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Parameswara (1344 – 1414) was a Palembang prince of Hindu descent from Srivijaya that founded Malacca around 1402. Sejarah Melayu alleges that Parameswara was a descendant of Alexander the Great of Macedonia.^{[citation needed]} In the year 1409 he married Malik ul Salih of Pasai's princess, and became a Muslim adopting the Persian title Shah and styled himself as Sultan Iskandar Shah.^[1] Records of the Chinese Ming Dynasty Admiral Zheng He's visit to Melaka in 1409 indicate references to the ruler and his subjects as being already Muslims. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the Chronicles Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Births December 25 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of... // Events Council of Constance begins. ... Events English king Edward III introduces three new gold coins, the florin. ... Location of Palembang Palembang is a city in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... Srivijaya (-jaya meaning success or excellence) was an ancient kingdom on the island of Sumatra which was to influence much of the Malay Archipelago. ... // Events Council of Constance begins. ... This article is about the state in Malaysia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events English king Edward III introduces three new gold coins, the florin. ... // Events Council of Constance begins. ... Location of Palembang Palembang is a city in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Map of Southeast Asia at end of 12th century. ... This article is about the state in Malaysia. ... Sejarah Melayu or The Malay Annals is a historical literary Malay work that chronicles the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate and spans over 600 years of the history of the Malay Peninsula. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... Malik ul Salih established the first Muslim state of Samudera Pasai in the year 1267. ... Map of Pasai. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ...

In 1414, Parameswara passed away at the age of 70. It is generally believed that he was buried on top of a hill at Tanjung Tuan (also known as Cape Rachado), near Port Dickson. A symbolic grave exists near Fort Canning in Singapore. Parameswara was succeeded by his son, Megat Iskandar Shah who in turn ruled Malacca until 1424.

Origins

Raden Wijaya, the first king (1293-1309) of Majapahit was married to Sri Gayatri Rajapatni, a daughter of Sri Kertanegara, the last king (1268-1292) of Singhasari Kingdom, and had a daughter Tribuana Tunggadewi, the third leader/queen (1326-1350) of Majapahit. She married Kertawardana, and had a daughter: Iswari. She married Singawardana, and had a daughter: Sarawardani. She married Ranamenggala, and had a son: Parameswara who was born in 1344 during the reign of his great grandmother, Tribuana Tunggadewi, the third monarch of Majapahit. Raden Wijaya (also known as Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (1293-1309) was the founder and first raja of the Majapahit Empire in Java, Indonesia [edit] Origins Raden Wijaya was the son of Dyah Lembu Tal, the great, great grandson of Ken Arok, the founder of the Kingdom of Singhasari. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ... Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ...

From Palembang to Malacca

In the 14th century, Srivijaya was losing its influence and faced threats from various corners of the Malay Archipelago. Around the same time, the Majapahit empire, centered in Java, was expanding its borders beyond the island. The Srivijaya empire had previously controlled Java but it was driven out of the island earlier in 1290 by Singhasari, a predecessor to Majapahit. As a result, Srivijaya had to move its court from Palembang, on the bank of Musi River in southern Sumatra, to Malayu (now Jambi province) on Batang Hari River bank. Although the royal court had moved to Malayu, Palembang remained an important imperial city. Some time in the later half of the 14th century, Majapahit sent its navy towards Palembang and Malayu, thus conquering the city. This invasion ended a 1000-year old empire. World map depicting Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a vast archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ... This article is about the Java island. ... Map of Southeast Asia at end of 12th century. ... Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. ... Location of Palembang Palembang is a city in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... The Musi River is located in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. ... For other uses, see Sumatra (disambiguation). ... Map of ancient Melayu Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Jambi (disambiguation). ... The Batang Hari is the longest river in Sumatra, Indonesia. ...

Parameswara lived in Palembang as a prince within the Srivijayan empire but conquest forced him and many others to flee Palembang. Parameswara in particular sailed to Temasek to escape persecution and came under the protection of Temagi, a Malay chief from Patani who was appointed by the King of Siam as Regent of Temasek. Within a few days, Parameswara killed Temagi and appointed himself as regent. Some 5 years later he had to leave Temasek due to threats from Siam. During this period, Temasek was also attacked by a Javanese fleet from Majapahit. Temasek (Sea Town in Javanese, spelt Tumasik; Simplified Chinese: ) was the name of an early city on the site of modern Singapore. ... For the country formerly called Siam see Thailand SIAM is an acronym for Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ...

