla Ch: 五戒 wÇ” jiè, Japanese: go kai, Sinhala: පන්සිල්, Thai: ศีลห้า) constitute the basic Buddhist code of ethics, undertaken by lay followers of the Buddha Gautama in the Theravada and Mahayana traditions. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... For other uses, see Ethics (disambiguation). ... Rukunegara or sometimes Rukun Negara is a philosophy - de facto Malaysian pledge of allegiance - introduced by the Malaysian government 1970 in reaction to a serious race riot known as the May 13 Incident which occurred in 1969. ...

History

In 1945, facing the need to pull together the diverse archipelago, the future President Sukarno promulgated Pancasila as a recipe for Indonesian patriotism. The ideology was announced in a speech known as "The Birth of the Pancasila", in which Sukarno gave to the Independence Preparatory Committee on 1 June 1945 (Saafroedin Bahar et al 1992:65-72). He thus helped solve the conflict between Muslims, nationalists and Christians. The 1945 Constitution then set forth the Pancasila as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesian state. Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... Defence of the fatherland is a commonplace of patriotism: The statue in the courtyard of École polytechnique, Paris, commemorating the students involvement in defending France against the 1814 invasion of the Coalition. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

The Five Principles

(1) Belief in the one and only God (Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa)

This principle reaffirms the Indonesian people’s belief that God does exist. It also implies that the Indonesian people believe in life after death. It emphasizes that the pursuit of sacred values will lead the people to a better life in the hereafter. The principle is embodied in the 1945 Constitution and reads: "The state shall be based on the belief in the one and only God". This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ...

(2) Just and civilized humanity (Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab)

This principle requires that human beings be treated with due regard to their dignity as God’s creatures. It emphasizes that the Indonesian people do not tolerate physical or spiritual oppression of human beings by their own people or by any other nation.

(3) The unity of Indonesia (Persatuan Indonesia)

This principle embodies the concept of nationalism, of love for one’s nation and motherland. It envisages the need to always foster national unity and integrity. Pancasila nationalism demands that Indonesians avoid feelings of superiority on the grounds of ethnicity, for reasons of ancestry and skin color. In 1928 Indonesian youth pledged to have one country, one nation and one language, while the Indonesian coat of arms enshrines the symbol of "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" which means "unity in diversity". Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... The motto of Indonesia is Bhinneka Tunggal Ika which is Old Javanese and is often loosely translated as Unity in Diversity but literally it means (Although) in pieces, yet One. This is a quotation from an Old Javanese poem written in Indian metres, the so called kakawin or kawya. ...

(4) Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives (Kerakyatan yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan dalam Permusyawaratan/Perwakilan)

Pancasila democracy calls for decision-making through deliberations, or musyawarah, to reach a consensus, or mufakat. It is democracy that lives up to the principles of Pancasila. This implies that democratic right must always be exercised with a deep sense of responsibility to God according to one’s own conviction and religious belief, with respect for humanitarian values of man’s dignity and integrity, and with a view to preserving and strengthening national unity and the pursuit of social justice. There are a number of meanings for humanitarianism: humanitarianism, humanism, the doctrine that peoples duty is to promote human welfare. ...

5) Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia (Keadilan Sosial bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia)

This principle calls for the equitable spread of welfare to the entire population, not in a static but in a dynamic and progressive way. This means that all of the country’s natural resources and the national potentials should be utilized for the greatest possible good and happiness of the people. Social justice implies protection of the weak. But protection should not deny them work. On the contrary, they should work according to their abilities and fields of activity. Protection should prevent willful treatment by the strong and ensure the rule of justice.

Development

Since its inception, Pancasila has been in the center of differences of opinion. One prime area of contention concerned the first of the five "pillars", the belief in the all-oneness of God (ketuhanan yang mahaesa). During the negotiations concerning this principle the nationalists were concerned that the formulation ought to promote religious freedom The Muslims wanted a formulation where the religion of Indonesia is Islam. This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...

A historical anachronism is found in the Constitution. On August 18 1945, the group that ratified the Constitution unanimously agreed that the term "Allah" should be replaced by "Tuhan" (God), a more general term which was supported by the Hindus (Saafroedin Bahar et al 1992:305). The word 'Tuhan' is used in the preamble to the Constitution, but the term Allah appears in Article 9, which specifies the wording of the presidential oath of office. There is an alternative presidential 'promise' in the same article which does not mention God at all. Incidentally, the word 'Allah' is used in Indonesian language version of the Bible, but the pronunciation is different from that used by Indonesian Muslims. Allah is the Arabic language word for God. ... Hinduism (known as in modern Indian languages[1]) is a religious tradition[2] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ...

