NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Panzer I

The Panzerkampfwagen I, or Sonderkraftfahrzeug (SdKfz) 191, abbreviated PzKpfw I and more commonly referred to as the Panzer I, was a light tank produced by Germany in the 1930s.^[1] Intended as a training tank to introduce the concept of armored warfare into the German Army, it began design in 1932 and mass production in 1934. Despite the original purpose of the vehicle, the Panzer I saw combat in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, during the Second World War, and even in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Based on experience gathered during the Spanish Civil War the Panzer I and her crews would help shape the German armor corps which invaded Poland in 1939 and France in 1940. By 1941, however, old Panzer I chassis were being reused for production of tank surrogates based on the Panzer I. Furthermore, there would be various attempts to upgrade the Panzer I throughout its history and would continue to serve in the armed forces of Spain until 1954.^[2] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3504x2336, 1735 KB) Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf. ... This article is about the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong. ... Henschel & Son, during World War II, was the primary manufacturer of the Panzer VI. Henschel aircraft and missiles included: Henschel Hs 117 Schmetterling (Butterfly), surface-to-air missile (rocket-engined) Henschel Hs 121, fighter + trainer (prototype) Henschel Hs 123, ground-attack (biplane) Henschel Hs 124, heavy fighter + bomber (prototype) Henschel... Michelangelos David is widely considered to be one of the finest artistic portrayals of a man. ... For the U.S. town, see Krupp, Washington. ... Daimler may refer to Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer and automobile inventor in the 1880s Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, his Stuttgart-based company, maker of Mercedes vehicles since 1903, later merged into Daimler-Benz, maker of Mercedes-Benz vehicles (since 1926) DaimlerChrysler (1998), a part German, part American, part Japanese car maker... A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ... The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... Military vehicles are commonly armoured to withstand the impact of shrapnel, bullets or shells, protecting the soldiers inside from enemy fire. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter), symbol mm is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... hp, see HP (disambiguation). ... semi-elliptical spring in a 1937 Bugatti Type 57SC A leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. ... A kilometer (Commonwealth spelling: kilometre), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1,000 metres (from the Greek words Ï‡Î¯Î»Î¹Î± (khilia) = thousand and Î¼ÎÏ„ÏÎ¿ (metro) = count/measure). ... Sonderkraftfahrzeug (abbreviated Sd. ... Panzer IV Ausf. ... The US M1A1 Abrams tank is a typical modern main battle tank. ... Image:Wehrmacht 20 April 1939 Birthday Parade. ... This article is about the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong. ... The tank surrogate was a response during World War II to the need of mobile, large-caliber anti-tank vehicles in order to support infantry during offensive and defensive operations. ...

Ultimately, the Panzer I's performance in combat was affected by its relatively poor armor protection and light armament. Although this was to be expected from a tank never designed for a combat role, the Panzer I was not comparable to other light tanks of the era, such as the T-26.^[3] Although the Panzer I was an obsolete tank when put into a combat role, the Panzer I formed large portions of Germany's total tank strength in most major campaigns between September 1939 and December 1941. Ultimately, the small light tank would be overshadowed in importance by much more well known German tanks, such as the Panther or Panzer IV, but its important contributions to the early victories of Germany during the Second World War cannot be ignored.^[4] Panther may refer to: Any big cat from the genus Panthera e. ... The Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV), more commonly referred to as the Panzer IV, was a tank developed by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed initially as an infantry-support medium tank, to work in conjunction with the anti-tank Pzkpfw III. Later in the war...

Development History

The 1919 Treaty of Versailles formally disallowed Germany to design, manufacture and deploy tanks within the Reichswehr, the post First World War German army. According to paragraph twenty-four of the treaty a 100,000 marks fee and up an imprisonment of up to six months would be imposed on anybody who "[manufactured] armoured vehicles, tanks or similar machines, which may be turned to military use."^[5] Despite the limitations imposed upon Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, several officers of the Reichswehr were able to establish a clandestine General Staff dedicated to the study of the First World War with the purpose of the development of future strategies and tactics. Although at first the concept of the tank as a mobile weapon of war was met by apathy, German industry was silently encouraged to look into tank-design, while quiet cooperation was undertaken with the Soviet Union.^[6] There was also minor military cooperation with Sweden, including the extraction of technical data which proved invaluable to early German tank design.^[7] As early as 1926 various German companies, including Rheinmetall and Daimler-Benz, produced a single prototype named the Grosstraktor, in an attempt to veil the true intents of the vehicle, armed with a large 75 mm cannon.^[8] Only two years later prototypes of the new Leichtertraktor, or light-tractor, were produced by German companies, armed with 37 mm KwK L/45 guns.^[9] The Grosstraktor was later put into service with the 1st Panzer Division, although it did not remain in service for a considerable amount of time, and the Leichtertraktor remained experimental vehicles until 1935.^[10] In the late 1920s and early 1930s German tank theory was pioneered by two figures: General Lutz and his chief-of-staff Lieutenant Colonel Heinz Guderian. Guderian became the most influential of the two-men and his ideas were widely publisized.^[11] The Palace of Versailles, where the treaty was signed. ... The Reichswehr (helpÂ· info) (literally National Defense or Imperial Defense) formed the military organization of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when the government rebranded it as the Wehrmacht (Defence Force). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... ISO 4217 Code DEM User(s) Germany, Montenegro, Kosovo ERM Since 13 March 1979 Fixed rate since 31 December 1998 Replaced by â‚¬, non cash 1 January 1999 Replaced by â‚¬, cash 1 January 2002 â‚¬ = 1. ... Rheinmetall is a German defense company with factories in DÃ¼sseldorf and UnterlÃ¼ÃŸ. It has a long tradition of making guns and artillery pieces. ... Daimler-Benz AG was founded on May 1, 1924 by the merger of Benz & Cie. ... A small cannon on a carriage, Bucharest. ... A M1 Abrams firing. ... Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (ca. ...

