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Indonesia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Indonesia Politics, sometimes defined as the art and science of government[1], is a process by which collective decisions are made within groups. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_Indonesia. ... Indonesia is a republic based on the 1945 constitution providing for a limited separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power. ...

Pancasila Constitution President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Vice-president Jusuf Kalla Cabinet People's Consultative Assembly Regional Representatives Council People's Representative Council Political parties Elections Parliament, 2004 President, 2004 Provinces Regional government Foreign relations Foreign aid

See also: History

edit Flag of the President of Indonesia Note 1: Sukarno lost his executive powers on 1966 March 11, but he was not stripped of his presidential title by the Indonesian parliament until one year and one day later. ... -1... List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) B.J.Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) See also... Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia. ... United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) is a presidential cabinet led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Indonesia has moved towards bicameralism by establishing the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, most commonly called the DPD in the Indonesian media. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... Politics of Indonesia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Indonesia ... Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on April 5, 2004. ... A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ... Map of the provinces of Indonesia The number of provinces of Indonesia has tended to increase as new provinces have been split from existing territories. ... There are four levels of government administration in Indonesia, plus one community-led level of administration. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... US$43 billion in International Monetary Fund (IMF) aid in 2003 was sent as foreign aid to Indonesia, and this assistance has traditionally been an important part of the central government’s budget. ... The nation-state known in modern times as Indonesia encompasses an archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the Equator. ...

Symbol of Indonesia's Pancasila

Pancasila, pronounced Panchaseela, is the philosophical basis of the Indonesian state. Pancasila consists of two Sanskrit words, "panca" meaning five, and "sila" meaning principle. It comprises five principles held to be inseparable and interrelated, and is to some extent modeled on the original Pancasila, a Buddhist code of ethics. Image File history File links Coat_of_Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_Indonesia. ... Philosopher in Meditation (detail), by Rembrandt Philosophy is a field of study that includes diverse subfields such as aesthetics, epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics, in which people ask questions such as whether God exists, whether knowledge is possible, and what makes actions right or wrong. ... Sanskrit ( संस्कृतम् ; pronunciation: ) is an Indo-European classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. ... Pancasila or pañca-sila is the fundamental code of Buddhist ethics, willingly undertaken by lay followers of Gautama Buddha. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Ethics (from Greek ἦθος meaning custom) is the branch of axiology, one of the four major branches of philosophy, which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to distinguish that which is right from that which is wrong. ...

History

In 1945, facing the need to pull together the diverse archipelago, former President Sukarno promulgated Pancasila as a recipe for Indonesian patriotism. The ideology was announced in a speech known as "The Birth of the Pancasila", in which Sukarno gave to the Independence Preparatory Committee on 1 June 1945. He thus helped solve the conflict between Muslims, nationalists and Christians. The 1945 Constitution then set forth the Pancasila as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesian state. 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... Defense of the homeland is a commonplace of military patriotism: commemorating the students at the École Polytechnique, Paris, 1814 Patriotism denotes positive attitudes by individuals to their own civic or political community, to its culture, its members, and to its interests. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

The Five Principles

(1) Belief in the one and only God (Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa)

This principle reaffirms the Indonesian people’s belief that God does exist. It also implies that the Indonesian people believe in life after death. It emphasizes that the pursuit of sacred values will lead the people to a better life in the hereafter. The principle is embodied in the 1945 Constitution and reads: "The state shall be based on the belief in the one and only God".

(2) Just and civilized humanity Halleluja, praise duh lord. (Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab)

This principle requires that human beings be treated with due regard to their dignity as God’s creatures. It emphasizes that the Indonesian people do not tolerate physical or spiritual oppression of human beings by their own people or by any other nation.

(3) The unity of Indonesia (Persatuan Indonesia)

This principle embodies the concept of nationalism, of love for one’s nation and motherland. It envisages the need to always foster national unity and integrity. Pancasila nationalism demands that Indonesians avoid feelings of superiority on the grounds of ethnicity, for reasons of ancestry and skin color. In 1928 Indonesian youth pledged to have one country, one nation and one language, while the Indonesian coat of arms enshrines the symbol of "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" which means "unity in diversity". Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology that holds that (ethnically or culturally defined) nations are the fundamental units for human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... The motto of Indonesia is Bhinneka Tunggal Ika which is Old Javanese and is often loosely translated as Unity in Diversity but literally it means (Although) in pieces, yet One. This is a quotation from an Old Javanese poem written in Indian metres, the so called kakawin or kawya. ...

(4) Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives (Kerakyatan yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan dalam Permusyawaratan/Perwakilan)

Pancasila democracy calls for decision-making through deliberations, or musyawarah, to reach a consensus, or mufakat. It is democracy that lives up to the principles of Pancasila. This implies that democratic right must always be exercised with a deep sense of responsibility to God according to one’s own conviction and religious belief, with respect for humanitarian values of man’s dignity and integrity, and with a view to preserving and strengthening national unity and the pursuit of social justice. Humanitarianism is an informal ideology of practice, whereby people practice humane treatment and provide assistance to others. ...

5) Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia (Keadilan Sosial bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia)

This principle calls for the equitable spread of welfare to the entire population, not in a static but in a dynamic and progressive way. This means that all of the country’s natural resources and the national potentials should be utilized for the greatest possible good and happiness of the people. Social justice implies protection of the weak. But protection should not deny them work. On the contrary, they should work according to their abilities and fields of activity. Protection should prevent willful treatment by the strong and ensure the rule of justice.

Development

Since its inception, Pancasila has been in the center of differences of opinion. One prime area of contention concerned the first of the five "pillars", the belief in the all-oneness of God (ketuhanan yang mahaesa). During the negotiations concerning this principle the nationalists were concerned that the formulation ought to promote religious freedom. The Muslims wanted a formulation like: The religion of Indonesia is Islam. Image:Http://www. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Quran. ...

A historical anachronism is found in the introduction to the Constitution. August 18. 1945, the group that ratified the Constitution unanimously agreed that the term "Allah" (God) should be replaced by "Tuhan" (lord), a more general term which was supported by the Hindus (Risalah Sidang, Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI), 3. ed. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, Ghalia Indonesia, 1995 p. 419-420). However, the term Allah has remained in the text of the Constitution until today. This is important for the interpretation of the first pillar. For other uses, see Allah (disambiguation). ... Hinduism {Sanskrit/Hindi - Hindū Dharma, also known as Sanātana (eternal) Dharma, and Vaidika (of the Vedas) Dharma} is a religion originating in the Indian subcontinent, based on the Vedas and the beliefs of other people of India. ...

Apparently many Muslims wanted an Islamic state where Muslims would be obliged to abide by sharia law. They therefore proposed an addition to the first pillar: "... with obligation to follow sharia law for its adherents" (Jakarta Charter, 22 June 1945). This was turned down in 1945. Later this led to a deadlock in the "konstituante", the national assembly that in 1956 was elected to draught a new Constitution. In 1959 president Sukarno solved the problem by dissolving the "konstituante" and issuing the following decret: "We believe that Jakarta Charter of June 22, 1945 is the soul of the Constitution of 1945 and that it functions as a unit with this Constitution ... therefore we, the President of Indonesia and Commander in Chief of the Indonesian forces, declare ... that the 1945 Constitution is reinstated." Thus the Jakarta Charter has no legal status beyond its inspirational character. Indonesia's second president, Suharto, was a strong supporter of Pancasila. In his time Pancasila was made mandatory in the constitutions of social and religious organisations. Additionally, a one– or two–week course in Pancasila (P4) was made obligatory for all who wanted to take higher education. Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

Philosophies of Pancasila

Pancasila has been known by the world as a state philosophy of Indonesian Republic. In fact, the content of the philosophy has been changeably understood and interpreted by different philosophers. Pancasila has been an object of philosophical discourse since 1945 onwards. The Pancasila philosophers continually renewed the content, so that its meaning varied from time to time. The following are chronological analysis of the content of philosophies of Pancasila:

The Founding Fathers’ philosophy

It is the Pancasila that accepts much foreign influence of Western thought. The formulators of 'the first Pancasila' who gathered in a committee of preparation of Indonesian independence (BPUPKI), such as Mohamad Yamin, Soepomo, Soekarno, and Mohammad Hatta, were mostly inspired by Western concepts of humanism, rationalism, universalism, social-democracy, German national socialism, parliamentary democracy, republic, and nationalism. The original wording of Pancasila of 1945 showed the Western influence very clearly. 'Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab' is Indonesian translation of English universal humanism, 'persatuan Indonesia' is inspired by German ein totaler Fuhrerstaat, 'kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat-kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan' is Indonesian translation of parliamentary democracy lead by rationalism, and 'keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia' is inspired by socio-economic democracy (Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia 1995:8-84). In conclusion, Pancasila of 1945 is a philosophical synthesis done by Western-inspired Indonesian intellectuals. Sukarno Sukarno (June 6, 1901 - June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... Mohammad Hatta Mohammad Hatta (born August 12, 1902, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); died March 14, 1980, Jakarta) was Indonesias first vice president, after being the countrys Prime Minister. ... Humanism is a broad category of active ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on our ability to determine what is right using the qualities innate to humanity, particularly rationality. ... Rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth can best be discovered by reason and factual analysis, rather than faith, dogma or religious teaching. ... Universalism refers to concepts and issues which are said to be universal in appeal—i. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... National socialism may refer: National Socialist German Workers Party, Hitlers party Nazism, Hitlers ideology Neo-Nazism, tribute to Hitler National Socialist Program, Hitlers inspiration A political epithet wielded against liberals and socialists Socialism in one country, a thesis put forth by Stalin in 1924 See also National... A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology that holds that (ethnically or culturally defined) nations are the fundamental units for human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate...