He later headed north to found a new settlement. At Muar, Parameswara contemplated establishing his new kingdom at either Biawak Busuk or at Kota Buruk. Finding that the Muar location was not suitable, he continued his journey northwards. Along the way, he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (former name of present day Sungai Ujong) before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of the Bertam River (former name of the Malacca River). This evolved over time to become the location of modern day Malacca Town. According to the Malay Annals, it was here that he witnessed a mouse deer outwitting a dog while resting under a Malacca tree. He took what he saw as a good omen and decided to establish a kingdom called Malacca.He made all the facilities for Mallaca so that they can trade at Malacca. District Muar District Area  - Total (District) 2346. ... Nickname: Location in Malaysia Coordinates: , Country State Establishment 1502 Granted city status 2003 Government  - Mayor Zaini Md Nor Area  - City 303 km²  (114. ... Sejarah Melayu or The Malay Annals is a historical Malay literary work that chronicles the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate and spans over 600 years of the Malay Peninsulas history. ... The four species of chevrotain, also known as mouse deer, make up the family Tragulidae. ... Binomial name Phyllanthus emblica Gaertn. ...

Foreign relations with the Ming Dynasty

Part of original copy of Ming Dynasty history (1368-1644) - chapter 325. Parameswara visits emperor Yongle.

The diplomatic relations started in the early 1400s when Parameswara embarked on several voyages to China to visit Emperor Yongle (Chinese: 永樂)(Wade-Giles name is Yung-Lo). He was escorted by Zheng He, Yin Qing (Wade-Giles names are Cheng Ho and Ying Ching) and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's diplomatic relationships with Ming granted protection to Malacca against attacks from Siam and Majapahit. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major entrepot on the trade route between China and India, Middle East, Africa and Europe. Image File history File links MingHistory_325. ... Image File history File links MingHistory_325. ... The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... For the country formerly called Siam see Thailand SIAM is an acronym for Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

According to the original script of Ming chronicle, chapter 325: Envoy Yin Qing was sent to Malacca in 1405 to grant golden silk plait and golden lace veil. Yin Qing reported that no kingdom had been established and there was no king, while an annual tax 40 golds was paid to Siam. Chieftain Pai-li-mi-su-la rejoiced greatly and Yin Qing brought him to China for the traditional tributary. The emperor praised and made him King of Man-la-ka, granted him the Imperial seal, colored-money, a complete set of suit and the yellow regal umbrella. The Malaccan envoy replied that the “king (Parameswara) is admiring and willing to pay annual tribute, please grant the hill as the city of the kingdom." The emperor agreed, and granted the inscription of imperial poetry embellished onto stone tablet to the hill (where hill means Malacca).

In 1411, Admiral Zheng He brought Parameswara, his wife and 540 officials to China to pay homage to the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424). Upon arriving, a grand welcoming party was held. Animals were sacrificed, Parameswara was granted a two-piece gold-embroidered clothing with dragon motifs, Kylin robe, gold and silverwares, silk lace bed quilt, and gifts to all officials and followers. Upon returning home, Parameswara was granted the jade belt, brace, saddle, and coroneted suit to the wife. Upon reaching the heaven’s gate (China), Parameswara was again granted jade belt, brace, saddle, a hundred gold & platinum, 400,000 banknotes, 2600 cash, 300 pieces of silk brocade voile, 1000 pieces of silk, 2 pieces of whole gold plait, 2 pieces of knee-length gown with gold threads woven through sleeves…. The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ...

Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming included: agate, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane peak, golden female crane peak, suit, white cloth, Western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks. For other uses, see Agate (disambiguation). ...

Parameswara's trading port

Map of 1400s Melacca.