Guderian envisioned an armor corps composed of several types of tanks. This included a slow infantry tank, armed with a small-caliber cannon and several machine guns. An infantry tank, according to Guderian, was also to be heavily armored to defend against enemy anti-tank guns and artillery. Furthermore, he also envisioned a fast breakthrough tank which was armored against enemy anti-tank weapons and had a large 75 mm cannon. Finally, Germany would need a heavy tank to defeat enemy fortifications, armed with a 150 mm cannon and relatively stronger armor. Such a tank also required a weight of between 70 and 100 tonnes.^[12] Hitler, soon after rising to power in Germany, found interest in Guderian's opinions and approved the creation of Germany's first panzer divisions. Guderian suggested the design of a main combat vehicle, which was manifested later as the Panzer III, and a breakthrough tank, later the Panzer IV.^[13] These were not available in 1933 and no existing tank design appealed to Guderian. Nevertheless, a preliminary vehicle was ordered by the German Army for the intent of training German tank crews - this became the Panzer I.^[14] The infantry tank was a concept developed by the British in the years leading up to World War II. They were generally more heavily armoured compared to the lighter cruiser tanks, which would allow them to operate in close concert with infantry to help them break through heavily defended areas... Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 â€“ 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ... The Panzerkampfwagen III (PzKpfw III), more commonly referred to as the Panzer III, was a tank developed in the 1930s by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed to fight other AFVs, serving alongside the infantry-support Pzkpfw IV. It soon became obsolete in this role... The Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV), more commonly referred to as the Panzer IV, was a tank developed by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed initially as an infantry-support medium tank, to work in conjunction with the anti-tank Pzkpfw III. Later in the war...

The beginning of the Panzer I's design history can be traced back to 1932 with the beginning of the Landswirtschaftlicher Schlepper armored fighting vehicle, abbreviated La S. The La S was intended not just to train Germany's panzer troops, but to prepare Germany's industry for the mass production of tanks in the near future.^[15] In 1933 Krupp revealed a prototype of the Landswerk Krupp A, or LKA, with a sloped front plane, a large central casemate and heavily influenced by the British Vickers Carden-Lloyd design. The tank was armed with two MG-13 Dreyse machine guns.^[16] A mass produced version of the LKA was consequently designed between Daimler-Benz, Henschel, Krupp, MAN and Rheinmetall, exchaning the casemate with a rotating turret, and was accepted into service after testing in 1934.^[17] Although these tanks were referred to as the La S and LKA well beyond the beginning of initial production, nomenclature would change in 1938 to its official designation - PanzerKampfwagen I Ausf. A.^[18] The first fifteen tanks were produced between February and March 1934 and did not include the rotating turret; they were used specifically for crew training.^[19] Following the production of these first fiteen tanks, production was switched to the combat version of the tank. The Panzer I Ausf. (variant) A was underarmored, with only 13 mm of steel protection at its thickest points. Furthermore, several faults were found in the design, including suspension problems - which forced the vehicle to pitch at high velocities - and overheating.^[20] The driver was positioned inside the chassis, using steering levers to control the tank, while the commander was positioned in the turret where he also acted as the dedicated gunner. The two crew members could communicate by means of a voice tube.^[21] Machine gun ammunition was stowed in five individual bins, containing several clips of twenty-five rounds.^[22] Lucas Molina Franco, a Spanish author, suggests that 833 Ausf. A models were fabricated in total^[23], while Bryan Perrett offers the number of 300^[24] and Terry Gander 818^[25]. An armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) is a military vehicle, equipped with protection against hostile attacks and often mounted weapons. ... Vickers Armstrong (Aircraft) company logo Vickers, founded as the Vickers Company in 1828, was a British manufacturer, primarily of military equipment, traditionally based in Barrow-in-Furness. ... The MG-13 (shortened from German Maschinengewehr 13) was a German general purpose machine gun obtained by rebuilding a World War 1 water-cooled machine gun into an air-cooled version. ...

Many of the problems found in the Panzer I Ausf. A were later corrected with the introduction of the Ausf. B version of the vehicle. The engine was replaced by the water-cooled, six-cylinder, 100 hp Maybach NL 38 TR and the gearbox was exchanged with by a newer, more reliable model. The larger engine required the extension of the vehicle's chassis by no less than 40 cm, and this allowed the improvement of the tank's suspension system by means of adding a new bogie wheel and raising the tensioner.^[26] The tank's weight increased by .4 tonnes, although protection was not increased. Production of the Panzer I Ausf. B began August 1935 and finished in early 1937 - Franco writes that 840 were constructed^[27], while Perrett offers a total number of 1,500^[28] and Gander a total of 675^[29]. However, Lucas Molina Franco mentions that only 675 of the 840 built were combat versions.^[30] A gearbox is an assembly of gears allowing the rotational speed of an input shaft to be changed to a different speed. ...

Sister tanks

Two more combat versions of the Panzer I were designed and produced between 1939 and 1942. However, these tanks had nothing in common with either the Panzer I Ausf. A or the Ausf. B, except in name.^[31] One of the these, the Panzer I Ausf. C, was designed jointly between Krauss-Maffei and Daimler-Benz in 1939 for the purpose of having an amply armored and armed reconnaisance light tank.^[32] The Ausf. C boasted a completely new chassis and turret, a modern torsion-bar suspension and five interleaved roadwheels.^[33] This new tank also had a maximum thickness of 30 mm of steel plating, which was over twice as thick as either the Ausf. A or Ausf. B, and was armed with a 7.92 mm EW 141 machine gun.^[34] Forty of these tanks were produced^[35], along with six prototypes^[36]. Two tanks saw deployment to 1st Panzer Division in 1943, and the other thirty-eight were deployed to the LVIII Panzer Reserve Corps during the Normandy landings in 1944.^[37] Krauss-Maffei is an injection molding machine manufacturer based in Germany. ... |image= |caption=Assault landing One of the first waves at Omaha Beach. ...

The second vehicle, the Ausf. F, was as different from the Ausf. B as it was from the Ausf. C.^[38] Intended as an infantry support tank, the Panzer I Ausf. F fielded a maximum thickness of 80 mm and weighed between 18 and 21 tonnes.^[39] Thirty of these tanks were produced in 1940, although a second order of 100 vehicles was later canceled. In order to make-up for the increased weight a new 150 hp Maybach HL45 Otto engine was used, allowing a maximum road-speed of 25 km/h. Eight of thirty produced tanks were send to the 1st Panzer Division in 1943 and saw combat at the Battle of Kursk. The rest were given to several army schools for training and evaluation purposes.^[40] The Ausf. F tank was armed with two 7.92 mm MG-34s.^[41] Combatants Germany Soviet Union Commanders Erich von Manstein Hans von Kluge Hermann Hoth Walther Model Georgiy Zhukov Konstantin Rokossovskiy Nikolay Vatutin Ivan Konyev Strength 2,700 tanks 800,000 infantry, 2,000 aircraft 3,600 tanks 1,300,000 infantry, 2,400 aircraft Casualties German Kursk : 50,000 dead, wounded... The Maschinengewehr 34, or MG 34, was a German machine gun that was first produced and accepted for service in 1934, and first issued to units in 1935. ...

Spanish Civil War

On 18 July 1936, war broke out on the Iberian peninsula as Spain disolved into a state of civil war. After the initial uprising two sides began to consolidate themselves and form - the Popular front and the Spanish Nationalist front. Both sides almost immediately received support from various countries around the world, especially from the Soviet Union and Germany.^[42] The first shipment of foreign tanks arrived on 15 October and consisted of fifty T-26 light tanks from the Soviet Union.^[43] The shipment was under the surveillance of the German Navy and Germany immediately responded by sending forty-one Panzer Is to Spain a few days after.^[44] This first shipment was followed by four more shipments of Panzer I Ausf. B tanks^[45] , coming to the total of 122 vehicles.^[46] Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... This article is about the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... Popular Fronts comprise broad coalitions of political and other groups, often made up of oppositioners or left wingers, and often united against particularly stringent circumstances. ... The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ... General characteristics Length: 4. ... The Kriegsmarine (or War Navy) was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945, during the Nazi regime, superseding the Reichsmarine. ...

The first shipment of tanks were immediately consolidated under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ritter von Thoma in Gruppe Thoma, also referred to as Panzergruppe Drohne. Gruppe Thoma formed part of Gruppe Imker which referred to the ground formations of the German Condor Legion.^[47] Between July and October a rapid Nationalist advance from Sevilla to Toledo placed them in position to take Madrid, the capital of Spain.^[48] The rapid nationalist advance and the fall of the town of Illescas to Nationalist armies on 18 October 1936, caused the government of the Second Republic to flee to Barcelona and Valencia, including President Manuel Azaña.^[49] In an attempt to stem the tide and gain Madrid's defenses crucial time Soviet armor was deployed south of Madrid under the command of Colonel Krivoshein, before the end of October.^[50] Upon their arrival several T-26 tanks, under the command of Captain Paul Arman, were thrown into a counterattack directed towards the town of Torrejon de Velasco in an attempt to cut off the Nationalist's line of advance north - this was the first tank battle in the Spanish Civil War. Despite initial success, poor communication between Republican armor and infantry caused the isolation of Captain Arman's tanks and the subsequent destruction of a number of tanks. This battle also marked the first use of the molotov cocktail against tanks.^[51] Ritter von Thoma's Panzer Is found use only days later, on 30 October, and immediately experienced problems. As the Nationalist armor advanced it was engaged by the Commune de Paris battalion, armed with Soviet BA-10 armored cars. It was found that the 37mm anti-tank gun used by the BA-10 was more than sufficient to knock-out the poorly armored German Panzer I at ranges of over 500 m.^[52] Although initially the German Panzer I was able to knock-out Soviet T-26 tanks at ranges of up to 150 m using a special armor piercing 7.92mm bullet, Republican tanks began to engage at longer distances using their superior 45 mm tank gun.^[53] Hermann GÃ¶ring delivering an honour (likely to be the Spanienkreuz, Spanish Cross) to a member of the Legion Condor (April 1939) The Condor Legion was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the right wing Nationalists (i. ... Motto: De Madrid al Cielo (From Madrid to Heaven) Coordinates: Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad AutÃ³noma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-GallardÃ³n (PP) Area - Land 607 kmÂ² (234. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Anthem: El Himno de Riego The situation near the beginning of the Spanish Civil War Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic President of the Government - April 14, 1931-October 14, 1931 Niceto AlcalÃ¡-Zamora - May 17 1937-January 30 1939 Juan NegrÃn Legislature Congress of... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (Catalan) Ciudad Condal (Spanish) Postal code 08001â€“08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... // Valencia is the name of two large cities in different parts of the world: Spain: Valencia, capital of the Valencia Autonomous Community. ... Image:F manuel azana. ... Molotov cocktail is the generic name for a variety of crude incendiary weapons. ... Categories: | | ...

Although the Panzer I would partake in almost every major Nationalist offensive of the war, the Nationalist army began to deploy more and more captured T-26 tanks to offset the disadvantage in the quality of armor.^[57] At one point Ritter von Thoma offered up to 500 pesetas per T-26 captured.^[58] There was an attempted upgrade of the Panzer I in order to increase the tank's lethality. On 8 August 1937, Major General García Pallasar received a note from Generalísimo Francisco Franco which expressed the need for a Panzer I, or negrillo as known by their Spanish crews, armed with a 20 mm gun. Ultimately, the piece chosen was the 20 mm Breda mod. 1935 due to the simplicity of the design over competitors such as the German Flak 30. Furthermore, the 20 mm Breda was capable of perforating 40 mm of steel at 250 m, which was more than required to penetrate the front armor of rival T-26 tanks. Although originally forty Italian CV.35 light tanks were ordered with the original armament exchanged for the 20 mm Breda mod. 1935 this order was subsequently canceled after it was thought that the adaptation of the same gun to the Panzer I would yield better results. Prototypes were ready by September 1937 and an order was placed after successful results. The mounting of the Breda machine gun onto the Panzer I required the original turret to be opened at the top and then extended by a verticle supplement. Moreover, the diameter of the front plate of the turret had to be widened. Four of these tanks were finished at the Armament Factory of Sevilla, but further production was canceled as it was decided that sufficient numbers of Republican T-26 tanks had been captured in order to fulfill the Nationalist's leadership's request for more potent lethality on their tanks. This modification of the Panzer I was not particularly liked by German crews, as the unprotected gap in the turret, designed to allow the tank's commander to aim was found to be a dangerous weakpoint.^[59] A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ... The MG-13 (shortened from German Maschinengewehr 13) was a German general purpose machine gun obtained by rebuilding a World War 1 water-cooled machine gun into an air-cooled version. ... Grote Kerk (main church) or Onze Lieve Vrouwe Kerk (Church of Our Lady) Breda ( (helpÂ· info)) is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. ... km redirects here. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10-3 m and 10-2 m (1 mm and 1 cm). ... The peseta was the former currency of Spain and, along with the French franc, of Andorra until 1999 (de facto, 2002). ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo TeÃ³dulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892â€“20 November or possibly 19 November[1] 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco Bahamonde and commonly known as GeneralÃsimo Francisco Franco (pron. ... Flakvierling 38 20 mm AA gun at Muzeyon Heyl ha-Avir, Hatzerim airbase, Israel. ... The L3/35 was an Italian tankette that was developed along the lines of the British Carden-Loyd Mark VI and first appeared as the CV 29 (CV stod for Carro Veloce, fast tank) later built as the CV33 in 1933, but was retrofitted as the CV35 in 1935 and... This article is about the city in Spain. ...

In late 1938 another Panzer I was sent to the Armament Factory of Sevilla in order to adapt a 45 mm tank-gun, captured from either a Soviet T-26 or BT-5. A second Panzer was sent sometime later in order to exchange the original armament for a 37 mm Maklen anti-tank gun, which had been deployed to Asturias in late 1936 on the Soviet ship A. Andreiev. It remains unknown to what extent these trials and adaptations were completed, although it is safe to assume that neither adaptation was successful beyond the drawing board.^[60] The Bystrokhodniy Tank (Fast Tank), was a series of Soviet light tanks which were produced between 1932 and 1941. ... Anthem: Asturias, patria querida Capital Oviedo Official language(s) Spanish; Asturian have special status Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th 10,604 kmÂ² 2. ...

Tanks delivered to Spain

Hermann GÃ¶ring delivering an honour (likely to be the Spanienkreuz, Spanish Cross) to a member of the Legion Condor (April 1939) The Condor Legion was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the right wing Nationalists (i. ...

Second World War

During the initial campaigns of the Second World War Germany's light tanks, including the Panzer I, formed the bulk of its armor.^[62] In March 1938 the German Army marched into Austria, experiencing a breakdown rate of up to thirty percent.^[63] However, the experiences of the occupation of Austria allowed Guderian to realize several faults within the German armor corps and subsequently allowed him to improve the maintenance and fuel supply situation.^[64] In October 1938 German tanks occupied Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland, and then occupied the remainder of the country in March 1939. The capture of Czechoslovakia allowed several Czech tank designs, such as the Panzer 38(t), to be incoporated into the German Army. It also prepared German forces for the eventual invasion of Poland.^[65] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 559 pixel Image in higher resolution (1291 Ã— 902 pixel, file size: 125 KB, MIME type: image/png) Source: Perret, Bryan, German Light Panzers 1932-41; attributed, however, to U.S. National Archives. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 559 pixel Image in higher resolution (1291 Ã— 902 pixel, file size: 125 KB, MIME type: image/png) Source: Perret, Bryan, German Light Panzers 1932-41; attributed, however, to U.S. National Archives. ... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... Sudetenland (German; Sudety in Czech and Polish) was the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. ... The Panzer 38(t) was a Czechoslovakian tank used by Germany during World War II. (The Czechoslovak military designation was LT-38. ...

Poland and the campaign in the West

On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland using forty-two divisions, including six panzer divisions. Two days later France and Britain declared war on Germany. These six panzer divisions and four leichte (light) divisions were arrayed in five armies, forming two army groups.^[66] The battalion strength of the 1st Panzer Division contained no less than fourteen Panzer I tanks, while the other five divisions included thirty-four Panzer Is.^[67] A total of about 2,600 tanks were available for the invasion of Poland, but only 310 Panzer IIIs and Panzer IVs were available. Furthermore, 350 of these tanks were of Czech design - the rest were either Panzer Is or Panzer IIs.^[68] The invasion was swift and the last Polish pockets of resistance surrendered on 6 October.^[69] The entire campaign had lasted five weeks, and the success of Germany's tanks in the campaign was summed up in Guderian's response to Hitler on 5 September when Hitler asked if it had been the dive bombers who destroyed a Polish artillery regiment, "No, our panzers!"^[70] September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Combatants Poland Germany, Soviet Union, Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft, Total: 950... The Panzerkampfwagen III (PzKpfw III), more commonly referred to as the Panzer III, was a tank developed in the 1930s by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed to fight other AFVs, serving alongside the infantry-support Pzkpfw IV. It soon became obsolete in this role... The Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV), more commonly referred to as the Panzer IV, was a tank developed by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed initially as an infantry-support medium tank, to work in conjunction with the anti-tank Pzkpfw III. Later in the war... The Panzer II was a German tank used in World War II. Designed as a stopgap while other tanks were developed, it played an important role in the early years of World War II, during the Polish and French campaigns. ... September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy. ...

The Poles suffered around 750,000 casualties in the campaign, while the Germans had suffered around 40,000. However, around 650 tanks were lost during the campaign, two-thirds of which were never to return to service. This represented around a fourth of Germany's armor which campaigned in Poland.^[71] It should be noted that during the campaign no less than a fourth of Germany's tanks were unavailable due to maintenance issues or enemy action, and of all tanks the Panzer Is had proved the most vulnerable to Polish anti-tank weapons.^[72] Furthermore, it was found that the handling of armored forces during the campaign left much to be desired. During the beginning of Guderian's attack in northern Poland his corps was held back to to coordinate with infantry for quite a while, preventing a faster advance. It was only after Army Group South had its attention taken from Warsaw at the Battle of Bzura that Guderian's armor was fully unleashed. There were still lingering tendencies to reserve Germany's armor, even if in independent divisions, to cover an infantry advance or the flanks of advancing infantry armies.^[73] Although tank production was increased to 125 tanks per month after the Polish Campaign, losses forced the Germans to draw further strength from Czech tank designs, and the light tank continued to form the majority of Germany's armored strength.^[74]

Months later, Panzer Is would contribute towards the the invasion of Denmark and Norway.^[75] Despite its obsolesence the Panzer I also contributed to the invasion of France in May 1940. Of 2,574 tanks available for the campaign no less than 523 were Panzer Is. Furthermore, there were only 627 Panzer IIIs and IVs. At least a fifth of Germany's armor forces was composed of machine gun carriers, or Panzer Is, while almost four-fifths was composed of light tanks of one type or another, including 955 Panzer IIs, 106 Czech Panzer 35(t)s and 228 Panzer 38(t)s.^[76] For their defense the French could boast of up to 4,000 tanks, including 300 Char B1 heavy tanks, armed with a 47 mm gun in the turret and a larger 75 mm low velocity gun in the hull. The French also had around 250 Somua tanks, widely regarded as one of the best tanks in the world, armed with the same 47 mm main gun and protected by almost 55 mm of steel at its thickest point. Nevertheless, the French also deployed over 3,000 light tanks, including about 2,500 vintage FT-17 tanks.^[77] The one advantage German armor enjoyed of was the use of one-way radios which allowed German armor to coordinate faster than their British or French counterparts.^[78] Operation WeserÃ¼bung was the German codename for Nazi Germanys assault on Denmark and Norway during World War II and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign. ... Combatants France United Kingdom Canada Czechoslovakia Poland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Germany Italy Commanders Maurice Gamelin, Maxime Weygand (French) Lord Gort (British Expeditionary Force) H.G. Winkelman (Dutch) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Wilhelm von Leeb (Army Group C) H.R.H. Umberto di... The LT-35 or LT vz. ... The Renault FT-17 (Automitrailleuse à chenilles Renault FT modèle 1917) was the French light tank. ...

While the German invasion of Belgium began on May 9, 1940, only three days later the majority of Germany's armored divisions struck through the Ardennes forest in an effort to catch French defenses by surprise. General Rommel, in command of the 7th Panzer Division, was able to cross the Meuse River by 15 May, despite a French counterattack on that day. General Reinhardt was able to cross the river the day before, at the head of the XLI Panzerkorps. Guderian's XIX Panzerkorps crossed the same day, routing the French 55th Infantry Division and thwarting a poorly devised French armord counterstroke. By 15 May Guderian was able to destroy the French right-wing across the Meuse and prepare for the drive towards the English Channel.^[79] As soon as 25 May 1940, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force in France, Lord Gort, was told that the Germans had captured the coastal French city of Calais, effectively closing a large pocket around the crux of France's best soldiers and the entirety of the British Expeditionary Force.^[80] Despite the British counterstroke at Arras and tenacios defenses to the approaches of Dunkirk, as well as the evacuation of 98,780 soldiers from the beaches and 239,446 from Dunkirk prosper^[81], the surrender of Dunkirk on 4 June marked the beginning of the end for France.^[82] As the German Army turned south, to force upon France a decisive defeat, the French could not muster more than 200 tanks and forty-nine divisions, many of which were reserve class - the entire allied force had lost no less than sixty-one divisions between 9 May and 4 June.^[83] On 22 June 1940, France capituled to Germany and signed an armstice.^[84] May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... The Ardennes (pronounced ar-DEN) (Dutch: Ardennen) is a region of extensive forests and rolling hill country, primarily in Belgium and Luxembourg, but stretching into France (lending its name to the Ardennes dÃ©partement and the Champagne-Ardenne rÃ©gion). ... Rommel is the family name of Eddie Rommel baseball pitcher; Erwin Rommel (German Field Marshal), and his son Manfred Rommel (former Mayor of Stuttgart). ... The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht Meuse near Grave The Meuse (Dutch & German Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. ... May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... Ad Reinhardt Betty Reinhardt Django Reinhardt Ernie Reinhardt G. Frederick Reinhardt Johan Reinhardt John Reinhardt Max Reinhardt Max Reinhardt (theater director) Max Reinhardt (publisher) Sandra Reinhardt Names Reinhardt Heydrich Reinhardt Kristensen Reinhardt Schneider Operation Reinhardt See also Reinhard, Reinhart This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise... Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche (IPA: ), the sleeve) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the British army sent to France and Belgium in World War I and British Forces in Europe from 1939 - 1940 during World War II. The BEF was established by Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane following the Second Boer War in case the... Calais is a town in northern France, located at 50Â°57N 1Â°52E. It is in the dÃ©partement of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sous-prÃ©fecture. ... Arras (Dutch: ) is a town and commune in northern France, prÃ©fecture (capital) of the Pas-de-Calais dÃ©partement. ... For other uses of Dunkirk or Dunkerque, see Dunkirk (disambiguation). ... May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ...

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 540 pixel Image in higher resolution (1656 Ã— 1118 pixel, file size: 263 KB, MIME type: image/png) Source: Perret, Bryan, German Light Panzers 1932-41; attributed, however, to U.S. National Archives. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 540 pixel Image in higher resolution (1656 Ã— 1118 pixel, file size: 263 KB, MIME type: image/png) Source: Perret, Bryan, German Light Panzers 1932-41; attributed, however, to U.S. National Archives. ...

North Africa and campaigns in the East

Italian set-backs in Egypt and their colony of Libya caused Hitler to dispatch aircraft to Sicily, and a blocking force to North Africa. This blocking force was put under the command of Lieutenant General Erwin Rommel and included the 5th Light Division, which was motorized, and the 15th Panzer Division. This force landed at Tunis 12 February 1941.^[85] Upon arrival Rommel had around 150 tanks, about half of them being Panzer IIIs and IVs.^[86] The rest were Panzer Is and Panzer IIs, although the Panzer Is were soon replaced.^[87] Almost simultaneously, on 6 April 1941, Germany invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece with fourteen divisions alone invading Greece from neighboring Bulgaria, which by then had joined the Tripartite Pact.^[88] The invasion of Yugoslavia included no less than six panzer divisions^[89], and the Panzer I still constituted a part of those divisions.^[90] Yugoslavia surrendered 17 April 1941, and Greece fell on 30 April 1941.^[91] Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 kmÂ² (9,926 sq. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided by the formidable barrier of the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ) (15 November 1891 â€“ 14 October 1944) was one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname â€œThe Desert Foxâ€ (WÃ¼stenfuchs, ) for the skillful military campaigns he... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in Latin, ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° in Cyrillic, English: Land of the South Slavs) describes four political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... 1938 Axis powers Japanese propaganda postcard The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940 by Saburo Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, and Galeazzo Ciano of Fascist... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

The final major campaign in which the Panzer I formed a large portion of the invading armored strength was Operation Barbarossa, 22 June 1941. Of the 3,300 tanks which made up Germany's armor around 410 remained Panzer Is.^[92] By the end of the month a large portion of the Red Army found itself trapped in the Minsk pocket^[93], and by 21 September Kiev had fallen, thereby allowing the Germans to concentrate on their ultimate objective - Moscow.^[94] Despite the success of Germany's armor in the Soviet Union between June and September of that year most German officers were shocked to find that their tanks were inferior to newer Soviet models, such as the T-34 and KV series of tanks.^[95] Army Group North realized very quickly that none of the tank guns currently in use by German armor could penetrate the thick armor of the KV-1 heavy tank.^[96] This remained especially true for the obsolete Panzer Is. With little combat value by that time, Panzer Is found themselves towing trains through thick mud in order to avoid logistics problems at the front.^[97] The performance of the Red Army during the Battle of Moscow and the appearance of even greater numbers of newer Soviet tanks, such as the T-34, made it obvious that the Panzer I was no longer suitable for combat, and as a consequence many Panzer I tanks found themselves converted into tank surrogates or logistics vehicles.^[98] Combatants Nazi Germany Romania Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Benito Mussolini MiklÃ³s Horthy Jozef Tiso Joseph Stalin Strength ~3. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Red Army flag The Workers and Peasants Red Army (Russian: Ð Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ‡Ðµ-ÐšÑ€ÐµÑÑ‚ÑŒÑÐ½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐšÑ€Ð°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ, Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya; RKKA or usually simply the Red Army) were the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and that in 1922 became the army of the Soviet Union. ... The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank first produced in 1940. ... KV, kV, or kv may refer to: kilovolts, see volt Komi language ((ISO 639 alpha-2) Köchel Verzeichnis, a chronological catalogue of all the compositions of Mozart: see Ludwig von Köchel KV (Egypt), an acronym referring to tombs in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt the IATA... K. 1 is a designation given to two works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in the original Köchel Verzeichnis. ... Combatants Germany Soviet Union Commanders Fedor von Bock Georgi Zhukov Strength ~ 1,500,000 ~ 1,500,000 Casualties 250,000 700,000 The Battle of Moscow refers to the defense of the Soviet capital of Moscow and the subsequent counter-offensive against the German army, between October 1941 and January...

Foreign Service

Spain fielded the largest amount of Panzer I tanks, after Germany. A total of 122 had been exported to Spain during the entirety of the Spanish Civil War^[99] and even as late as 1945 Spain's Brunete Armored Division included 93 Panzer Is. The Panzer I was not fully replaced in Spain's army until the advent of aid from the United States of America in 1954, when they were replaced by the relatively modern M47 main battle tank.^[100] Between 1935 and 1936 an export version of the Panzer I Ausf. B, named the L.K.B. for Leichte Kampfwage B, was designed for export to Bulgaria. The modifications included up-gunning the Panzer I's main armament to a 20 mm tank gun and a Krupp M 311 V-8 gasoline engine. Although three models were constructed none were exported to Bulgaria, although a single Panzer I Ausf. A had been sold previously. In 1937 around ten Panzer I Ausf. As were sold to China during a period of Sino-German cooperation, which were used in the Battle of Nanjing by the 3rd Armored Battalion. A final order was supplied to Hungary in 1942, totalling eight Panzer I Ausf. Bs and six command versions, which was incorporated into the 1st Armored Division, which saw combat in late 1942.^[101] M47 or M-47 may be: M47 Patton tank Open Cluster M47, a Messier object and open cluster in the Puppis constellation BMW M47, an advanced BMW diesel engine This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The US M1A1 Abrams tank is a typical modern main battle tank. ... Sino-German cooperation played a great role in Chinese history of the early and mid 20th century. ... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Central China Theater Army Commanders Tang Shengzhi Matsui Iwane Strength 100,000 men 8 divisions Casualties ~50,000 military personnel, ~300,000 civilians minimal The Battle of Nanjing (Traditional Chinese: å—äº¬ä¿è¡›æˆ°; Simplified Chinese: å—äº¬ä¿å«æˆ˜; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Nan-ching Pao-wei Chan) began after the...

Variants

Between 1934 and the mid-1940s several variants of the Panzer I were designed. The majority of variants, especially tank surrogates, were designed during the later years of the Panzer I's combat history in an attempt to reuse aging chassis. Being an obsolete design, even early in its history, and incapable of defeating foreign armor such as the Soviet T-26 light tank, and outclassed by newer German tanks, including the Panzer III and Panzer II, Panzer I chassis were used increasingly often to mount larger guns in order to provide the German Army with tank destroyers, anti-aircraft vehicles and other surrogates.^[102] // Actually the first Panzer I vehicles to be built, 15 were completed by the various firms included in the program (Daimler-Benz, Henschel, Krupp, MAN, and Rheinmetall) to develop their industrial capacity and provide initial training vehicles to the Wehrmacht. ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) Translation: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Language(s) Russian (the de facto official language), 14 other official languages Government Socialist republic Leaders - 1922-1924 Vladimir Lenin - 1924-1953 Joseph Stalin... General characteristics Length: 4. ... Soldiers from U.S. 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment provide overwatch for other troops with their M1 Abrams main battle tank in Biaj, Iraq. ... The Panzerkampfwagen III (PzKpfw III), more commonly referred to as the Panzer III, was a tank developed in the 1930s by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed to fight other AFVs, serving alongside the infantry-support Pzkpfw IV. It soon became obsolete in this role... The Panzer II was a German tank used in World War II. Designed as a stopgap while other tanks were developed, it played an important role in the early years of World War II, during the Polish and French campaigns. ... A self-propelled anti-tank gun, or tank destroyer, is a type of armoured fighting vehicle. ... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging military aircraft in combat from the ground. ...

