NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pancho Villa

Doroteo Arango Arámbula (June 5, 1878 – July 23, 1923), better known as Francisco or "Pancho" Villa, was a Mexican Revolutionary general. As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, which, due to its size, mineral wealth and proximity to the United States, made him a major player in Revolutionary military and politics. His charisma and effectiveness gave him great popularity, particularly in the North, and he was provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914. While his violence and ambition prevented his being accepted into the "pantheon" of national heroes until some twenty years after his death, today his memory is honored by many Mexicans, and numerous streets and neighborhoods in Mexico are named for him. In 1916 he raided Columbus, New Mexico. This act provoked the unsuccessful Punitive Expedition commanded by General John J. Pershing, which failed to capture Villa after a year in pursuit. Francisco Pancho Villa Guilledo, (b. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Torreon Centennary logo TorreÃ³n also known in Mexico as TierrÃ³n (Full of Sand) is a city and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico. ... Durango (IPA pronunciation ) is one of the constituent states of Mexico. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article is about the state in Mexico. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Caudillo is a Spanish (caudilho in Portuguese) word usually used to designate a political-military leader at the head of an authoritative power. ... This article is about the state in Mexico. ... List of governors of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Columbus is a village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States. ... The Pancho Villa Expedition was an abortive punitive expedition conducted by the United States against the military forces of Mexican Revolutionary General Pancho Villa in retaliation for Villas invasion of the United States and attack on the village of Columbus, New Mexico. ... John Joseph Black Jack Pershing (September 13, 1860 â€“ July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. ...

Villa and his supporters, known as Villistas, employed tactics such as propaganda and firing squads against his enemies, and expropriated hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains, and, like the other Revolutionary generals, printed fiat money to pay for his cause. Villa's generalship was noted for the speed of its movement of troops (by railroad), the use of an elite cavalry unit called Los dorados ("the golden ones") (for which he earned the nickname El Centauro del Norte (The Centaur of the North)), artillery attacks, and recruitment of the enlisted soldiers of defeated enemy units. Many of Villa's tactics and strategies were adopted by later 20th century revolutionaries.^{[citation needed]} General Pancho Villa José Doroteo Arango Arámbula (June 5, 1878 – July 20, 1923) — better known by his nom de guerre Francisco Villa or, in its diminutive form, Pancho Villa — was one of the foremost generals of the Mexican Revolution. ... For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ... Execution by firing squad is a method of capital punishment, especially in times of war. ... Expropriation is the act of removing from control the owner of an item of property. ... Hacienda is a Spanish word describing a vast ranch, common in the Pampa. ... Train robbery was a crime that occurred mainly in the middle-to-late 19th century. ... For other uses, see Train (disambiguation). ... Fiat money or fiat currency, is money that is current or legal tender as satisfaction for money debts by government fiat, that is by law. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... This article is about the mythological creatures. ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ...

As one of the major (and most colorful) figures of the first successful popular revolution of the 20th century, Villa's notoriety attracted journalists, photographers, and military freebooters (of both idealistic and opportunistic stripes) from far and wide. For other uses, see Journalist (disambiguation). ... A photographer at the Calgary Folk Music Festival Paparazzi at the Tribeca Film Festival A photographer is a person who takes a photograph using a camera. ... Rapparees were Irish guerrilla fighters who operated on the Jacobite side during the 1690s Williamite war in Ireland. ... In philosophy, idealism is any theory positing the primacy of spirit, mind, or language over matter. ... Opportunism is a term mainly used in politics and political science. ...

Villa's non-military revolutionary aims, unlike those of the Zapatista Plan de Ayala, were not clearly defined. Villa only spoke vaguely of creating communal military colonies for his troops.^{[citation needed]} The Ejército Libertador del Sur (ELS) was an army formed and led by General Emiliano Zapata in 1910 in the southern Mexican state of Morelos, thus starting the Mexican Revolution. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ...

Despite extensive research by Mexican and foreign scholars, many of the details of Villa's life are in dispute.

Pre-revolutionary life

Little can be said with certainty of Doroteo Arango's early life. Most records claim he was born near San Juan del Río, Durango, on June 5, 1878, the son of Agustín Arango and María Micaela Arámbula. The boy was from an uneducated peasant family; the little schooling he received was provided by the local church-run village school. When his father died, Arango began to work as a sharecropper to help support his mother and four siblings. The generally accepted story states that he moved to Chihuahua at the age of 16, but promptly returned to his village after learning that an hacienda owner had tried to sexually assalt his younger sister, who was only twelve years old at the time. Arango confronted the man, whose name was Agustín Negrete, and shot him dead. He then stole a horse and dashed towards the rugged Sierra Madre mountains one step ahead of the approaching police. His career as a bandit was about to begin.^[1] Durango (IPA pronunciation ) is one of the constituent states of Mexico. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Sharecropping is a system of farming in which employee farmers work a parcel of land in return for a fraction of the parcels crops. ... This is a list of mountain ranges organized alphabetically by continent. ...

