Pancuronium
Systematic (IUPAC) name
[(2S,3S,5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S,16S,17R)- 17-acetyloxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,16-bis(1-methyl- 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H- cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate
Identifiers
CAS number	?
ATC code	M03AC01
PubChem	441289
Chemical data
Formula	C35H60N2O4
Mol. mass	572.861 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	NA
Protein binding	77 to 91%
Metabolism	Hepatic
Half life	1.5 to 2.7 hours
Excretion	Renal and biliary
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	B2(AU) C(US) Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 509 pixels Full resolution (1100 × 700 pixel, file size: 171 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Pancuronium ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Standard atomic weight 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ... A drugs efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within blood plasma. ... Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... It has been suggested that Effective half-life be merged into this article or section. ... Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other materials that are of no use. ... The kidneys filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. ... Anthem Advance Australia Fair Royal anthem: God Save the Queen Capital Canberra Largest city Sydney Official languages English (de facto 1) Government Federal constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy  -  Queen Elizabeth II  -  Governor-General Michael Jeffery  -  Prime Minister John Howard Independence from the United Kingdom   -  Constitution 1 January 1901   -  Statute of... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from...
Legal status	POM(UK) ℞-only(US) The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ... A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. ... A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from...
Routes	Intravenous

Pancuronium bromide is a chemical compound, used in medicine with the brand name Pavulon® (Organon International). In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... A chemical compound is a chemical substance of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... This article is about brands in marketing. ... Organon International, Inc. ...

Mode of action

Pancuronium is a typical non-depolarising curaremimetic muscle relaxant. It acts as a competitive acetylcholine antagonist on neuromuscular junctions, displacing acetylcholine (hence competitive) from its post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is, unlike suxamethonium, a non-depolarising agent, which means, that it causes no spontaneous depolarisations upon association with the nicotinic receptor in neuromuscular junction, thus producing no muscle fasciculations upon administration. Pancuronium has no hormonal activity. It exerts slight vagolytic activity (i.e. diminishing activity of the vagus nerve) and no ganglioplegic (i.e., blocking ganglions) activity. Pancuronium is a very potent muscle relaxant/curaremimetic, the ED95 (i.e. a dose causing a 95% reduction in muscle activity) being only 60 µg/kg body weight administered intravenously. Usual doses for anesthesiologic muscle relaxation (e.g. for intubation and major surgery) are about 100 µg/kg IV (0.1 mg/kg IV); muscle relaxation suitable for intubation sets in about 90–120 seconds after administration of the drug. Full muscle paralysis for major surgery is achieved about 2–4 minutes post application. Clinical effects (muscle activity lower than 25% of physiological) last for about 100 minutes. The time needed for full (over 90% muscle activity) recovery after single administration is about 120–180 minutes in healthy adults, but can be protracted to more hours in poor health subjects and when concomitantly administered with other long-acting anesthetics (e.g. some opioids, barbiturates, inhalation anesthetics). The effects of pancuronium can be at least partially reversed by anticholinesterasics, such as neostigmine, pyridostigmine and edrophonium. In neuroscience, depolarization refers to the event a neuron undergoes when its membrane potential grows more positive with respect to the extracellular solution. ... Strychnos toxifera by Koehler 1887 This page is about the plant toxins. ... A muscle relaxant is a drug which decreases the tone of a muscle. ... Competition characterises a biochemical, ecologic, economic, political, or sporting activity whereby two or more individuals or groups strive antagonistically against one another for some reward. ... The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ... Antagonists In medicine and biology, a receptor antagonist is a ligand that inhibits the function of an agonist and inverse agonist for a specific receptor. ... A neuromuscular junction is the junction of the axon terminal of a motoneuron with the motor end plate, the highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscles surface. ... Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are ionotropic receptors that form ion channels in cells plasma membranes. ... Suxamethonium chloride (also known as succinylcholine, or scoline) is a white crystalline substance, it is odourless and highly soluble in water. ... In neuroscience, depolarization refers to the event a neuron undergoes when its membrane potential grows more positive with respect to the extracellular solution. ... A fasciculation (or muscle twitch) is a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction (twitching) visible under the skin arising from the spontaneous discharge of a bundle of skeletal muscle fibres. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek όρμή - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... The vagus nerve (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves, and is the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (within the medulla oblongata) and extends, through the jugular foramen, down below the head, to the abdomen. ... This is a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) from a chicken embryo (around stage of day 7) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody. ... In pharmacology an effective dose is the amount of drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the people taking it. ... Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ... Inhalational anaesthetics are gases or vapours possessing anaesthetic qualities. ... A cholinesterase inhibitor or anticholinesterase is a chemical that inhibits a cholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, so increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. ... Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. ... Pyridostigmine is a parasympathomimetic and a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. ... Sources Brenner, G. M. (2000). ...