The arrival of Zheng He (Hajji Mahmud) and his marriage with a princess of Pasai led to an unprecedented success in the history of the Malay people and Malay culture.^{[citation needed]} Melaka grew into an international trading port and heralded the golden age of Nusantara Islam. 80 languages were reportedly spoken in Malacca: Moors of Cairo, Mecca, Aden, Abyssinians, men of Kilwa, Malindi, Ormuz, Parsees, Rumes, Turks, Turkomans, Christian Armenians, Gujarati, men of Chaul, Dabhol, Goa, of the kingdom of Deccan, Malabars and Klings, merchants from Orissa, Ceylon, Bengal, Arakan, Pegu, Siamese, men of Kedah, Malays, men of Pahang, Patani, Cambodia, Champa, Cochin China, Chinese, Lequeos, men of Brunei, Lucoes (Luzon), men of Tamjompura, Laue, Banka, Linga (they have a thousand other islands), Moluccas, Banda, Bima, Timor, Madura, Java, Sunda, Palembang, Jambi, Tongkal, Indragiri, Kappatta, Minangkabau, Siak, Arqua (Arcat?), Aru, Bata, country of the Tomjano, Pase (Pasai?), Pedir, Maldives. Image File history File linksMetadata 80LangMap002. ... Image File history File linksMetadata 80LangMap002. ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... Map of Pasai. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Nusantara was taken from an oath by Gajah Mada written on a Javanese old manuscript of Negarakertagama. ... For other uses, see moor. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Port of Aden (around 1910). ... This article needs cleanup. ... Kilwa is one of the 6 districts of the Lindi Region of Tanzania. ... Malindi is a city in Kenya that has been a Swahili settlement since the 14th century. ... Ormus (also Ohrmuzd, Hormuz, Ohrmazd) was a kingdom in the 16th to 17th centuries around the Persian Gulf, in particular the Strait of Hormuz. ... ... Rumes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. ... A Seljuk Prince. ... Language(s) Gujarati Religion(s) Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism (see Parsis), Jainism, Christianity Gujarati people (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો GujÇŽrātÄ« loko), or Gujaratis, is an umbrella term used to describe traditionally Gujarati-speaking peoples who can trace their ancestry to the Gujarat region in India. ... Chaul is a former city of Portuguese India, now in ruins. ... For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... Malabars is a mistaken appellation in the nineteenth century led Westerners to designate all the people of South India (Tamils, Telugus, Malayalees and Kannadigas included) and its a term based on the Malabar region of present state of Kerala in India This term was applied by the Dutch to designate... , Orissa   (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା), is a state situated on the east coast of India. ... The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (ශ්රී ලංකා in Sinhala / இலங்கை in Tamil) (known as Ceylon before 1972) is a tropical island nation off the southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Arakan is a state in the North Western part of Myanmar, formerly Burma. ... Categories: Stub ... Siamese could refer to: A Siamese cat Siamese twins The Thai language Someone or something from Thailand This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... State anthem: Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota Capital Alor Star Royal capital Anak Bukit Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Sultan Tuanku Abdul Halim  - Menteri Besar Mahdzir Khalid History    - British control 1909   - Japanese occupation 1942   - Accession into Federation of Malaya 1948  Area  - Total 9,426 km² Population  - 2003 estimate 1,778,188  - Density... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... State anthem: Pahang State Anthem Capital Kuantan Royal capital Pekan Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Sultan Sultan Ahmad Shah  - Menteri Besar Adnan Yaakob History    - Federated into FMS 1895   - Japanese occupation 1942   - Accession into Federation of Malaya 1948  Area  - Total 35,964 km² Population  - 2005 estimate 1,372,500  - Density 38. ... Patani or Patani Raya is a region in Southern Thailand known in the history as thePatani kingdom. ... South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green. ... Cochin China (also known as Cochinchina or in French, Cochinchine) was the southernmost part of Vietnam beside Cambodia. ... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ... Max von Laue (October 9, 1879 - April 24, 1960) was a German physicist, who studied under Max Planck. ... Banka is a small village in the province of Basse-Navarre, in the South part of France. ... Linga worship (Estate of Cynthia and Harlen Welsh) Lingam or Linga is the Sanskrit word for mark. ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... Banda is a brass-based form of traditional Mexican music. ... Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, part of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara with the surface of 11,883 sq mi (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of timur... Madura is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java, near the port of Surabaya. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Sunda may refer to: Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the western part of the Malay archipelago Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Strait, the strait between Java and Sumatra Sunda Shelf, part of the continental shelf of Southeast Asia, covered by the South China Sea which isolates... Location of Palembang Palembang is a city in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... For other uses, see Jambi (disambiguation). ... Vindyagiri (Kannada:ವಿಂಧ್ಯಗಿರಿ) is one of the two hills in Shravanabelagola in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Languages Minangkabau, Indonesian and Malay. ... Arquà may refer to two different communes (municipalities) in the Veneto region of north-eastern Italy: Arquà Petrarca, in the province of Padua Arquà Polesine, in the province of Rovigo Category: ... Aru or Arru, also known as the Aroe Islands, is a group of about 95 low-lying islands in Indonesia. ... Bata may refer to: In places: Bata, Afghanistan, a place in Afghanistan Bata, Burgas Province, a place in Burgas Province, Bulgaria Bata, Pazardzhik Province, a village in Bulgaria Bata, Equatorial Guinea, a city Bata, Arad, a location in Romania BaÅ¥a Canal, a canal in the Czech Republic People with... Map of Pasai. ...