Pancho Villa underwent a transformation after meeting Abraham González, the political representative (and future governor of the state) in Chihuahua of Francisco Madero, who was opposing the continuing and lengthy presidency of Porfirio Díaz. González saw Villa's potential as a military ally, and helped open Villa's eyes to the political world. Villa then believed that he was fighting for the people, to break the power of the hacienda owners (hacendados in Spanish) over the poverty stricken peones and campesinos (farmers and sharecroppers). At the time, Chihuahua was dominated by hacendados and mine owners. The Terrazas clan alone controlled haciendas covering in excess of 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km²), an area larger than some countries. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Abraham GonzÃ¡lez Casavantes (June 7, 1864 â€“ March 7, 1913 ) was the provisional and constitutional governor of the Mexican state of Chihuahua during the Mexican Revolution. ... Francisco I. Madero González (30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a revolutionary who served as President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. ... JosÃ© de la Cruz Porfirio DÃaz Mory (15 September 1830 â€“ 2 July 1915), Mexican war volunteer and French intervention hero; later President. ... Hacienda is a Spanish word describing a vast ranch, common in the Pampa. ... Look up peon, peÃ³n in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Campesino may refer to A simple farmer is referred to as a campesino in Spanish. ... For other uses, see Farmer (disambiguation). ... Sharecropping is a system of farming in which employee farmers work a parcel of land in return for a fraction of the parcels crops. ... This article is about the state in Mexico. ... This article is about mineral extractions. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Countries by area. ...

On November 20, 1910, as proclaimed by Madero's Plan of San Luis Potosí, the Mexican Revolution was begun to oust the dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz. After nearly 35 years of rule the Mexican people were thoroughly tired of corrupt government. Díaz's political situation was untenable, and his poorly paid conscript troops were no match for the motivated antirreeleccionista (anti-reelectionist) volunteers fighting for freedom and maderismo. The antirreeleccionistas removed Díaz from office after a few months of fighting. Villa helped defeat the federal army of Díaz in favor of Madero in 1911, most famously in the first Battle of Ciudad Juárez, which was viewed by Americans sitting on the top of railroad boxcars in El Paso, Texas. Díaz left Mexico for exile and after an interim presidency, Madero became president. On May 1, 1919, Villa married Soledad Seanez Holguin, who became Villa's only legal wife until his death in 1923. Although many women have claimed to have been married to Villa, in 1946, the legislature recognized Miss Seanez Holguin as Villa's only legal wife after proving the pair had had a civil and a church wedding. is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Plan of San Luis de PotosÃ was the document that triggered the collapse of the Diaz regime in Mexico and called for a revolution in favor of democracy. ... This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ... JosÃ© de la Cruz Porfirio DÃaz Mory (15 September 1830 â€“ 2 July 1915), Mexican war volunteer and French intervention hero; later President. ... Francisco I. Madero González (30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a revolutionary who served as President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Ciudad JuÃ¡rez, or simply JuÃ¡rez, is a city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua formerly known as El Paso del Norte. ... For other uses, see Boxcar (disambiguation). ... El Paso redirects here. ...

Most people at that time assumed that the new, idealistic President Madero would lead Mexico into a new era of true democracy, and Villa would fade back into obscurity. But Villa's greatest days of fame were yet to come, and communism in Mexico was further off than most people living in 1911 could have imagined. In philosophy, idealism is any theory positing the primacy of spirit, mind, or language over matter. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Orozco's counterrevolution against Madero

A counter-rebellion led by Pascual Orozco, started against Madero, so Villa gathered his mounted cavalry troops, Los dorados, and fought along with General Victoriano Huerta to support Madero. However, Huerta viewed Villa as an ambitious competitor, and later accused Villa of stealing a horse and insubordination; then he had Villa sentenced to execution in an attempt to dispose of him. Reportedly, Villa was standing in front of a firing squad waiting to be shot when a telegram from President Madero was received commuting his sentence to imprisonment. Villa later escaped. During Villa's imprisonment, a zapatista who was in prison at the time provided the chance meeting which would help to improve his poor reading and writing skills, which would serve him well in the future during his service as provisional governor of the state of Chihuahua. A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution A contemporary corrido song sheet praising Orozco and his exploits. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution JosÃ© Victoriano Huerta MÃ¡rquez (December 23, 1850 â€“ January 13, 1916) was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico. ... The United Mexican States or Mexico (Estados Unidos Mexicanos or MÃ©xico) is a federal republic made up of 31 states (estados) and one Federal District, (Distrito Federal), which contains the capital, Mexico City. ...

Fight against Huerta's usurpation

After crushing the Orozco rebellion, Victoriano Huerta, with the federal army he commanded, held the majority of military power in Mexico. Huerta saw an opportunity to make himself dictator and began to conspire with people such as Bernardo Reyes, Félix Díaz (nephew of Porfirio Diaz) and US ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, which resulted in the La decena trágica ("Ten Tragic Days") and the assassination of President Madero. ^[2] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1136x744, 213 KB)[edit] Summary 10 centavo paper fiat money note issued by the Chihuahua state government during the anti-Huerta Constitutionalist rebellion in 1913. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1136x744, 213 KB)[edit] Summary 10 centavo paper fiat money note issued by the Chihuahua state government during the anti-Huerta Constitutionalist rebellion in 1913. ... Huertas Federal Army, also known as the Federales in popular culture was the force headed by Victoriano Huerta during his reign as president of Mexico between 1913 and 1914. ... A dictator is an authoritarian, often totalitarian ruler (e. ... Bernardo Reyes (born in Guadalajara, Mexico, August 1850) was a Mexico under Porfirio Díaz, governor of Nuevo León and father of the writer Alfonso Reyes. ... Felix Diaz is a American right-handed Major League starting pitcher in baseball, currently with the Chicago White Sox. ... Porfirio Díaz José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori (15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was President of Mexico, considered a dictator, who ruled Mexico from 1876 until 1911 (with the exception of one single four-year period). ... Henry Lane Wilson (1927-1938) born in Columbus, New Mexico, was involved with Álvaro Obregón, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, and Gustavo A. Madero in the Mexican Revolution. ... A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Citizens throng around The Citadel (La ciudadela) building during La decena tragica in 1913. ...

After Madero's murder, Huerta proclaimed himself as provisional president. Venustiano Carranza then proclaimed the Plan of Guadalupe to oust Huerta from office as an unconstitutional usurper. The new group of politicians and generals (which included Pablo González, Álvaro Obregón, Emiliano Zapata and Villa) who joined to support Carranza's plan, were collectively styled as the Ejército Constitucionalista de México (Constitutionalist Army of Mexico), the constitucionalista adjective added to stress the point that Huerta had not obtained power via methods prescribed by Mexico's Constitution of 1857. A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Citizens throng around The Citadel (La ciudadela) building during La decena tragica in 1913. ... Venustiano Carranza Garza (December 29, 1859 â€“ May 21, 1920) was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. ... The Plan of Guadalupe (Spanish: Plan De Guadalupe) was a document drafted on March 23, 1913 by Venustiano Carranza in response to the overthrow and execution of Francisco I. Madero, then President of Mexico. ... Pablo GonzÃ¡lez may refer to: Pablo GonzÃ¡lez del Amo, Spanish film editor Pablo GonzÃ¡lez Casanova, Mexican sociologist, UNAM rector Pablo GonzÃ¡lez CouÃ±ago, Spanish footballer Pablo GonzÃ¡lez Garza, Constitutionalist general in the Mexican Revolution Pablo GonzÃ¡lez (cyclist), Chilean competitive cyclist Pablo GonzÃ¡lez (football... General Ãlvaro ObregÃ³n Salido (February 19, 1880 â€“ July 17, 1928) was President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. ... For other uses, see Emiliano Zapata (disambiguation). ... The Constitutional Army (also known as the Constitutionalist Army) was the army that fought against Huertas Federal Army, the Villistas and Zapatistas during the Mexican revolution. ...

Villa's hatred of Huerta became more personal and intense after March 7, 1913, when Huerta ordered the murder of Villa's political mentor, Abraham González. Villa later recovered González's remains and gave his friend a hero's funeral in Chihuahua. is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Villa joined the rebellion against Huerta, crossing the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande) into Ciudad Juárez with a mere 8 men, 2 pounds of coffee, 2 pounds of sugar, and 500 rounds of rifle ammunition. The new United States president Woodrow Wilson dismissed Ambassador Wilson, and began to support Carranza's cause. Villa's remarkable generalship and recruiting appeal, combined with ingenious fundraising methods to support his rebellion, would be a key factor in forcing Huerta from office a little over a year later, on July 15, 1914. â€œRÃo Bravoâ€ redirects here. ... Ciudad JuÃ¡rez, or simply JuÃ¡rez, is a city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua formerly known as El Paso del Norte. ... For other uses, see Rifle (disambiguation). ... Ammunition, often referred to as ammo, is a generic term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856â€“February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

This was the time of Villa's greatest fame and success. He recruited soldiers and able subordinates (both Mexican and mercenary) such as Felipe Ángeles, Sam Dreben and Ivor Thord-Gray, and raised money via methods such as forced assessments on hostile hacienda owners (such as William Benton, who was killed in the Benton affair), and train robberies. In one notable escapade, he held 122 bars of silver ingot from a train robbery (and a Wells Fargo employee) hostage and forced Wells Fargo to help him fence the bars for spendable cash.^[3] A rapid, hard-fought series of victories at Ciudad Juárez, Tierra Blanca, Chihuahua and Ojinaga followed. Villa then became provisional governor of the state of Chihuahua. Villa considered Tierra Blanca his most spectacular victory.^[4] For other uses, see Mercenary (disambiguation). ... Felipe Ãngeles (1868-1919) was a Mexican military officer, noteworthy for his participation in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 to 1920. ... Overview Sam Dreben, (Dreben sometimes misspelled as Drebben), known as The Fighting Jew, a Jewish expatriate of the Ukraine, was a military officer and mercenary who served in the in the US Army in the Philippines, Panama Canal Zone, Pancho Villa Expedition, and World War I. He also fought in... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... The Danegeld was an English tribute raised to pay off Viking raiders (usually led by the Danish king) to save the land from being ravaged by the raiders. ... Hacienda is a Spanish word describing a vast ranch, common in the Pampa. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Modern gold ingots from the Bank of Sweden An Ingot is a mass of material cast into a shape which is easy to handle. ... An older Wells Fargo branch, located in Berkeley, California Wells Fargos corporate headquarters and main branch Wells Fargo & Co. ... In law enforcement, a fence is an individual who knowingly buys stolen property for later resale in a (usually) legitimate market. ... For other uses, see Cash (disambiguation). ... Tierra Blanca is a city and its surrounding municipality of the same name located in the south-central part of the state of Veracruz in Mexico. ... Nickname: Motto: Bravery, Loyalty, Hospitality Coordinates: , Country State Foundation October 12, 1709 Government - Mayor Carlos Borruel Baquera ( PAN) Elevation 1,415 m (4,642 ft) Population (2006) - City 748,551 - Metro 1,000,124 - Demonym Chihuahuense Time zone Mountain Standard Time (UTC-7) - Summer (DST) Mountain Daylight Time (UTC-6... Ojinaga is a rural town in northern region of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. ... This article is about the state in Mexico. ...