Apparently many Muslims wanted an Islamic state where Muslims would be obliged to abide by sharia law. They therefore proposed an addition to the first principle: "…with obligation to follow sharia law for its adherents" (Jakarta Charter, 22 June 1945). This was turned down in 1945. Later this led to a deadlock in the "konstituante", the national assembly that in 1956 was elected to draft a new Constitution. In 1959 president Sukarno solved the problem by dissolving the "konstituante" and issuing the following decree: "We believe that Jakarta Charter of June 22, 1945 is the soul of the Constitution of 1945 and that it functions as a unit with this Constitution… therefore we, the President of Indonesia and Commander in Chief of the Indonesian forces, declare… that the 1945 Constitution is reinstated." Thus the Jakarta Charter has no legal status beyond its inspirational character. Indonesia's second president, Suharto, was a strong supporter of Pancasila. In his time Pancasila was made mandatory in the constitutions of social and religious organisations. Additionally, a one– or two–week course in Pancasila (P4) was made obligatory for all who wanted to take higher education. Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Philosophies of Pancasila

Pancasila has been known by the world as a state philosophy of Indonesian Republic. In fact, the content of the philosophy has been changeably understood and interpreted by different philosophers. Pancasila has been an object of philosophical discourse since 1945 onwards. The Pancasila philosophers continually renewed the content, so that its meaning varied from time to time. The following are chronological analyses of the content of philosophies of Pancasila.

The Founding Fathers’ philosophy

It is the Pancasila that accepts much foreign influence of Western thought. The formulators of 'the first Pancasila' who gathered in a committee of preparation of Indonesian independence (BPUPKI), such as Mohamad Yamin, Soepomo, Soekarno, and Mohammad Hatta, were mostly inspired by Western concepts of humanism, rationalism, universalism, social-democracy, German national socialism, parliamentary democracy, republic, and nationalism. The original wording of Pancasila of 1945 showed the Western influence very clearly. 'Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab' is Indonesian translation of English universal humanism, 'persatuan Indonesia' is inspired by German ein totaler Fuhrerstaat, 'kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat-kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan' is Indonesian translation of parliamentary democracy lead by rationalism, and 'keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia' is inspired by socio-economic democracy (Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia 1995:8-84). In conclusion, Pancasila of 1945 is a philosophical synthesis done by Western-inspired Indonesian intellectuals. Sukarno Sukarno (June 6, 1901 - June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... Mohammad Hatta (August 12, 1902 - March 14, 1980) was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). ... See also the specific life stance known as Humanism For the Renaissance liberal arts movement, see Renaissance humanism Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities... In epistemology and in its broadest sense, rationalism is any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification (Lacey 286). ... Universalism refers to any concept or doctrine that applies to all persons and/or all things for all times and in all situations. ... Social democracy is a political ideology that emerged in the late 19th century out of the socialist movement. ... The term National socialism has been used in self-description by a number of unrelated political movements. ... A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ...

Sukarno’s philosophy

This Pancasila philosophy had been formulated by Soekarno alone since 1955 to 1965. Soekarno always boasted during his visit abroad that Pancasila was original philosophy of Indonesian origin, which he found out of the philosophical tradition taking roots in Indonesian history, including indigenous philosophical tradition, Indian-Hindu, Western-Christian, and Arab-Islamic traditions. 'Ketuhanan', to him, was originally indigenous and he is true, while 'Kemanusiaan' was inspired by Hindu concept of Tat Twam Asi, Islamic concept of fardhukifayah, and Christian concept of Hebs U naasten lief gelijk U zelve, God boven alles. Soekarno never touched 'Persatuan'; he might admit silently that it was taken from Western concept of nationalism. He finally explained that 'Keadilan sosial' was inspired by Javanese concept of Ratu Adil (The Just Lord), a messianistic Javanese ruler who would set the people free from all kind of oppression. He found also some similarity of the concept in Western social-democracy thoughts of Fritz Adler, Liebknecht, and Juarez (Wawan Tunggul Alam 2001:56-57). It is very unfortunate, however, that even though Pancasila is widely acknowledged as the brainchild of Soekarno, and has substantially contributed to the unity of the ethnically heterogeneous Indonesia, nevertheless he has never written a truly philosophical, comprehensive, consistent, and coherent treatise of the principles. Friedrich Adler (July 9, 1879 - January 2, 1960) was an Austrian politician, lobbyist and revolutionary. ... Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe Ciudad Juárez (2000 population 1,142,354) is a city in Chihuahua, Mexico, across the Rio Grande from El Paso, Texas, USA. It is the major port of entry and transportation center of north central Mexico and the fifth largest city...

