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Plutarch in Greek

Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans is a series of biographies of famous men, arranged in tandem to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings. The surviving Parallel Lives, as they are more properly and commonly known, contain twenty-three pairs of biographies, each pair consisting of one Greek and one Roman, as well as four unpaired, single lives. It is a work of considerable importance, not only as a source of information about the individuals biographized, but also about the times in which they lived. Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (c. ... // Today, films and television programs surrounding the lives of famous people are a major part of the entertainment industry. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

As he explains in the first paragraph of his Life of Alexander, Plutarch was not concerned with writing histories, as such, but in exploring the influence of character—good or bad—on the lives and destinies of famous men. The first pair of Lives—the Epaminondas-Scipio Africanus—no longer exists, and many of the remaining lives are truncated, contain obvious lacunae and/or have been tampered with by later writers. For information about the modern board game of the same name, see Epaminondas (game). ... Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (Latin: P·CORNELIVS·P·F·L·N·SCIPIO·AFRICANVS¹) (235–183 BC) was a general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic. ... A lacuna is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, or a musical work. ...

His Life of Alexander is one of the five surviving secondary or tertiary sources about Alexander the Great and it includes anecdotes and descriptions of incidents that appear in no other source. Likewise, his portrait of Numa Pompilius, an early Roman king, also contains unique information about the early Roman calendar. Secondary sources is a term used in historical scholarship to refer to works of history written as synthetic accounts, based on primary sources and usually the consultation of other secondary sources. ... Where a primary source presents material from a first-hand witness to a phenomenon, and a secondary source provides commentary, analysis and criticism of primary sources, a tertiary source is a selection and compilation of primary and secondary sources. ... Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC–June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), was one of, if not the most successful military commanders in history. ... According to legend, Numa Pompilius was the second of the Kings of Rome, succeeding Romulus. ... The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. ...

Biographies

Plutarch structured his Lives by alternating lives of famous Greeks ("Grecians") with those of famous Romans. After such a set of two (and one set of four) lives he generally writes out a comparison of the preceding biographies.

In the table below there are links to several on-line versions of Plutarch's Lives^[1]; see also "Other links" section below.

D

Dryden is famous for having lent his name as editor-in-chief to the first complete English translation of Plutarch's Lives. This 17th century translation is available at The MIT Internet Classics Archive. In the table below, the external links marked D deep link to the individual biographies (and comparisons) as provided by that website. John Dryden John Dryden (August 9, 1631 – May 12, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known as the Age of Dryden. ...

G

Project Gutenberg contains several versions of 19th century translations of these Lives, see: http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=342 and http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14114 Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ...

The full text version (TXT) of such a translation is available at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/674 Look up txt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

As far as HTML editions of these translations are available at the Gutenberg website, the external links marked G in the table below deep link to the relevant section of these Gutenberg webpages. In computing, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. ...

L

The LacusCurtius website has the Loeb translation (published 1914‑1926) of several works of Plutarch, amongst which the Lives of all Romans (and a few Greeks), see http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/home.html // Onomastics about the words, place- & human-names that forms Löb-, Loeb-, etc: Etymology See Onomastics in Judaism, List of Jewish surnames. ...

As far as available these translations are linked with L in the table below.

P

Also the Perseus Project has several of the Lives, see: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco-Roman.html The Perseus Project is a digital library project of Tufts University that assembles digital collections of humanities resources. ...

The Lives available on the Perseus website are in Greek and English according to the Bernadotte Perrin edition; and/or in English according to an abbreviated version of the Thomas North translations^[2]. This last edition concentrates on those of the Lives Shakespeare based his plays upon: Thomas North's translation of most of the Lives, based on a French version published in the 16th century, preceded Dryden's translation mentioned above. Sir Thomas North (1535? - 1601?), English translator of Plutarch, second son of the 1st Baron North, was born about 1535. ... William Shakespeare—born April 1564; baptised April 26, 1564; died April 23, 1616 (O.S.), May 3, 1616 (N.S.)—has a reputation as the greatest of all writers in English. ...

These Perseus editions are marked by P.

Notes

1. ↑  The last line of the table contains the four "unpaired" lives, as mentioned above.
2. ↑  The Perseus project also contains a biography of Caesar Augustus appearing in the North translation, but not coming from Plutarch's Parallel Lives: P
3. ↑  Though the majority of the Parallel Lives were written with the Greek hero (or heroes) placed in the first position followed by the Roman hero, there are three sets of Lives where this order is reversed : Aemilius Paulus-Timoleon, Coriolanus-Alcibiades and Sertorius-Eumenes.
4. ↑  Here pdf it is also available an excerpt of the Penguin edition (section 16, on the Battle of Granicus).
5. ↑  At the time of composing this table there appears some confusion in the internal linking of the Perseus webpages, responsible for this split in two references.