As governor of Chihuahua, Villa raised more money for a drive to the south by printing fiat currency. He decreed his paper money to be traded and accepted at par with gold Mexican pesos, under penalty of execution, then forced the wealthy to trade their gold for his paper pesos by decreeing gold to be counterfeit money. He also confiscated the gold of banks, in the case of the Banco Minero, by holding hostage a member of the bank's owning family, the wealthy and famous Terrazas clan, until the location of the bank's gold was revealed. A Â£20 Bank of England banknote. ... Par value has several meanings depending on the context, whether used in the equities market, or in the bond markets, and partially also dependent on where in the world the par value term is used. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... ISO 4217 Code MXN User(s) Mexico Inflation 3. ... A counterfeit is an imitation that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...

Villa's political stature at that time was so high that banks in El Paso, Texas, accepted his paper pesos at face value. His generalship drew enough admiration from the US military that he and Álvaro Obregón were invited to Fort Bliss to meet Brigadier General John J. Pershing. El Paso redirects here. ... Face Value is the title of Phil Collins debut solo album, released in February of 1981. ... General Ãlvaro ObregÃ³n Salido (February 19, 1880 â€“ July 17, 1928) was President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. ... Fort Bliss is a census-designated place and US Army post located in El Paso County, Texas. ...

The new pile of loot was used to purchase draft animals, cavalry horses, arms, ammunition, mobile hospital facilities (railroad cars and horse ambulances staffed with Mexican and American volunteer doctors, known as Servicio sanitario), and food, and to rebuild the railroad south of Chihuahua City. The rebuilt railroad transported Villa's troops and artillery south, where he defeated Federal forces at Gómez Palacio, Torreón, and Zacatecas.^[5] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 578 pixelsFull resolution (1024 Ã— 740 pixels, file size: 87 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Generals John J Pershing, Pancho Villa, and Alvaro Obregon pose for a photo at Fort Bliss, TX, 1913. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 578 pixelsFull resolution (1024 Ã— 740 pixels, file size: 87 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Generals John J Pershing, Pancho Villa, and Alvaro Obregon pose for a photo at Fort Bliss, TX, 1913. ... George Patton redirects here. ... A draught animal is a (semi-)domesticated animal used for transport and haulage (the heavy labour of pulling carts, hauling timber and ploughing fields are examples). ... The Mobile Army Surgical hospital (MASH) refers to a United States Army medical unit serving as a fully functional hospital in a combat area of operations. ... An ambulance in San Jose del Cabo, Mexico A Helicopter used as an Ambulance. ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... GÃ³mez Palacio is a city in Durango, Mexico, located at 25. ... Torreon Centennary logo TorreÃ³n also known in Mexico as TierrÃ³n (Full of Sand) is a city and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila. ... Zacatecas is one of the 31 constituent states of Mexico. ...

Carranza tries to halt the Villa advance, the fall of Zacatecas

After Torreón, Carranza issued a puzzling order for Villa to break off action south of Torreón and instead ordered him to divert to attack Saltillo, and threatened to cut off Villa's coal supply if he did not comply. Carranza was attempting to rob Villa of his glory and keep victory for his own greedy motives. (Coal was needed for railroad locomotives to pull trains transporting soldiers and supplies, and was therefore necessary for any general.) This was widely seen as an attempt by Carranza to divert Villa from a direct assault on Mexico City, so as to allow Carranza's forces under Álvaro Obregón, driving in from the west via Guadalajara, to take the capital first, and Obregon and Carranza did enter Mexico City ahead of Villa. This was an expensive and disruptive diversion for the División del norte, since Villa's enlisted men were paid the then enormous sum of a peso per day, and each day of delay cost thousands of pesos. Villa did attack Saltillo as ordered, winning that battle. Torreon Centennary logo TorreÃ³n also known in Mexico as TierrÃ³n (Full of Sand) is a city and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila. ... Venustiano Carranza Garza (December 29, 1859 â€“ May 21, 1920) was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. ... Torreon Centennary logo TorreÃ³n also known in Mexico as TierrÃ³n (Full of Sand) is a city and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila. ... Saltillo is a city in northeast Mexico, located at 25Â°42â€² N 101Â°00â€² W. It is the current capital of the state of Coahuila. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Great Western Railway No. ... For other uses, see Train (disambiguation). ... This article is about a military rank. ... Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de MÃ©xico, MÃ©xico, D.F. or simply MÃ©xico) is the capital city of Mexico. ... General Ãlvaro ObregÃ³n Salido (February 19, 1880 â€“ July 17, 1928) was President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. ... Coordinates: , Country State Foundation 1542 Government - Mayor Alfonso Petersen Farah ( PAN) Area - City 187. ... ISO 4217 Code MXN User(s) Mexico Inflation 3. ...

Villa, disgusted by what he saw as egoism, tendered his resignation. Felipe Ángeles and Villa's officer staff argued for Villa to withdraw his resignation, defy Carranza's orders, and proceed to attack Zacatecas, a strategic mountainous city considered nearly impregnable. Zacatecas was the source of much of Mexico's silver, and thus a supply of funds for whomever held it. Victory in Zacatecas would mean that Huerta's chances of holding the remainder of the country would be slim. Villa accepted Ángeles' advice, cancelled his resignation, and the Division del norte defeated the Federals in the Toma de Zacatecas (Taking of Zacatecas), the single bloodiest battle of the Revolution, with the military forces counting approximately 7,000 dead and 5,000 wounded, and unknown numbers of civilian casualties. (A memorial to and museum of the Toma de Zacatecas is on the Cerro de la Bufa, one of the key defense points in the battle of Zacatecas. Tourists use a teleférico (aerial tramway) to reach it, due to the steep approaches. From the top, tourists may appreciate the difficulties Villa's troops had trying to dislodge Federal troops from the peak. The loss of Zacatecas in June 1914 broke the back of the Huerta regime, and Huerta left for exile on July 14, 1914. Egoism may refer to any of the following: psychological egoism - the doctrine that holds that individuals are always motivated by self-interest ethical egoism - the ethical doctrine that holds that individuals ought to do what is in their self-interest rational egoism - the belief that it is rational to act... Felipe Ãngeles (1868-1919) was a Mexican military officer, noteworthy for his participation in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 to 1920. ... Zacatecas is one of the 31 constituent states of Mexico. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... An Aerial tramway in Italy. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

This was the beginning of the split between Villa, the champion of the poor and the rich, cynical constitutionalistas of Carranza. Carranza's egoismo (selfishness) would eventually become self-destructive, alienating most of the people he needed to hold power, and doom him as well.

Revolt against Carranza and Obregón

Villa was forced out of Mexico City in 1915, following a number of incidents between himself, his troops and the citizens of the city, and the humiliation of President Eulalio Gutiérrez. The return of Carranza and the Constitutionalists to Mexico City from Veracruz followed. Villa then rebelled against Carranza and Carranza's chief general, Álvaro Obregón. Villa and Zapata styled themselves as convencionistas, supporters of the Convention of Aguascalientes. Image File history File links Timeline_icon. ... Image File history File links Zapataandvilla. ... Image File history File links Zapataandvilla. ... Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de MÃ©xico, MÃ©xico, D.F. or simply MÃ©xico) is the capital city of Mexico. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Francisco Villa (left), Eulalio GutiÃ©rrez (center), and Emiliano Zapata (right) at the Mexican National Palace (1914). ... General Ãlvaro ObregÃ³n Salido (February 19, 1880 â€“ July 17, 1928) was President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. ... For other uses, see Emiliano Zapata (disambiguation). ...

Unfortunately, Villa's talent for generalship began to fail him in 1915. When Villa faced General Obregón in the First Battle of Celaya on April 15, repeated charges of Villa's vaunted cavalry proved to be no match for Obregón's entrenchments and modern machine guns, and the villista advance was first checked, then repulsed. In the Second battle of Celaya, Obregón lost one of his arms to villista artillery. Nonetheless, Villa lost the battle. Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Battle of Celaya on the 13th of April 1915 was the single bloodiest battle of the Mexican Revolution. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... Trench warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of defense. ... A machine gun is a fully-automatic firearm that is capable of firing bullets in rapid succession. ...

Villa retrenched to Chihuahua and attempted to refinance his revolt by having a firm in San Antonio, Texas, mint more fiat currency.^[6] But the effort met with limited success, and the value of Villa's paper pesos dropped to a fraction of their former value as doubts grew about Villa's political viability. Villa began ignoring the counsel of the most valuable member of his military staff, Felipe Ángeles, and eventually Ángeles left for exile in Texas. Despite Carranza's unpopularity, Carranza had an able general in Obregón and most of Mexico's military power, and unlike Huerta, was not being hampered by interference from the United States. This article is about the state in Mexico. ... San Antonio redirects here. ... Felipe Ãngeles (1868-1919) was a Mexican military officer, noteworthy for his participation in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 to 1920. ...