Suharto’s philosophy

In Soeharto’s hands, philosophy of Pancasila underwent what be called ‘indigenization’. All Western elements subsumed within Pancasila since 1945 were eradicated systematically by some groups of Pancasila philosophers, sponsored by Soeharto through his Culture and Education Department (Depdikbud) in order to find out indigenous legacy (adat) which accords with Pancasila’s five basic teachings. There is no Western residues survived before those philosophers in Pancasila. ‘Ketuhanan’, ‘Kemanusiaan’, ‘Persatuan’, ‘Kerakyatan’, and ‘Keadilan Sosial’ were claimed by them as purely Indonesian notions of indigenous origin. They proved the teachings as indigenous by exploring and finding out adat legacies scattered out in provinces of Indonesia, such as adat social structure, adat literary products, adat religious teachings, and adat ethics. They succeeded enormously and their findings were used by Soeharto to unite Indonesian people. Among the Pancasila philosophers sponsored by Soeharto are Sunoto and R. Parmono. They both are also known as the pioneers of Indonesian philosophy studies. Without any slightest doubt, Soeharto's concept of Pancasila was deeply ingrained in Javanese highly feudalistic and mystical political culture, which to some extent is incompatible with the more egalitarian and pragmatic political culture of the Outer Islands. General Suharto (born June 8, 1921) was an Indonesian dictator and military strongman. ... This is an article about the digital recording format. ... This is an article about the digital recording format. ... Javanese beliefs (Kebatinan or Kejawen) have principles embodying a search for inner self but at the core is the concept of Peace Of Mind. ...

Suharto’s philosophy and critical scope

Since Suharto’s presidency, the latest kind of Pancasila philosophy has been developing. Latest Pancasila philosophers like Sunoto, Gerson W. Bawengan, Wasito Poespoprodjo, Burhanuddin Salam, Bambang Daroeso, Paulus Wahana, Azhary, Suhadi, Kaelan, Moertono, Soerjanto Poespowardojo,Moerdiono and many others, contributed in this philosophical discourse. However, as this kind of philosophy developed under Suharto’s hegemonic tutelage, a doubt now can arise: does this latest kind of Pancasila philosophy have critical character? Or, at least, does this philosophy have a few criticizing elements if any to Soeharto’s political praxis? This question calls a deep analysis.

Criticisms

Principle 1 in particular has been criticized as denying the rights of believers in polytheistic religions which are practiced by a significant minority of Indonesians. On the other hand this principle also guarantees that the concept of God in Hinduism and Buddhism is equal to the concept of God in the Islam and the Christendom. It is also criticized by the small, still-existing minority of atheists, secular communists and socialists in Indonesia, which feel that their rights on what to believe in is being violated. The 1st principle of the Pancasila can also be seen to be against the UUD 1945, in which it is said that the people have the right to believe in what they wish to believe in. Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple gods or deities. ...

In contrast, some conservative Muslims have criticized Pancasila for being too secular and inclusive, diluting the uniqueness of Islam by placing man-made precepts at a higher level than the Qur'an. For example, the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) terror group is the latest anti-Pancasila manifestation. JI's precursor was the Darul Islam movement which in 1948 challenged the new secularist republic through civil war that claimed some 27,000 lives.^[1] Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... This article concerns secularity, that is, being secular, in various senses. ... The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: ;, literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Alcoran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... Jemaah Islamiyah[1] (JI, Arabic phrase meaning Islamic Group or Islamic Community) is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization dedicated to the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah[2] (Islamic State) in Southeast Asia incorporating Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei[3]. JI was added to the United Nations... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ...

External links

Indonesia Portal

• http://www.ri.go.id/pancasila.htm
• http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm
• http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/24.htm
• http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/pancasila.html
• http://www.indonesia.nl/articles.php?rank=2&art_cat_id=22

Image File history File links Portal. ...

References

• Saafroedin Bahar et al (eds) (1992), Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) 2nd Ed. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia