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Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which the target cell is close to ("para" = alongside of or next to, but this strict prefix definition is not meticulously followed here) the signal releasing cell. Cell signaling is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions. ...
Look up para in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The signal chemical is called the paracrine agent.
The distinction is sometimes made between paracrine and autocrine signaling. In both types of signalling, the signal is limited to other cells in the local area. However, paracrine signalling affects cells of a different type than the cell performing the secretion, while autocrine signaling affects cells of the same type. Autocrine signalling is a form of signalling in which the target cell is the secretory cell itself. ...
Reasons for degradation
Sometimes, the reason that the effects are limited to a local area is because the signal chemical is broken down too quickly to be carried to other parts of the body.
Alternatively, the signal may only reach nearby cells for one of the following reasons:
- (1) the nearby cells take up the signal at a very high rate, leaving little signal free to travel further.
- (2) the signal gets stuck in the extracellular-matrix, or structure surrounding the signal releasing cell, and thus the signal is unable to travel far from the signal releasing cell.
In biology, extracellular matrix (ECM) is any material part of a tissue that is not part of any cell. ...
Examples Examples of paracrine signaling agents include growth factor and clotting factors. Growth factor signalling plays an important role in many aspects of development. Growth factor is a protein that acts as a signaling molecule between cells (like cytokines and hormones) that attaches to specific receptors on the surface of a target cell and promotes differentiation and maturation of these cells. ...
Coagulation is the thickening or congealing of any liquid into solid clots. ...
In mature organisms paracrine signaling functions include responses to allergens, repairs to damaged tissue, formation of scar tissue, and clotting. An allergen is any substance (antigen), most often eaten or inhaled, that is recognized by the immune system and causes an allergic reaction. ...
Scar Tissue is the Red Hot Chili Peppers first single from their album Californication. ...
Coagulation is the thickening or congealing of any liquid into solid clots. ...
Overproduction of some paracrine growth factors has been linked to the development of cancer. Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...
Other examples of paracrine agents are somatostatin and histamine. Somatostatin is a hormone. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Autocrine and endocrine actions Some paracrine agents also have autocrine or endocrine actions as well. Autocrine signalling is a form of signalling in which the target cell is the secretory cell itself. ...
For example, testosterone secreted from the testes acts in an endocrine manner to stimulate peripheral events (e.g. muscle growth), and in a paracrine manner to stimulate spermatogenesis in the adjacent seminiferous tubules. Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ...
Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ...
See also This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
External links Key concepts: Ligand - Receptor (Transmembrane, Intracellular) - Transcription factor (General, Preinitiation complex, TFIID, TFIIH) - Cell signaling networks - Signal transduction - Adaptor protein - Apoptosis - Second messenger system (Ca2+ signaling, Lipid signaling) Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ...
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GPnotebook is a British medical database for general practitioners (GPs. ...
Cell physiology is the study of its mechanism and interaction in its environment. ...
Cell signaling is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with ligand. ...
In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ...
Transmembrane receptors are integral membrane proteins, which reside and operate typically within a cells plasma membrane, but also in the membranes of some subcellular compartments and organelles. ...
Intracellular receptors or nuclear receptors are a class of receptor located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane. ...
In molecular biology, a transcription factor is a protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription. ...
General transcription factors (GTFs) are proteins which have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
Transcription Factor II D (TFIID) is one of several basal transcription factors, all which are involved in the assembly of the basal apparatus of RNA polymerase II. TFIID is itself composed of several subunits called TAFs (of which there are 14) and the TATA Binding Protein (TBP) of which only...
TFIIH is a general transcription factor which includes ERCC2 and XPB. MeSH Transcription+Factor+TFIIH Cell physiology: cell signaling Key concepts: Ligand - Receptor (Transmembrane, Intracellular) - Transcription factor (General, Preinitiation complex, TFIID, TFIIH) - Cell signaling networks - Signal transduction - Adaptor protein - Apoptosis - Second messenger system (Ca2+ signaling, Lipid signaling) Paracrine - Autocrine - Juxtacrine...
Cell signaling pathways interact with one another to form networks in natural systems. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
An adaptor protein is a protein which is accessory to main proteins in signal transduction. ...
A cell undergoing apoptosis. ...
In cell physiology, a secondary messenger system (also known as a second messenger system) is a method of cellular signalling where the signalling molecule does not enter the cell, but rather utilizes a cascade of events that transduces the signal into a cellular change. ...
Calcium ions act as second messengers in signal transduction. ...
Lipid signaling refers to a number of cellular signal transduction pathways that use cell membrane lipids as second messengers. ...
Paracrine - Autocrine - Juxtacrine - Neurotransmitters - Endocrine (Neuroendocrine) Autocrine signaling is a form of signalling in which a cell secretes a chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that signals the same cell. ...
In biology, juxtacrine signalling is a type of intercellular communication which is transmitted via oligosaccharide, lipid or protein components of a cell membrane and may affect either the emitting cell or immediately adjacent cells. ...
Chemical structure of D-Aspartic Acid, a common Amino Acid neurotransmitter. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
redirect Template:Db-reason synaptophysin ...
Signaling proteins
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