Split with the United States and the Punitive Expedition

The United States, following the diplomatic policies of Woodrow Wilson, who believed that supporting Carranza was the best way to expedite establishment of a stable Mexican government, refused to allow more arms to be supplied to Villa, and allowed Mexican constitutionalist troops to be relocated via US railroads. Villa, possibly out of a sense of betrayal, began to attack Americans. He was further enraged by Obregón's use of searchlights, powered by American electricity, to help repel a villista night attack on the border town of Agua Prieta, Sonora, on November 1, 1915. In January 1916, a group of villistas attacked a train on the Mexico North Western Railway, near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, and killed 18 American employees of the ASARCO company. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856â€“February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ... This article describes the government of the United Mexican States. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Edisons classical searchlight cart. ... Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ... Agua Prieta is a town in the northern part of the Mexican state of Sonora (, ). It stands on the U.S.-Mexico border, adjacent to the town of Douglas, Arizona, USA, and covers an area of 3,631. ... Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A railroad that operated between Ciudad Juarez and Chihuahua, Mexico, via Nuevo Casas Grandes. ... Santa Isabel may be: Santa Isabel Island, an island in the Solomon Islands Santa Isabel, Brazil, a town in Brazil Santa Isabel (volcano), a volcano in Colombia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article is about the state in Mexico. ... ASARCO, Inc. ...

Cross-border attack on New Mexico

On March 9, 1916, Villa ordered 1,500 (disputed, one official US Army report stated "500 to 700") Mexican raiders, reportedly led by villista general Ramón Banda Quesada, to make a cross-border attack against Columbus, New Mexico, in response to the U.S. government's official recognition of the Carranza regime and for the loss of lives in battle due to defective bullets purchased from the United States.^[7] They attacked a detachment of the 13th US Cavalry, seized 100 horses and mules, burned the town, killed 10 soldiers and 8 civilian residents, and took much ammunition and weaponry. is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Columbus is a village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States. ... The United States Cavalry was, in various forms from 1775 to 1942, historically a horse-mounted cavalry force. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... For other uses, see Mule (disambiguation). ...

The Hunt for Pancho Villa

United States President Woodrow Wilson responded to the Columbus raid by sending 6,000 troops under General John J. Pershing to Mexico to pursue Villa. (Wilson also dispatched several divisions of Army and National Guard troops to protect the southern US border against further raids and counterattacks.) In the U.S., this was known as the Punitive or Pancho Villa Expedition. During the search, the United States launched its first air combat mission with eight airplanes.^[8]^[9] At the same time Villa, was also being sought by Carranza's army. The U.S. expedition was eventually called off after failing to find Villa, and Villa successfully escaped from both armies. The Pancho Villa Expedition was an abortive punitive expedition conducted by the United States against the military forces of Mexican Revolutionary General Pancho Villa in retaliation for Villas invasion of the United States and attack on the village of Columbus, New Mexico. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856â€“February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ... John Joseph Black Jack Pershing (September 13, 1860 â€“ July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. ... The Pancho Villa Expedition was an abortive punitive expedition conducted by the United States against the military forces of Mexican Revolutionary General Pancho Villa in retaliation for Villas invasion of the United States and attack on the village of Columbus, New Mexico. ...

Later life and assassination

After the Punitive Expedition, Villa remained at large but never regained his former stature or military power. Carranza's loss of Obregon as chief general in 1917, and his preoccupation with the continuing rebellion of the Zapatista and Felicista forces in the south (much closer to Mexico City and perceived as the greater threat), prevented him from applying sufficient military pressure to extinguish the Villa nuisance. Few of the Chihuahuans who could have informed on Villa were inclined to cooperate with the Carranza regime. Villa's last major raid was on Ciudad Juárez in 1919. The Pancho Villa Expedition was an abortive punitive expedition conducted by the United States against the military forces of Mexican Revolutionary General Pancho Villa in retaliation for Villas invasion of the United States and attack on the village of Columbus, New Mexico. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... The Ejército Libertador del Sur (ELS) was an army formed and led by General Emiliano Zapata in 1910 in the southern Mexican state of Morelos, thus starting the Mexican Revolution. ... Felicistas were the supporters of Felix Diaz, nephew of former president Porfirio Diaz, who opposed the Madero and Carranza governments in rebellions between 1913 and 1920. ... Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de MÃ©xico, MÃ©xico, D.F. or simply MÃ©xico) is the capital city of Mexico. ... Ciudad JuÃ¡rez, or simply JuÃ¡rez, is a city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua formerly known as El Paso del Norte. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

In 1920, Villa negotiated peace with new President Adolfo de la Huerta and ended his revolutionary activity. He went into semi-retirement, with a detachment of 50 dorados for protection, at the hacienda of El Canutillo.^[10] He was assassinated three years later (1923) in Parral, Chihuahua, in his car. The assassins were never arrested, although a Durango politician, Jesús Salas Barraza, publicly claimed credit. While there is some circumstantial evidence that Obregón or Plutarco Elías Calles was behind the killing, Villa made many enemies over his lifetime, who would have had motives to murder him.^[11] Today Villa is remembered by many Mexicans as a folk hero. Adolfo de la Huerta (Guaymas, Sonora, MÃ©xico, 26 May 1881 â€“ 9 July 1955) Mexican politician and interim President of Mexico from June 1st to November 30rd 1920. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... General Ãlvaro ObregÃ³n Salido (February 19, 1880 â€“ July 17, 1928) was President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. ... Plutarco ElÃas Calles (September 25, 1877 â€“ October 19, 1945) was a Mexican general and politician. ... A folk hero is type of hero, real or mythological. ...