Notes

^ Nomenclature see: Gander, Tanks and Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p.10
^ Franco, La Brunete: Primera Parte, p. 31
^ Franco, El Tanque de la Guerra Civil Española, p. 75
^ See: Panzer I#Second World War
^ Guderian, Achtung-Panzer!, p. 133
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 6-7
^ Perett, German Light Panzers: 1932-42, p.4
^ Franco, Panzer I: El Inicio de una Saga, p.3
^ Franco, Panzer I: El Inicio de una Sage, p.3; Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 7
^ Franco, Panzer I: El Inicio de una Saga, p. 3
^ See: Achtung-Panzer!, first released in 1937 in German.
^ Guderian, Achtung-Panzer!, pp. 169-170 for a detailed look into Guderian's theories.
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 9
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 31
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 4
^ Franco, Panzer II, p.4-5
^ Perett, German Light Panzers, p. 4
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 5-6
^ Franco, Panzer I, p.6
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 10
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p.5-6
^ Specifically, there was an eight clip bin in the turret, and four bins in the hull containing 8, 20, 6 and 19 clips, respectively. For more information see: Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 6
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 10
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 6
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 11
^ Franco, Panzer I, pp. 21-21; tensioner refers to the idler wheel.
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 22
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 6
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 11
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 34
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 14
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 6
^ Franco, Panzer I, pp. 37-38
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 6 Both Franco and Perrett mention that the EW 141 cannon was 20mm, although Gander mentions a caliber of 7.92 mm. No published image of the Ausf. C in any of these books showcases a 20 mm gun, however. There is a [1] regarding the EW 141 on Axis History Forum.
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 37
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 14
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 38
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, pp. 14-15
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, pp. 6-7. Perrett claims a weight of 18 tonnes, although Franco claims 21.
^ Franco, Panzer I, pp. 38-39
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 14; although this is similar to the armament of earlier Ausf. A and Ausf. B tanks, these two were armed with MG-13s, not the modern MG-34
^ Candil, Soviet Armor in Spain: Aid Mission to Republicans Tested Doctrine and Equipment.
^ Candil, Soviet Armor in Spain, p. 32; for reference, Wikipedia's T-26 article includes a table of every shipment of T-26Bs to Spain throughout the entirety of the war.
^ 38 Panzer I Ausf. A and 3 Panzerbefehlswagen I Ausf. B command vehicles. García, Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española, p. 308
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 46
^ García, Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española, p. 311; Perrett offers the total number of 180, but then contradicts himself by later stating that only 100 vehicles were sent. 122 is the correct number, as referenced in Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española.
^ Ramos, Le Legión Cóndor en la Guerra Civil, p. 96
^ Beevor, The Spanish Civil War, pp. 97-104
^ Moa, Los Mitos de la Guerra Civil, p. 323.
^ Candil, Soviet Armor in Spain, p. 32
^ Daley, Soviet and German Advisors Put Doctrine to the Test, pp. 33-34
^ Daley, Soviet and German Advisors Put Doctrine to the Test, p. 35
^ Candil, Soviet Armor in Spain, p. 36
^ Franco, Lucas Molina (2005). Panzer I: El inicio de una saga (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: AF Editores, 613. ISBN 84-96016-52-8.
^ Franco, Lucas M. (2006). "El Tanque de la Guerra Civil Española" in Historia de la Iberia Vieja, No. 13. ISSN 1699-7913
^ L3/33 (CV 33), WWII Vehicles
^ García, Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española, pp. 327-328
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 34
^ Franco, Panzer I, pp. 47-49
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 50
^ García, José María; Lucas Molina Franco (2006). Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española (in Spanish). 28002 Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros, 613. ISBN 84-9734-475-8.
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 51
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, pp. 35-37
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 42
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, pp.42-43
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 51
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, pp. 37
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 50-51
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, pp. 59
^ Guderian, Panzer Leader, p. 73
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, pp. 59
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 60
^ Cooper, The German Army, p. 176
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 61
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 18
^ Guderian, Panzer Leader, p. 472
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 72
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 73
^ Powaski, Lightning War, pp. 107-158
^ Deighton, Blitzkrieg, p. 258
^ Powaski, Lightning War, p. 346
^ Powaski, Lightning War, pp. 344-345
^ Deighton, Blitzkrieg, p. 266
^ Powaski, Lightning War, pp. 349-350
^ Latimer, Alamein, pp. 27-28
^ Bierman, The Battle of Alamein, p.67
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, pp. 43-44
^ Porch, The Path to Victory, p. 149
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 94
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 44,
^ Porch, The Path to Victory, p. 159
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 99; 750 were Panzer IIs, 150 Pz. 35(ts), 625 Pz. 38(t), 965 Pz. IIIs and 440 Pz. IVs.
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 103
^ Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 29
^ McCarthy, Panzerkrieg, p. 103
^ Raus, p. 34,
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 45
^ Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 45
^ García, Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española, p. 311
^ Franco, La Brunete: Primera Parte, p. 31
^ Franco, Panzer I, p. 64
^ Gander, Tanks & Armour: PanzerKampfwagen I & II, p. 62

The Panzerkampfwagen I, or Sonderkraftfahrzeug (SdKfz) 191, abbreviated PzKpfw I and more commonly referred to as the Panzer I, was a light tank produced by Germany in the 1930s. ... The MG-13 (shortened from German Maschinengewehr 13) was a German general purpose machine gun obtained by rebuilding a World War 1 water-cooled machine gun into an air-cooled version. ... The Maschinengewehr 34, or MG 34, was a German machine gun that was first produced and accepted for service in 1934, and first issued to units in 1935. ... General characteristics Length: 4. ...