Soekarno’s philosophy

This Pancasila philosophy had been formulated by Soekarno alone since 1955 to 1965. Soekarno always boasted during his visit abroad that Pancasila was original philosophy of Indonesian origin, which he found out of the philosophical tradition taking roots in Indonesian history, including indigenous philosophical tradition, Indian-Hindu, Western-Christian, and Arab-Islamic traditions. 'Ketuhanan', to him, was originally indigenous and he is true, while 'Kemanusiaan' was inspired by Hindu concept of Tat Twam Asi, Islamic concept of fardhukifayah, and Christian concept of Hebs U naasten lief gelijk U zelve, God boven alles. Soekarno never touched 'Persatuan'; he might admit silently that it was taken from Western concept of nationalism. He finally explained that 'Keadilan sosial' was inspired by Javanese concept of Ratu Adil (The Just Lord), a messianistic Javanese ruler who would set the people free from all kind of oppression. He found also some similarity of the concept in Western social-democracy thoughts of Fritz Adler, Liebknecht, and Juarez (Wawan Tunggul Alam 2001:56-57). Friedrich Adler (July 9, 1879 - January 2, 1960) was an Austrian politician, lobbyist and revolutionary. ... Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe Ciudad Juárez (2000 population 1,142,354) is a city in Chihuahua, Mexico, across the Rio Grande from El Paso, Texas, USA. It is the major port of entry and transportation center of north central Mexico and the fifth largest city...

Soeharto’s philosophy

In Soeharto’s hands, philosophy of Pancasila underwent what be called ‘indigenization’. All Western elements subsumed within Pancasila since 1945 were eradicated systematically by some groups of Pancasila philosophers, sponsored by Soeharto through his Culture and Education Department (Depdikbud) in order to find out indigenous legacy (adat) which accords with Pancasila’s five basic teachings. There is no Western residues survived before those philosophers in Pancasila. ‘Ketuhanan’, ‘Kemanusiaan’, ‘Persatuan’, ‘Kerakyatan’, and ‘Keadilan Sosial’ were claimed by them as purely Indonesian notions of indigenous origin. They proved the teachings as indigenous by exploring and finding out adat legacies scattered out in provinces of Indonesia, such as adat social structure, adat literary products, adat religious teachings, and adat ethics. They succeeded enormously and their findings were used by Soeharto to unite Indonesian people. Among the Pancasila philosophers sponsored by Soeharto are Sunoto and R. Parmono. They both are also known as the pioneers of Indonesian philosophy studies. This is an article about the digital recording format. ... This is an article about the digital recording format. ...

Soeharto’s philosophy and critical scope

Since Soeharto’s presidency, the latest kind of Pancasila philosophy has been developing. Latest Pancasila philosophers like Sunoto, Gerson W. Bawengan, Wasito Poespoprodjo, Burhanuddin Salam, Bambang Daroeso, Paulus Wahana, Azhary, Suhadi, Kaelan, Moertono, Soerjanto Poespowardojo and many others, contributed in this philosophical discourse. However, as this kind of philosophy developed under Soeharto’s hegemonic tutelage, a doubt now can arise: does this latest kind of Pancasila philosophy have critical character? Or, at least, does this philosophy have a few criticizing elements if any to Soeharto’s political praxis? This question calls a deep analysis.

Criticisms

Principle 1 in particular has been critiziced as denying the rights of believers in polytheistic religions, notably Hinduism, which is practiced by a significant minority of Indonesians. On the other hand this principle also guarantees that the concept of God in Hinduism and Buddhism is equal to the concept of God in the Islam and the Christendom. Polytheism stevenis gay, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. ... Hinduism {Sanskrit/Hindi - Hindū Dharma, also known as Sanātana (eternal) Dharma, and Vaidika (of the Vedas) Dharma} is a religion originating in the Indian subcontinent, based on the Vedas and the beliefs of other people of India. ...

In contrast, some conservative Muslims have criticized Pancasila for being too secular and inclusive, diluting the uniqueness of Islam by placing man-made precepts at a higher level than the Qur'an. For example, the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) terror group is the latest anti-Pancasila manifestation. JI's progenitor was the Darul Islam movement which in 1948 challenged the new secularist republic through civil war that claimed some 27,000 lives. Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish:Müslüman, Persian:مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... This article concerns secularity, that is, being secular, in various senses. ... The , , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Quran, Quran, Koran, and Alcoran), is the holy book of Islam. ... Jemaah Islamiyah, sometimes rendered Jemaah Islamiah, is a militant Islamic terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy in Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, and the south of Thailand and the Philippines. ... Darul Islam is an Islamic group in Indonesia that is considered to be more closely related to extremists than Jemaah Islamiyah. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight for political power or control of an area. ...

During Suharto's regime, it can be argued that only Principles 1 and 3 were ever observed by the state government. Haji Mohammad Soeharto (born June 8, 1921), more commonly referred to as simply Soeharto (Suharto in the Anglophone world), is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ...

External links

• http://www.ri.go.id/pancasila.htm
• http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm
• http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/24.htm
• http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/pancasila.html