According to Western folklore, grave robbers decapitated his corpse In 1926.^[12] Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

A purported death mask alleged to be Villa's was hidden at the Radford School in El Paso, Texas, until the 1970s, when it was sent to the National Museum of the Revolution in Chihuahua; other museums have ceramic and bronze representations that do not match this mask.^[13] El Paso redirects here. ... The National Museum of the Revolution in the city of Chihuahua,Mexico is housed in the former estate of General Francisco Villa and his widow, Sra Luz Corral de Villa. ...

The location of the remainder of Villa's corpse is in dispute. It may be in the city cemetery of Parral, Chihuahua,^[14] or in Chihuahua City, or in the Monument of the Revolution in Mexico City.^[15] Tombstones for Villa exist in both places. A pawn shop in El Paso, Texas, claims to be in possession of Villa's preserved trigger finger.^[16]^[17] This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article is about the state in Mexico. ... Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de MÃ©xico, MÃ©xico, D.F. or simply MÃ©xico) is the capital city of Mexico. ... Modern pawnbroker storefront A Pawnbroker is a person who offers loans to individuals who use their personal property as collateral. ... El Paso redirects here. ...

His final words were reported as: "No permitas que esto acabe así. Cuentales que he dicho algo." This translates as: "Don't let it end like this. Tell them I have said something."

Villa's battles and military actions

Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Battle of Tierra Blanca was a major victory for Francisco Pancho Villa over the forces of Jose Ines Salazar, commander of the forces loyal to Victoriano Huerta in this battle. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Battle of Celaya on the 13th of April 1915 was the single bloodiest battle of the Mexican Revolution. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Agua Prieta is a town in the northern part of the Mexican state of Sonora (, ). It stands on the U.S.-Mexico border, adjacent to the town of Douglas, Arizona, USA, and covers an area of 3,631. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Columbus is a village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

German involvement in Villa's later campaigns

Prior to the Villa-Carranza split in 1915, there is no credible evidence that Villa co-operated with or accepted any help from the German government or agents. Villa was supplied arms from the USA, employed American mercenaries and doctors, portrayed as a hero in the US media, and did not object to the 1914 US naval occupation of Veracruz (Villa's observation was that the occupation merely hurt Huerta). The German consul in Torreón made entreaties to Villa, offering him arms and money to occupy the port and oil fields of Tampico to enable German ships to dock there, this offer was rejected by Villa. For other uses, see Mercenary (disambiguation). ... Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Frank Friday Fletcher Gustavo Mass Manuel Azueta Strength Total: 3948 Landing force: 757 N/A Casualties 22 killed 70 wounded 92 total 152-172 killed 195-250 wounded 347-422 total The United States occupation of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the... This article is about a city in Mexico. ...

Germans and German agents did attempt to interfere, unsuccessfully, in the Mexican Revolution. Germans attempted to plot with Victoriano Huerta to assist him to retake the country, and in the infamous Zimmermann Telegram to the Mexican government, proposed an alliance with the government of Venustiano Carranza. This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ... The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note; German: Zimmermann-Depesche; Spanish: Telegrama Zimmermann) was a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917, to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt, at the height of World War I. The telegram instructed...

There were documented contacts between Villa and the Germans, after Villa's split with the Constitutionalists. Prinicipally this was in the person of Felix A. Sommerfeld, (noted in Katz's book), who in 1915 funneled $340,000 of German money to the Western Cartridge Company to purchase ammunition. However, the actions of Sommerfeld indicate he was likely acting in his own self interest (he supposedly was paid a $5,000 per month stipend for supplying dynamite and arms to Villa, a fortune in 1915, and acted as a double agent for Carranza). Villa's actions were hardly that of a German catspaw, rather, it appears that Villa only resorted to German assistance after other sources of money and arms were cut off.^[19] Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The U.S. Repeating Arms Company. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

At the time of Villa's attack on Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916, Villa's military power had been marginalized and was mostly an impotent nuisance (he was repulsed at Columbus by a small cavalry detachment, albeit after doing a lot of damage), his theatre of operations was mainly limited to western Chihuahua, he was persona non grata with Mexico's ruling Carranza constitutionalists, and the subject of an embargo by the United States, so communication or further shipments of arms between the Germans and Villa would have been difficult. A plausible explanation of any Villa-German contacts after 1915 would be that they were a futile extension of increasingly desperate German diplomatic efforts and villista pipe dreams of victory as progress of their respective wars bogged down. Villa effectively did not have anything useful to offer in exchange for German help at that point. Columbus is a village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the state in Mexico. ... Look up Persona non grata in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For delayed access after publication, see Embargo (academic publishing). ... Pipe Mania Pipe Dream is also the name of Binghamton Universitys student newspaper. ...

When weighing claims of Villa conspiring with Germans, one should take into account that at the time, portraying Villa as a German sympathizer served the propaganda ends of both Carranza and Wilson. For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ...