Theseus (Geek ) was a legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered by Aegeus and Poseidon, with whom Aethra lay in one night. ... In Ancient Greece and/or Greek mythology, the name Lycurgus/Lykurgus can refer to: An alternate name for Lycomedes. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Themistocles (ca. ... Pericles or Perikles (c. ... Alcibiades Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (also Alkibiades) (Greek: Αλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης)¹ (c. ... Timoleon (c. ... Pelopidas (d. ... Aristides (530 BC–468 BC) was an Athenian statesman, nicknamed the Just. He was the son of Lysimachus, and a member of a family of moderate fortune. ... Philopoemen (253-184 B.C.), Greek general, was born at Megalopolis, and educated by the academic philosophers Ecdemus and Demophanes or Megalophanes, who had distinguished themselves as champions of freedom. ... Pyrrhus of Epirus Pyrrhus (312-272 BC) (Greek: Πυρρος; Latin Pyrrhus) (Latin pronunciation: «PIHR uhs»), king of the Molossians (from ca. ... Lysander (d. ... This article or section should include material fromKimon Cimon (died 450 BC?) was a major figure of the 470s BC and 460s BC in Athens, and the son of Miltiades. ... Nicias (d. ... Eumenes of Cardia (c. ... Agesilaus II, or Agesilaos II, king of Sparta, of the Eurypontid family, was the son of Archidamus II and Eupolia, and younger step-brother of Agis II, whom he succeeded about 401 BC. Agis had, indeed, a son Leotychides, but he was set aside as illegitimate, current rumour representing him... Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC–June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), was one of, if not the most successful military commanders in history. ... Phocion (c402 - c318 BC), Athenian statesman and general, was born the son of a small manufacturer. ... Son of Eudamidas II., of the Eurypontid family, commonly called Agis IV. He succeeded his father probably in 245 BC, in his twentieth year. ... Cleomenes III was the son of Leonidas II. He became King of Sparta in 235 BC. He continued the reforms of Agis IV. Less squeamish than his predecessor, in 227 BC the opposition in Sparta were removed in a coup - four of the five ephors were killed and eighty opponents... Demosthenes (384–322 BC, Greek: Δημοσθένης) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. ... Demetrius I (337-283 BC), surnamed Poliorcetes (Besieger), son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Stratonice, was a king of Macedon (294 - 288 BC). ... Dion (408-354 BC), tyrant of Syracuse in Sicily, was the son of Hipparinus, and brother-in-law of Dionysius of Syracuse. ... Aratus (271 BC - 213 BC) was a tyrant of the ancient Greek city-state of Sicyon in the 3rd century BC. He deposed Nicocles in 251 BC. Aratus was a supporter of Greek unity and promoted the ideas of the Achæan League. ... Artaxerxes II (c. ... Romulus may refer to any of these articles: Romulus is a mythical founder of Rome, brother of Remus. ... According to legend, Numa Pompilius was the second of the Kings of Rome, succeeding Romulus. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... The name Camillus has multiple uses Ancient Rome In ancient Rome, a camillus (fem. ... Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (c. ... Gaius Marcius Coriolanus is widely believed to be a legendary figure who is said to have lived during the 5th century BC. He was given the agnomen Coriolanus as a result of his action in capturing the Volscian town of Corioli in 493 BC. Venturia at the Feet of Coriolanus... Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (229 BC-160 BC) was a Roman general and politician. ... Marcus Claudius Marcellus (c. ... A statue of Cato the Younger. ... Titus Quinctius Flamininus (c. ... Gaius Marius Gaius Marius (Latin: C·MARIVS·C·F·C·N)[1] (157 BC — January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and politician elected Consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. ... Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: L·CORNELIVS·L·F·P·N·SVLLA·FELIX) ¹ (ca. ... Lucius Licinius Lucullus (c. ... Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives (c. ... Quintus Sertorius (died 72 BC), Roman statesman and general. ... Pompey, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir [1] (Classical Latin abbreviation: CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS[2], Gnaeus or Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (September 29, 106 BC – September 29, 48 BC), was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman republic. ... Gāius JÅ«lius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12 or July 13, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. ... Marcus Porcius Cato (Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO[1]) (234 BC, Tusculum–149 BC) was a Roman statesman, surnamed the Censor (Censorius), Sapiens, Priscus, or the Elder (Major), to distinguish him from Cato the Younger (his great-grandson). ... Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (Latin: TI·SEMPRONIVS·TI·F·P·N·GRACCVS) (163 BC-132 BC) was a Roman politician of the 2nd century BC. As a plebeian tribune, he caused political turmoil in the Republic by his attempts to legislate agrarian reforms. ... Gaius Gracchus (Latin: C·SEMPRONIVS·TI·F·P·N·GRACCVS) (154 BC-121 BC) was a Roman politician of the 2nd century BC. He was the younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus and, like him, pursued a popular political agenda that ultimately ended in his death. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For his relatives, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ... Brutus is a Roman cognomen used by several politicians of the Junii family, especially in the Roman Republic. ... Servius Sulpicius Galba (December 24, 3 BC – January 15, 69) was Roman Emperor from June 8, 68 until his death. ... Emperor Otho. ... The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC–19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most... Penguin Books is a British publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. ... Combatants Macedon Greek allies Persia Greek mercenaries Commanders Alexander the Great Spithridates, Mithridates, Memnon of Rhodes, other Strength 5,000 cavalry 26,000 infantry 15,000 cavalry 12,000 Persian infantry 4-5,000 Greek mercenaries Casualties Between 100-200 4,000 killed 2,000 captured {{{notes}}} The Battle of...

Other links

• Plutarch's Life of Alexander, Dryden translation (pdf)
• http://www.e-classics.com/