Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the sympathetic and parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems, in red and blue, respectively The parasympathetic nervous system is one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sometimes called the rest and digest system, the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (479x700, 74 KB)Sympathetic (red) and parasympathetic (blue) nervous system, from Grays Anatomy 1918 (public domain), at http://www. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (479x700, 74 KB)Sympathetic (red) and parasympathetic (blue) nervous system, from Grays Anatomy 1918 (public domain), at http://www. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Look up Sphincter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...
Relationship to sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other. But this opposition is better termed complementary in nature rather than antagonistic. For an analogy, one may think of the sympathetic division as the accelerator and the parasympathetic division as the brake. The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses. The parasympathetic division functions with actions that do not require immediate reaction. Grays FIG. 838– The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses. ...
Physical Location The parasympathetic nervous system is a portion of the visceral (autonomic) branch of the PNS (peripheral nervous system). The regions of the body associated with this division are the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord. Specifically, cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (vagus n.) and in the sacral region (spinal nerves exiting from the sacrum) the spinal nerves S2 to S4.
Similar to the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division also has pre- and post- ganglionic neurons. Typically, in the parasympathetic division the ganglion will be closer to the area of innervation - unlike the sympathetic ganglion which form immediately lateral and inferior to the spinal nerve - making up the so called "chain ganglion".
Receptors The parasympathetic nervous system uses only acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter. The ACh acts on two types of receptors, the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Most transmissions occur in two stages: When stimulated, the preganglionic nerve releases ACh at the ganglion, which acts on nicotinic receptors of the postganglionic nerve. The postganglionic nerve then releases ACh to stimulate the muscarinic receptors of the target organ. The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ...
Chemical structure of D-Aspartic Acid, a common Amino Acid neurotransmitter. ...
Muscarinic receptors are those membrane bound acetylcholine receptors that are more sensitive to muscarine than to nicotine. ...
Nicotinic Receptors form ion channels present in the plasma membrane of cells. ...
A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. ...
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. ...
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. ...
Types of muscarinic receptors The three main types of muscarinic receptors that are well characterised are: - The M1 muscarinic receptors (CHRM1) are located in the neural system.
- The M2 muscarinic receptors (CHRM2) are located in the heart, and act to bring the heart back to normal after the actions of the sympathetic nervous system: slowing down the heart rate, reducing contractile forces of the atrial cardiac muscle, and reducing conduction velocity of the sinoatrial node (SA node) and atrioventricular node (AV node). Note, they have no effect on the contractile forces of the ventricular muscle.
- The M3 muscarinic receptors (CHRM3) are located at many places in the body, such as the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, as well as the lungs, which means that they cause vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction. They are also in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which help in increasing intestinal motility and dilating sphincters. The M3 receptors are also located in many glands that help to stimulate secretion in salivary glands and other glands of the body.
- The M4 muscarnic receptors: Postganglionic cholinergic nevers, possible CNS effects
- The M5 Possible effects CNS
In anatomy, the atrium (plural: atria) is the blood collection chamber of a heart. ...
The sinoatrial node (abbreviated SA node, also called the sinus node) is the impulse generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart. ...
The atrioventricular node (abbreviated AV node) is the tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. ...
The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
Bronchoconstriction is the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tighting of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. ...
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, alimentary canal, or gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ...
The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. ...
References - Rhoades RA and Tanner GA, eds. (2003) Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-1936-4
- University of Sydney lecture notes.
See also Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the sympathetic and parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems, in red and blue, respectively Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. ...
External links Central nervous system (Brain, Spinal cord) | Peripheral nervous system | Somatic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic, Parasympathetic) | Sensory system The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates actions. ...
A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
A sketch of the human brain by artist Priyan Weerappuli, imposed upon his sketch of the profile of Michaelangelos David In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
The peripheral nervous system or PNS, is part of the nervous system, and consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to serve the limbs and organs, for example. ...
The somatic nervous system is that part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles, and also reception of external stimuli. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Grays FIG. 838– The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses. ...
This article or section may be confusing for some readers, and should be edited to be clearer or more simplified. ...
| v • d • e Nerves - autonomic nervous system | | sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system HEAD/parasympathetic ganglion: ciliary ganglion (short ciliary nerves) - pterygopalatine ganglion (nerve of pterygoid canal) - submandibular ganglion - otic ganglion Nerves (yellow) Nerves redirects here. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Grays FIG. 838– The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses. ...
Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. ...
The ciliary ganglion is small parasympathetic ganglion lying in the orbit between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle that is associated with the nasociliary nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve). ...
The branches of the ciliary ganglion are the short ciliary nerves. ...
The sphenopalatine ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the spheno-maxillary fossa. ...
The nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve), formed by the junction of the great petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve in the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum, passes forward, through the pterygoid canal, with the corresponding artery, and is joined by a small ascending sphenoidal branch...
The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is of small size and is fusiform in shape. ...
The Otic Ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located immediately below the foramen ovale. ...
NECK: cavernous plexus - cervical ganglia: (superior, middle, inferior), stellate ganglion, internal carotid The cavernous plexus is situated below and medial to that part of the internal carotid artery which is placed by the side of the sella turcica in the cavernous sinus, and is formed chiefly by the medial division of the internal carotid nerve. ...