The use of Mauser rifles and carbines by Villa's forces does not necessarily indicate any German connection, these were widely used by all parties in the Mexican Revolution, Mauser longarms being enormously popular weapons and having been standard issue in the Mexican Army, which had begun adopting 7 mm Mauser system arms as early as 1895.^[20] Mauser is the common name of a German arms manufacturer, maker of a line of bolt-action rifles from the 1870s to present. ... For other uses, see Rifle (disambiguation). ... A carbine is a firearm similar to, but generally shorter and less powerful than, a rifle or musket of a given period. ... This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ... Heroic Naval Military Academy cadets Mexicos armed forces number about 300,000. ...

Pancho Villa in films, video, and television

Villa represented in films by himself in 1912, 1913, and 1914. Many other actors have represented him, such as: 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Pascual Antonio Aguilar Barraza (May 17, 1919 â€“ June 19, 2007), also known as Tony Aguilar, was a Mexican singer, actor, producer, and writer. ... Pedro ArmendÃ¡riz, born Pedro Gregorio ArmendÃ¡riz Hastings (May 9, 1912, Mexico City â€“ June 18, 1963, Los Angeles, California) was a Mexican actor of the Cinema of Mexico and Hollywood. ... Pedro ArmendÃ¡riz Jr. ... Old Gringo is a 1989 film, starring Jane Fonda and Gregory Peck. ... JosÃ© Antonio DomÃnguez Banderas (born August 10, 1960), better known as Antonio Banderas, is a Spanish film actor and singer who has starred in high-profile Hollywood films including Assassins, Interview with the Vampire, Mariachi sequels, Philadelphia, The Mask of Zorro, and the Shrek sequels. ... Plot Summary Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa (Antonio Banderas) finds himself without adequate funding to finance his war against the military-run government. ... Wallace Beery (April 1, 1885 â€“ April 15, 1949) was an Academy Award-winning American actor, best known for his portrayal of Long John Silver in Treasure Island (1934) as well as more than 200 other movie roles over a 36-year span. ... Viva Villa! is a 1934 movie that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. ... Yul Brynner (July 11, 1920[1] â€“ October 10, 1985) was a Russian-born Broadway and Academy Award-winning Hollywood actor. ... Peter Butler (born 10 June 1951) is a British Conservative politician. ... Leo Carrillo, born August 6, 1880 in Los Angeles, California - died September 10, 1961 in Santa Monica, California, was an actor and conservationist. ... Viva Villa! is a 1934 movie that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. ... Hector Elizondo (born December 22, 1936 in New York City) is a Puerto Rican-American actor. ... Freddy Fender Freddy Fender (June 4, 1937 â€“ October 14, 2006), born Baldemar Huerta in San Benito, Texas, USA, was a Mexican-American Tejano, country, and rock and roll musician, known for his work as a solo artist and in the groups Los Super Seven and the Texas Tornados. ... Alan Reed (August 20, 1907 – June 14, 1977) was the voice of Fred Flintstone on The Flintstones and various spin_off series. ... Viva Zapata! is a 1952 biographical drama film directed by Elia Kazan. ... Aristotelis Telly Savalas (January 21, 1922 â€“ January 22, 1994) was a prominent Emmy Award-winning American film and television actor whose career spanned four decades. ... Â¡VÃ¡monos con Pancho Villa! (Lets Go with Pancho Villa!) is a Mexican motion picture filmed in 1936. ... Raoul Walsh as John Wilkes Booth in Birth of a Nation Raoul Walsh (March 11, 1887 â€“ December 31, 1980) was an American film director, actor, founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) and the brother of silent screen actor George Walsh. ...

Footnotes

^ Mexican Military Might, an article on Pancho Villa by George Brecher from The eXile
^ Burress, Charles. "Wells Fargo's Hush-Hush Deal With Pancho Villa", San Francisco Chronicle, May 5, 1999.
^ Eisenhower, John S. D. Intervention: The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993) p. 58
^ Map of Constitutionalist Army Battles
^ [1]
^ http://www.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI1-12.htm
^ http://www.msu.edu/course/hst/384/Mexican%20Revolution/Weapons/aeroplane.jpg
^ http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3901/is_200406/ai_n9446480
^ http://ojinaga.com/canutillo/
^ http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=166
^ Braddy, Hadleen (January 1960). "The Head of Pancho Villa". Western Folklore ( 19 (1): 25–33.
^ http://www.banderasnews.com/0607/nw-deathmask.htm
^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11736
^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11754343
^ http://www.kvia.com/Global/story.asp?S=5986005&nav=menu193_2
^ http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_5256757
^ [2]
^ http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/panvill.html
^ Mexican Secretary Of Defense - Armies of the Revolution

The eXile, founded in 1997, is a Moscow-based English-language biweekly free newspaper, aimed at the citys expatriate community, which combines outrageous, sometimes satirical, content with investigative reporting. ... Todays San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

References

External links

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since August 2007 | People of the Mexican Revolution | Governors of Chihuahua | Mexican generals | Mexican rebels | Mexican outlaws | People from Durango | Unsolved murders | Deaths by firearm in Mexico | 1878 births | 1923 deaths | Basque Mexicans Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... List of governors of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Contents

Pre-revolutionary life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");