References

Categories: Light tanks | World War II German tanks | Inter-war tanks Tanks Panzer I The Panzer I wasnt intended as a combat vehicle, but more to familiarise industry and the army with tanks. ... The Panzer II was a German tank used in World War II. Designed as a stopgap while other tanks were developed, it played an important role in the early years of World War II, during the Polish and French campaigns. ... The Panzerkampfwagen III (PzKpfw III), more commonly referred to as the Panzer III, was a tank developed in the 1930s by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed to fight other AFVs, serving alongside the infantry-support Pzkpfw IV. It soon became obsolete in this role... The Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV), more commonly referred to as the Panzer IV, was a tank developed by Germany and used extensively in World War II. It was designed initially as an infantry-support medium tank, to work in conjunction with the anti-tank Pzkpfw III. Later in the war... The Panther ( ) was a tank fielded by Germany in World War II that served from mid-1943 to the end of the European war in 1945. ... The Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. ... The Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. ... The LT-35 or LT vz. ... The Panzer 38(t) was a Czechoslovakian tank used by Germany during World War II. (The Czechoslovak military designation was LT-38. ... A U.S. M109A6 Paladin self-propelled howitzer Self-propelled artillery (also called mobile artillery or locomotive artillery) vehicles are a way of giving mobility to artillery. ... The Wespe (German for wasp) was a German self-propelled artillery vehicle during World War II based on the Panzer II tank. ... The Hummel (‘Bumble Bee’) was a self-propelled artillery unit based on the Geschutzwagen III/IV chassis, armed with a 150 mm howitzer. ... The Grille series of self propelled artillery vehicles were used by Germany during World War II. The Grille series was based on the Czech Panzer 38(t) tank and used a 15 cm sIG 33 infantry gun. ... Panzerwerfer alias Maultier Panzerwerfer is the name for two different types of half-tracked multiple rocket launchers employed by Germany during the Second World War. ... The sIG 33 (schwere InfanterieGeschÃ¼tz 33) was a German 150 mm close support gun used in the Second World War. ... The Wurfrahmen 40 was a German World War II artillery unit. ... German StuG III with high-velocity 75 mm gun, 1943 An assault gun is a gun or howitzer mounted on a motor vehicle or armored chassis, designed for use in the direct fire role in support of infantry when attacking other infantry or fortified positions. ... The SturmgeschÃ¼tz III (StuG III) assault gun was Germanys most produced armored fighting vehicle during World War II. It was built on the chassis of the Panzer III tank. ... The SturmgeschÃ¼tz IV (SdKfz 167) was a German amoured fighting vehicle of the Second World War. ... The SturmgeschÃ¼tz III (StuG III) assault gun was Germanys most produced armored fighting vehicle during World War II. It was built on the chassis of the Panzer III tank. ... General characteristics Length 5. ... The Tiger-MÃ¶rser, 38 cm RW61 auf Sturm(panzer)mÃ¶rser Tiger, or SturmmÃ¶rser Tiger, more commonly known as the Sturmtiger or Sturmpanzer VI, was a World War II German assault gun built on the Panzer VI Tiger I chassis armed with a large naval mortar, the 38cm... A self-propelled anti-tank gun, or tank destroyer, is a type of armoured fighting vehicle. ... The first of many tank destroyers, the PanzerjÃ¤ger I (tank hunter I) was based on the chassis of the Panzer I ausf B and was armed with the Skoda 47 mm Pak L/43 anti-tank gun. ... Marder I on Tracteur Blinde 37L chassis The Marder I was a German World War II tank destroyer, armed with a 75 mm anti tank gun. ... The Marder II was a tank destroyer based on the panzer II chassis. ... Marder III Ausf. ... Polish-seized Hetzer on a baricade during the Warsaw Uprising Based on the Czech Panzer 38(t) chassis Jagdpanzer 38(t) Hetzer was an excellent tank destroyer: it was better armoured than the earlier Panzerjäger (60 mm sloped armour at 60 degrees, giving a equivalence of about 180 mm... Jagdpanzer IV/48 Jagdpanzer IV/70 (V) Jagdpanzer IV/70 (A) Prototype The Jagdpanzer IV, Sd. ... The Jagdpanther (Hunting Panther) was a tank destroyer built by Germany during World War II based on the chassis of the Panther tank. ... Nashorn (Ger. ... The Jagdtiger (SdKfz 186) (Ger. ... The PanzerjÃ¤ger Tiger (P) Elefant (Sd. ... M3 Half-track A half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels on the front for steering, and caterpillar tracks on the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load. ... Polish armoured car Korfanty in 1920. ... The SdKfz 4 Gleissketten-Lastkraftwagen (track chain truck) or Maultier was a family of halftracks developed in the The Second World War by Germany which, between 1933 and 1945, was the leader in production of these vehicles [1]. The SdKfz 4 was developed after the 1941 invasion of Russia as... In World War II, the SdKfz 6 was a large half track for towing artillery pieces. ... The SdKfz 7 is a half-track military vehicle used by the German Army in WWII. SdKfz 7 Development of the SdKfz 7 can be traced back to a 1934 requirement for an eight-tonne (7. ... The SdKfz 10 was a German half-track that saw limited use in World War II, it could carry eight infantry and tow anti-tank guns. ... The SdKfz 11 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug 11) is a half-track military vehicle used by the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War. ... The SdKfz 250 was an armoured half track, similar in appearance to the larger Sdkfz 251, used by Nazi Germany in World War II. The 250 had 4 roadwheel axles, compared to 6 for the 251. ... Sd. ... The SdKfz 252 leichte Gepanzerte Munitionskraftwagen was an Axis powers armoured ammunition half-track used in France in 1940. ... SdKfz 253 leichter Gepanzerter Beobachtungskraftwagen was a German light observation vehicle that was used by artillery forward observers to accompany tank and mechanized infantry units. ... The Sdkfz 254 was a german fully tracked scout car during WWII From 1936, the RK-7 was developed by Saurer as an artillery tractor for the Austrian army. ... The Leichter PanzerspÃ¤hwagen (roughly Light Amoured Reconnaissance Vehicle) were a series of light 4 x 4 armoured cars produced by Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1944. ... The term Schwere PanzerspÃ¤hwagen (Heavy Armoured Vehicle), covers the 6 and 8 wheel armoured cars Germany used in World War II. In the German Army, armoured cars were intended for the vital role of reconnaissance, scouting ahead of the Panzer tank units to assess enemy strength and intentions. ... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft, or air defense, is any method of combating military aircraft from the ground. ... The Flakpanzer IV (Sd. ... Wirbelwind at CFB Borden Wirbelwind at CFB Borden The Flakpanzer IV Wirbelwind (Whirlwind in German) was an anti-aircraft vehicle based on the Panzer IV. It was developed in 1944 as a successor to the earlier AA tank MÃ¶belwagen. ... The Flakpanzer IV Kugelblitz was a German anti-aircraft (AA) tank from World War II, which was still at the prototype stage at the end of the war. ... History The Flakpanzer (shortened from Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer) 38(t) was designed around the chassis of the Czech-built LT-38 tracked vehicle and was first built in 1943, entering limited service in 1944. ... The Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus (Sd. ... The Entwicklung series, more commonly known as the E- series, was a late-World War II attempt by Germany to produce a standarised series of tank designs. ... The Panther ( ) was a tank fielded by Germany in World War II that served from mid-1943 to the end of the European war in 1945. ... The German Neubaufahrzeug series of tank prototypes were a first attempt to create a heavy tank for the Wehrmacht after Adolf Hitler had come to power. ... The German Panzerkampfwagen VII LÃ¶we (Lion) was a WW II design by Krupp to give the Germans a superheavy tank. ... The Panzerkampfwagen IX and Panzerkampfwagen X were theoretical projects using the latest developments of Panzerkapfwagen Armors, intended to enter in action in 1946-47. ... The Panzerkampfwagen IX and Panzerkampfwagen X were theoretical projects using the latest developments of Panzerkapfwagen Armors, intended to enter in action in 1946-47. ... The Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte (Rat) was to have been an extremely large tank for use by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was designed in 1942 by Krupp with the approval of Adolf Hitler, but the project was canceled by Albert Speer in early 1943 and none were... The Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster was a preprototype ultraheavy tank meant as a mobile platform for the Krupp 800mm Schwerer Gustav artillery piece. ... This article lists German AFV production during World War II. Where figures for production in 1939 are given, they refer to September 1939 onwards; that is, they only count wartime production. ...

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