Pansy
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Violales Family: Violaceae Genus: Viola Species: tricolor * wittrockiana
Binomial name
Viola tricolor hortensis Viola * wittrockiana

The Pansy or Pansy Violet is a cultivated garden flower. It is derived from the wildflower called the Heartsease or Johnny Jump Up (Viola tricolor), and is sometimes given the subspecies name Viola tricolor hortensis. However, many garden varieties are hybrids and are referred to as Viola X Wittrockiana. The name "pansy" also appears as part of the common name of a number of wild flowers belonging, like the cultivated Pansy, to the violet genus Viola. One or two unrelated flowers such as the Pansy Monkeyflower also have "pansy" in their name.

Development of the Pansy

All across Northern Europe in the 1800s amateur gardeners crossed and recrossed the wild Heartsease (Viola tricolor) with another native violet (V. lutea) and eventually one from the Near East (V. altaica), to produce a host of bigger, bolder pansies. As a result of extensive cross-breeding in the 1820s and 1830s, named varieties became very popular. By 1835, 400 varieties were available. By 1841 the pansy had become a favorite show plant.

With the explosion of greenhouse-building in the Victorian age (due in large part to the availability of affordable, low cost steel) the bold flowers familiar to modern gardeners appeared.

Pansies for Underplanting

Pansies are suitable for planting under shrubs; acting as living mulch, they inhibit the growth of weeds.

Uses

Pansies start blooming in the spring in the Northern Europe and the north of the United States, and in winter in warm climes. They are often cultivated with sweet alyssum as they produce a pleasing colour combination and bloom at the same time.

Pansies are edible and have been used to dye mordanted fabric.

Breeding and Life Cycle

Pansies have been bred in a rainbow of colours, ranging from gold and orange though to purple, violet, and a blue so deep as to be almost black. They are quite a hardy plant, growing well in sunny positions. Pansies are technically biennials that normally have two-year life cycles. The first year they only produce greenery; they bear flowers and seeds in their second year of growth, and afterwards die like annuals. Most gardeners buy biennials as packs of young plants from the garden center and plant them directly into the garden. Gardeners interested in rarer cultivars can plant seeds indoors in early November for plants ready in the spring. Regular deadheading can extend the blooming period. Under good conditions, pansies and viola are perennial plants, although they are generally treated as annual or biennial plants because they get very leggy and overgrown after a few years. The mature plant grows to 9 inches (23 cm) high, and the flowers are two to three inches (about 6 cm) in diameter.

Anatomy

The pansy has two top petals overlapping slightly, two side petals, beards where the three lower petals join the center of the flower, a single bottom petal with a slight indentation.

Diseases and Pests

Diseases

Stem rot or Pansy sickness

The plant may collapse without warning in the middle of season. The foliage will flag and lose color. Flowers will fade and shrivel prematurely. Stem will snap at the soil line if tugged slightly.

The plant is probalby a total loss unless tufted.

Soil-borne fungus. Possible hazard with unsterilized animal manure.

Use Cheshunt or modern Benomyl fungicide prior to planting. Destroy (burn) infectly plants.

Cheshunt Recipe

2 parts finely ground copper sulphate 11 parts fresh ammonium carbonate

Mix thoroughly and stand for 2 hours in sealed container. Disolve 1 ounce (28 g) in a little hot water and add this to 2 gallons of cold water and use immediately.

Rust

Puccinia aegra fungal infection. Yellow-brown spots on leaves and stem. Spray with Benomyl or Sulphide of Potassium (1 ounce to 2 1/2 gallons)

Leaf Spot

Ramularia deflectens fungal infection. Dark spots on leaf margins followed by a white web covering the leaves. Associated with cool damp springs. Spray with fungicide.

Mildew

Oidium fungal infection. Violet-gray powder on fringes and underside of leaves. Caused by stagnant air. Can be limited but not neccesarilly eliminated by spraying (especially leaf undersides).

Cucumber Mosaic Virus

Transmitted by aphids. Fine yellow veining on young leaves, stunted growth, anomalous flowers. Virus can lay dormant, affect the entire plant and be passed to next generations and to other species. Prevention is key: purchase healthy plants, use ph-balanced soil which is neither too damp not too dry. Soil should have balanced amounts of nitrogen, phosphate, potash. Eliminate other diseases which may weaken the plant.

Pests

Slugs and Snails

Lay sharp, gritty sand or clinker around plants. Top-dress soil with chipped bark. Clean area of leaves and foreign matter.

Aphids

Spray with dilluted soft soap (2 ounce per gallon)

Aphids are microscopic and lay eggs.

Cultivars

The Universal Plus series of 21 cultivars covers all the common pansy colors except orange and black.

