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Most modern mothballs contain para-dichlorobenzene, also called p-dichlorobenzene or 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, a chemical used to control moths, molds, and mildew, and to deodorize restrooms and waste containers. It is also called para-DCB or p-DCB. Other names include Paramoth, Para crystals, and Paracide reflecting its widespread use as a pesticide to kill moths. p-DCB is now often used instead of naphthalene as a mothball substituent. Mothballs are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant used when storing clothing and other articles susceptible to damage from mold or moth larvae. ...
A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ...
Moldy cream cheese Molds, or moulds, are various fungi that cover surfaces as fluffy mycelium and usually produce masses of asexual, sometimes sexual spores. ...
Mildew is a grey, mold-like growth, caused by one of two types of microorganism. ...
An airplane spreading pesticide. ...
A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ...
Naphthalene (also known as naphthalin, naphthaline, tar camphor, white tar, albocarbon, or naphthene) is a crystalline white solid hydrocarbon with a typical mothball odor. ...
 At room temperature, p-DCB is a white solid with a strong, pungent odor. It is a aromatic chemical compound having the chemical formula C6H4Cl2. Its molecule has two chlorine atoms substituted onto a benzene ring. When exposed to air, it slowly sublimates from a solid to a vapor. It is the vapor that acts as a deodorizer or insect killer. Most people recognize the odor as the smell of mothballs, and can smell p-DCB in the air at very low levels. Most p-DCB in our environment comes from its use in moth repellent products and in toilet deodorizer blocks.
p-DCB is also used as a precursor in the production of the polymer poly(p-phenylene sulfide). Image File history File links Paradichlorobenzene. ...
Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. ...
A solid is a phase of matter, characterized by resistance to deformation and changes of volume. ...
Odor receptors on the antennae of a Luna moth An odor (American English) or odour (Commonwealth English) is the object of perception of the sense of olfaction. ...
In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ...
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A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ...
Benzene, C6H6, PhH, or benzol is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet smell. ...
Sublimation of an element or substance is a conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of matter, with no intermediate liquid stage. ...
Poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is a conducting polymer of the semi-flexible rod polymer family. ...
In air, it breaks down to harmless products in about a month. It does not dissolve easily in water, and is not easily broken down by soil organisms. It evaporates easily from water and soil, so most is found in the air. It is taken up and retained by plants and fish. For the connotation of the term relating to chemistry, see Solvation. ...
Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. ...
There is no evidence that moderate use of common household products that contain p-DCB will result in harmful effects to human health. Harmful effects, however, may occur from high exposures. Very high usage of p-DCB products in the home can result in dizziness, headaches, and liver problems. Some of the patients who developed these symptoms had been using the products for months or even years after they first began to feel ill. Dizziness (Latin: Vertigo) is the sensation of instability. ...
A headache (medically known as cephalalgia) is a condition of mild to severe pain in the head; sometimes upper back or neck pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ...
The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ...
Workers breathing high levels of p-DCB (1,000 times more than levels in deodorized rooms) have reported painful irritation of the nose and eyes. There are cases of people who have eaten p-DCB products regularly for months to years because of its sweet taste. These people had skin blotches and lower numbers of red blood cells. Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ...
The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that p-DCB may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. There is no direct evidence that p-DCB can cause cancer in humans. However, animals given very high levels in water developed liver and kidney tumors. The United States Department of Health and Human Services, often abbreviated HHS, is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. ...
In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. ...
When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ...
The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
See the article about cancer for the main article about malignant tumors. ...
Children are exposed to p-DCB in many of the same ways that adults are. Children may be at higher risk, due to accidental exposures such as swallowing p-DCB used in the home in mothballs or toilet bowl deoderant blocks. There is very little information on how children react to p-DCB exposure, but children would probably show the same effects as adults.
No studies in people or animals show that p-DCB crosses the placenta or can be found in fetal tissues. Based on other similar chemicals, it is possible that this could occur. There is no credible evidence that p-DCB causes birth defects. One study found dichlorobenzenes in breast milk, but p-DCB has not been specifically measured. Human placenta shown a few minutes after birth. ...
시발 놈 ...
Breast milk usually refers to the milk produced by a human female which is usually fed to infants by breastfeeding. ...
Children should not be allowed to play with or drink toilet bowl water because it may contain p-DCB. Do not let children rub mothballs or cleaners containing p-DCB on their skin. Pesticides, bathroom deodorizers, and mothballs containg p-DCB should be stored out of reach of young children. Always store household chemicals in their original containers. Never store them in containers children would find attractive to eat or drink from, such as old soda bottles. Household chemicals are chemicals that are commonly found and used in and around the average household. ...
Tests are available to measure exposure to p-DCB. The most common test measures a breakdown product of p-DCB called 2,5-dichlorophenol in urine and blood. If there is 2,5-dichlorophenol in the urine, it indicates that the person was exposed to p-DCB within the previous day or two. The test that measures p-DCB in your blood is less common. Urine is liquid waste excreted by the kidneys and eventually expelled from the body in a process known as urination. ...
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ...
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a maximum contaminant level of 75 micrograms of p-DCB per liter of drinking water (75 μg/L). EPA redirects here. ...
Drinking water is water that is intended to be drunk by humans. ...
p-DCB is also an EPA-registered pesticide. Manufacturers must provide certain information to EPA for it to be used as a pesticide.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a maximum level of 75 parts of p-DCB per million parts air in the workplace (75 ppm) for an 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, signed by President Richard M. Nixon, Republican, on December 29, 1970. ...
The workweek, literally, refers to the period of time that an individual spends at paid occupational labor. ...
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MOLECULAR FORMULA: C6 H4 Cl2 (3) MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 147 (14) PHYSICAL STATE: Colorless solid (14) ODOR: Mothball-like odor (14) MELTING POINT: 53 C (127 F) (14) BOILING POINT: 174 C (345 F)/760 mm Hg (14) VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.4 mm Hg at 20 C (68 F) (14); volatile-sublimes readily (3). SOLUBILITY: 0.008 g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F) (14).
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