Malacca became an important port in the far east during the 16th century. It became so rich that the Portuguese writer and trader Duarte Barbosa said "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice". Duarte Barbosa was a Portuguese writer and trader. ...

Post-Parameswara

Parameswara's Sultanate of Malacca (as a prosperous international port) changed the entire Malay Archipelago. Its success was admired by kings from neighbouring kingdoms. Melaka's dominance in the region also influenced the spread of Islam in the Malay Archipelago. In 1447, Kertawijaya became King of Majapahit and converted to Islam on the advice of his wife, Darawati, a princess of Champa. The nephew of Kertawijaya, Sunan Ampel works to spread Islam around Surabaya, and around the same time, Palembang converted to Islam. In 1459, Sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca sent Tun Perak to conquer Kedah and Pahang. Pahang became an Islamic sultanate under Malacca. In 1470, Dai-Viet captured Vijaya, the capital of Champa, killing 60,000 Cham and caused a mass Cham emigration to Malacca and Cambodia. The Islamic Kingdom of Demak was founded in 1478 by Raden Patah, son of King Kertawijaya and his Champa wife. An Islamic Sultanate was founded at Cirebon too. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... World map depicting Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a vast archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ... South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green. ... Location of Surabaya in Indonesia Coordinates: , Country Province Area  - Total 459. ... Location of Palembang Palembang is a city in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... Sultan Mansur Shah was the fourth Sultan of Malacca. ... Tun Perak was the most famous prime minister of the Sultanate of Malacca, having served under 4 Sultans from 1456 to 1498. ... State anthem: Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota Capital Alor Star Royal capital Anak Bukit Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Sultan Tuanku Abdul Halim  - Menteri Besar Mahdzir Khalid History    - British control 1909   - Japanese occupation 1942   - Accession into Federation of Malaya 1948  Area  - Total 9,426 km² Population  - 2003 estimate 1,778,188  - Density... State anthem: Pahang State Anthem Capital Kuantan Royal capital Pekan Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Sultan Sultan Ahmad Shah  - Menteri Besar Adnan Yaakob History    - Federated into FMS 1895   - Japanese occupation 1942   - Accession into Federation of Malaya 1948  Area  - Total 35,964 km² Population  - 2005 estimate 1,372,500  - Density 38. ... Landing of King Vijaya depicted in an Ajanta fresco Vijaya (c. ... Demak is a main town in Central Java, Indonesia. ... South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green. ... Cirebon (formerly Cheribon) is a city on north coast of the Indonesian island of Java. ...

Chronology

• 1344 - Born, as a Hindu prince of Srivijaya
• 1396 - Fled to Temasek
• 1402 - Founded Melaka port
• 1405 - Visited Ming Emperor
• 1409 - Married Pasai's princess, Sultanate of Melaka founded.
• 1411 - Visited Ming Emperor
• 1414 - Died

Temasek (Sea Town in Javanese, spelt Tumasik; Simplified Chinese: ) was the name of an early city on the site of modern Singapore. ...

References

is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Other references

• The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature, edited by Prof. Dato' Dr Asmah Haji Omar (2004) ISBN 981-3018-52-6

See also

• Strait of Malacca
• Orang Laut
• Moken

A close-up map showing the Strait of Malacca separating peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... Orang Laut are a group of Malay people living in the Riau Islands of Indonesia. ... The Moken (Sometimes called Sea Gypsies) are an ethnic group with about 2000 to 3000 members who maintain a nomadic, sea-based culture. ...

External links

• The history of spices is the history of trade
• Parameswara at Sejarah Melayu
• Malacca Genealogy by Christopher Buyers
• Beyond the Monsoon
• Genealogy of Malacca Sultanate
• The Travels Of Marco Polo
• The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither - by Isabella L. Bird
• Parameswara at National Library of Malaysia
• Article by Muzaffar Tate in Star Online 1999