• Antique Shades

3 inch wide flowers
Silky sheen, pastel colors

• Crystal Bowl Mix

2 1/2 inch wide flowers
Faceless, clear colors

• Flambe Terracotta F₁ Hybrid

medium sized flowers
Terracotta shades

• Flamenco F₁ Hybrid
• Jolly Joker
• Mambo Mixed F₁ Hybrid
• Orchid Blotch F₁ Hybrid
• Padparadja (named after the orange sapphire)

2 1/2 inch wide flowers
Faceless, deep orange
A 1991 All-America Selections Winner[1] (http://www.all-americaselections.org)

• Pandoras Box F₁ Hybrid
• Pandoras Children F₁ Hybrid
• Petite Mixed F₁ Hybrid
• Raspeberry Ice Cream F₁ Hybrid
• Springtime Black

All silky deep purple and apparently black

• Thompson & Morgan Black
• Total Eclipse F₁ Hybrid

Faceless, orange, yellow, black

• True Blue

Faceless, sky blue

• Water Colours Mixed F₁ Hybrid
• Zorro

Name Origin and Significance

The pansy gets its name from the French word pensée meaning "thought". It was so named because the flower resembles a human face and in August it nods forward as if deep in thought. Because of the origin of its name, the Pansy has long been a symbol of Freethought and has been used in the literature of the American Secular Union. Humanists like the symbol also, as the pansy's current appearance was developed from the Heartsease by two centuries of intentional cross-breeding of wild plant hybrids. The Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) uses the pansy symbol extensively in its lapel pins and literature.

As a Woman's Name

Pansy is occasionally spelled "pansie" and can be a woman's name. In the United States, the name is popular among African Americans. In the Harry Potter books, there is a character named Pansy Parkinson.

Pansies in the Arts and Culture

In 1827, Pierre-Joseph Redouté painted "Bouquet of Pansies".

In 1926, Georgia O'Keeffe created a famous painting of a black pansy called simply, "Pansy". She followed with "White Pansy" in 1927.

D. H. Lawrence wrote a book of poetry entitled Pansies: Poems by D. H. Lawrence.

In William Shakespeare's play "A Midsummer Night's Dream" the juice of pansy blossom is a love potion: "the juice of it, on sleeping eyelids laid, will make or man or woman madly dote upon the next live creature that it sees." (Act II, Scene I see also: Oberon at II, i). Since the cultivated pansy had not yet been developed, "pansy" here means the wild Heartsease, and the idea of using it as a love potion was no doubt suggested by that name. The folkloric "language of flowers" is more traditional than scientific, with conventional interpretations, similar to the clichés about animals such as the "clever fox" or "wise owl". Ophelia's oft-quoted line, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts", in Hamlet (Act IV, Scene V) comes from this tradition: if a maiden found a honeyflower and a pansy left for her by an admirer, it would mean "I am thinking of our forbidden love" in symbol rather than in writing.

There is a queercore musical band called Pansy Division, drawing on the fact that Pansy has indicated an effeminate male since Elizabethan times. The word "ponce" derives from it, and did not originally have its current meaning of a prostitute's controller; "poncey" still means effeminate.

The pansy remains a favorite image in the arts and crafts, from needlepoint to ceramics.

Books

• A Potpourri Of Pansies, Emilie Tolley, Chris Mead. ISBN 0517594498 :; LCCN 92-41125 Many photographs, illustrations, crafts and recipes that you can use involving pansies. A good coffee table book.
• Pansies, Violas & Violettas: The Complete Guide, Rodney Fuller, The Crowood Press Ltd, 1990, ISBN 1852237481. Perhaps the only modern book on the pansy itself. Includes an extensive bibliography.
• Violas, Pansies and Violets, D. B. Crane, 1921
• Pansies, Violas & Violets: Present-Day Gardening, William Cuthbertson, J. P., and R. Hooper Pearson, T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1910
• The Book of the Pansy, Violas & Violet, Howard H. Crane, London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1908
• Sweet violets and pansies: And violets from mountain and plain, Ernest Thomas Cook, New York, C. Scribner's Sons,1903
• The Pansy and How to Grow it: With The Best Methods Of Hybridization With A View To Improvement, Etc., Etc., James Simkins, London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., 1889
• Les Pensées, J. Barillet, Paris, 1869
• (La) Pensée, la violette, l'auricule ou oreille d'ours, la primevère; histoire et culture, Rogonot-Godefroy, Paris, Audot, 1844

External Links

• ITIS (http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22175) 2002-12-14
• National Viola and Pansy Society (http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/heartsease/nvps/index.htm) in the United Kingdom
• Pansies, Violas and Violettas (http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/Species_N_Cultivars/Pansy.htm) from the American Violet Society (http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm)
• A Pansy For Your Thoughts, by Annie Annie Laurie Gaylor (http://www.ffrf.org/fttoday/june_july97/gaylor.html)
• Plant Guide Pansy (http://www.gardenerspath.com/plantguide/pansy.html)
• PANSY, Annual Flower Information (http://www.backyardgardener.com/annual/annual59.html)
• Pansy (http://www.mooseyscountrygarden.com/flowering-annuals/pansy-flower.html) short article with large image from mooseyscountrygarden.com
• World of Quotes - Pansies Quotes (http://www.worldofquotes.com/topic/Pansies/1/) many poetic quotes
• AAS Homepage (http://www.all-americaselections.org/) All-America Selections (AAS) page for flowers and vegetables judged the best
• Photo gallery of pansy cultivars (http://www.ag.auburn.edu/aaes/communications/bulletins/wintertrials654/pansyphotos.htm)
• New Flower Cultivars for 2001 (http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/quickref/flowers/new_flowers_2001.html) from North Carolina State University