Uses in medicine

Pancuronium is used with general anaesthesia in surgery for muscle relaxation and as an aid to intubation or ventilation. It does not have sedative or analgesic effects. In modern medical practice, general anaesthesia (AmE: anesthesia) is a state of total unconsciousness resulting from general anaesthetic drugs. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... A sedative is a substance which depresses the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. ... An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). ...

Side effects include moderately raised heart rate and thereby arterial pressure and cardiac output, excessive salivation, apnea and respiratory depression, rashes, flushing and sweating. The muscular relaxation can be dangerous in the seriously ill and it can accumulate leading to extended weakness. Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended side-effect, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. ... Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ... Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. ... Saliva is the watery and usually somewhat frothy substance produced in the mouths of humans and some animals. ... Apnea (British spelling - apnoea) (Greek απνοια, from α-, privative, πνεειν, to breathe) is a technical term for suspension of external breathing. ... In medicine, hypoventilation exists when ventilation is inadequate to perform gas exchange. ... A rash is a change in skin which affects its color, appearance or texture. ... For a person to flush is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. ... Sweating (also called perspiration or sometimes transpiration) is the production and evaporation of a fluid, consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride (the main constituent of table salt), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. ...

In Belgium and the Netherlands, Pancuronium is recommended in the protocol for euthanasia. After administering sodium thiopental to induce coma, Pancuronium is delivered in order to stop breathing.^[1] Euthanasia (from Greek: ευθανασία -ευ, eu, good, θάνατος, thanatos, death) is the practice of terminating the life of a person or animal in a presumably painless or minimally painful way, usually by lethal injection. ... Sodium thiopental also called Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone sodium, or trapanal is a rapid-onset, short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. ...

Uses in execution

It is also used as one component of a lethal injection used in capital punishment in some parts of the USA. If improperly administered it can cause sodium thiopental, commonly used as the anesthetic in the lethal injection process, to precipitate and become ineffective. Pancuronium bromide has no analgesic effects, and if this precipitation renders the painkiller agent ineffective, an individual could conceivably never achieve unconsciousness, and thus be able to feel all of the pain associated with the procedure, but unable to cry out or move due to the pancuronium's complete paralytic action. There have also been several high-profile civil lawsuits alleging similar failures to achieve analgesia or unconsciousness prior to a general surgical procedures. These too have largely blamed improper or insufficient dosages of painkiller in concert with normal dosages of pancuronium bromide. Lethal injection involves injecting a person with fatal doses of drugs to cause death. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Sodium thiopental also called Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone sodium, or trapanal is a rapid-onset, short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. ... Lethal injection involves injecting a person with fatal doses of drugs to cause death. ... An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). ... For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ... For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ...

Largely echoing this sentiment, Amnesty International has objected to its use in lethal injections on the grounds that it "may mask the condemned prisoner's suffering during the execution" [1] and thereby lead observers to conclude that lethal injection is painless, or less cruel than other forms of execution. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ... “Cruel And Unusual” redirects here. ...

Chemical details

Its empirical formula is: In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom (called a chemical element) in it. ...

C₃₅H₆₀Br₂N₂O₄

Its structural name is 3α, 17β - diacetoxy - 5α - androstan - 2β, 16β - ylene bis [1 - methylpiperidinium] dibromide.

Historical notes

Pavulon® was the compound used in "Angel of Death" Efren Saldivar's killing spree [2]. Efren Saldivar (born 30 September 1969) is an American serial killer who murdered patients whilst working as a respiratory therapist. ...

References

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ...

External links

• Links to external chemical sources