The superior cervical ganglion, the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It is of a reddish-gray color, and usually fusiform in shape; sometimes broad and flattened, and occasionally constricted at intervals; it is believed to be formed by the coalescence of...
The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into cervical ganglia. ...
The stellate ganglion is a ganglion formed by the fusion of inferior cervical ganglion and the first paravertebral ganglion. ...
The internal carotid plexus (carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery. ...
THORAX: thoracic splanchnic nerves, cardiac plexus, superior cardiac nerve, middle cardiac nerve, inferior cardiac nerve Thoracic splanchnic nerves arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax and travel inferiorly to provide sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. ...
The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart. ...
The superior cardiac nerve arises by two or more branches from the superior cervical ganglion, and occasionally receives a filament from the trunk between the first and second cervical ganglia. ...
The middle cardiac nerve (great cardiac nerve), the largest of the three cardiac nerves, arises from the middle cervical ganglion, or from the trunk between the middle and inferior ganglia. ...
The inferior cardiac nerve arises from either the inferior cervical or the first thoracic ganglion. ...
sympathetic trunks (white ramus communicans, gray ramus communicans) - collateral ganglia - sympathetic ganglion The sympathetic trunk (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) is a bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the skull to the coccyx. ...
The thoracic, and the first and second lumbar nerves each contribute a branch, white ramus communicans to the adjoining sympathetic ganglion. ...
Each spinal nerve receives a branch, gray ramus communicans, from the adjacent ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. ...
Collateral Ganglia lie between the sympathetic chain and the organ of supply. ...
Grays FIG. 838– The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses. ...
ABDOMEN: inferior mesenteric - hepatic - splenic - gastric - pancreatic - suprarenal hypogastric: superior hypogastric - inferior hypogastric - vesical - prostatic - uterovaginal, lumbar splanchnic, sacral splanchnic, celiac: celiac ganglia - aorticorenal - renal - spermatic/ovarian - superior mesenteric - aortic plexus Enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus The inferior mesenteric plexus is derived chiefly from the aortic plexus. ...
The hepatic plexus, the largest offset from the celiac plexus, receives filaments from the left vagus and right phrenic nerves. ...
The splenic plexus (lienal plexus in older texts) is formed by branches from the celiac plexus, the left celiac ganglion, and from the right vagus nerve. ...
The superior gastric plexus (gastric or coronary plexus) accompanies the left gastric artery along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and joins with branches from the left vagus. ...
The pancreatic plexus is a division of the celiac plexus (coeliac plexus). ...
The suprarenal plexus is formed by branches from the celiac plexus, from the celiac ganglion, and from the phrenic and greater splanchnic nerves, a ganglion being formed at the point of junction with the latter nerve. ...
The superior hypogastric plexus (in older texts, hypogastric plexus or presacral nerve) is a plexus of nerves situated on the vertebral bodies below the bifurcation of the aorta. ...
The inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus in older texts) is a plexus of nerves that supplies the viscera of the pelvic cavity. ...
The Vesical Plexus arises from the forepart of the pelvic plexus. ...
The Prostatic Plexus is continued from the lower part of the pelvic plexus. ...
The Uterovaginal plexus is a division of the inferior hypogastric plexus. ...
The lumbar splanchnic nerves arise from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and travel to an adjacent plexus near the aorta. ...
Sacral splanchnic nerves are nerves that connect the inferior hypogastric plexus to the sympathetic trunk in the pelvis. ...
The solar plexus, also known as the celiac plexus or plexus cœliacus, is an autonomous cluster of nerve cells (see Plexus) in the human body behind the stomach and below the diaphragm near the celiac artery in the abdominal cavity. ...
The Celiac Ganglia (semilunar ganglia) are two large irregularly shaped masses having the appearance of lymph glands and placed one on either side of the middle line in front of the crura of the diaphragm close to the suprarenal glands, that on the right side being placed behind the inferior...
The upper part of each celiac ganglion is joined by the greater splanchnic nerve, while the lower part, which is segmented off and named the aorticorenal ganglion, receives the lesser splanchnic nerve and gives off the greater part of the renal plexus. ...
The renal plexus is formed by filaments from the celiac plexus, the aorticorenal ganglion, and the aortic plexus . ...
The spermatic plexus (or testicular plexus) is derived from the renal plexus, receiving branches from the aortic plexus. ...
In the female, the ovarian plexus arises from the renal plexus, and is distributed to the ovary, and fundus of the uterus. ...
The superior mesenteric plexus is a continuation of the lower part of the celiac plexus, receiving a branch from the junction of the right vagus nerve with the plexus. ...
The abdominal aortic plexus (aortic plexus) is formed by branches derived, on either side, from the celiac plexus and ganglia, and receives filaments from some of the lumbar ganglia. ...
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an interdependent part of the autonomic nervous system. ...
The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of sympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. ...
Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbachs plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscle in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa. ...
PELVIS: ganglion impar, pelvic splanchnic The pelvic portion of each sympathetic trunk is situated in front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina. ...
Pelvic splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, S4 to provide parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut. ...
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