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Encyclopedia > Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
PDB rendering based on 1bwx.
Available structures: 1bwx, 1et1, 1fvy, 1hph, 1hpy, 1zwa, 1zwb, 1zwc, 1zwd, 1zwe, 1zwf, 1zwg
Identifiers
Symbol(s) PTH;
External IDs OMIM: 168450 MGI: 97799 Homologene: 266
RNA expression pattern

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for 3-D structural data of proteins and nucleic acids. ... Look up Hugo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) website is run by The Jackson Laboratory. ... HomoloGene[1], a tool of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[2], is a system for automated detection of homologs (similarity attributable to descent from a common ancestor) among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes. ... The Gene Ontology, or GO, project can be broadly split into two parts. ...


More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 5741 19226
Ensembl ENSG00000152266 ENSMUSG00000059077
Uniprot P01270 na
Refseq NM_000315 (mRNA)
NP_000306 (protein)		 NM_020623 (mRNA)
NP_065648 (protein)
Location Chr 11: 13.47 - 13.47 Mb Chr 7: 113.18 - 113.18 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone, is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. It acts to increase the concentration of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood, whereas calcitonin (a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland) acts to decrease calcium concentration. PTH acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood by acting upon parathyroid hormone receptor in three parts of the body:[1] The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... Ensembl is a bioinformatics research project aiming to develop a software system which produces and maintains automatic annotation on selected eukaryotic genomes. It is run in a collaboration between the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute, an outstation of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. ... UniProt is the universal protein database, a central repository of protein data created by combining Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL and PIR. This makes it the worlds most comprehensive resource on protein information. ... Medline is a comprehensive literature database of life sciences and biomedical information. ... The four human parathyroid glands are adjacent to the thyroid. ... Peptides are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation). ... Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular (also known as C) cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. ... Parafollicular cells (also called C cells) are cells in the thyroid which produce and secrete calcitonin. ... The thyroid gland and its relations In anatomy, the thyroid (IPA θaɪɹoɪd) is an endocrine gland. ... There are two known parathyroid hormone receptors in mammals termed PTH1R and PTH2R. These receptors are members of the 7 transmembrane G protein-coupled family of receptors. ...

Contents

Functions

Effects on serum calcium (raising)

Region Effect
bones It enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones.[2] Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL, which can bind to osteoclast precursors containing RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK stimulates these precursors to fuse, forming new osteoclasts which ultimately enhances the resorption of bone.
kidney It enhances active reabsorption of calcium from distal tubules[3] and the thick ascending limb.
intestine via kidney It enhances the absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of activated vitamin D. Vitamin D activation occurs in the kidney. PTH up-regulates the enzyme responsible for 1-alpha hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D, converting vitamin D to its active form (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D). This actived form of vitamin D affects the absorption of calcium (as Ca2+ ions) by the intestine via calbindin.

PTH was one of the first hormones to be shown to use the G-protein, adenylyl cyclase second messenger system. This article is about the skeletal organs. ... Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood. ... An osteoclast (from the Greek words for bone and broken) is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the bones mineralized matrix. ... An osteoblast (from the Greek words for bone and germ or embryonic) is a mononucleate cell that is responsible for bone formation. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ... Look up rank in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The kidneys are the organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... Kidney nephron The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ... Hydroxylation is any chemical process that introduces one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) into a compound (or radical) thereby oxidising it. ... Calbindin describes calcium binding proteins first described as the vitamin D-dependent calcium binding proteins in intestine and kidney. ...


Normal total plasma calcium level is 9.4mg/dl(8-11) or 2.4mmol/L[4] [5] .


Effects on serum phosphate (decrease, with compensation)

PTH reduces the reabsorption of phosphate from the proximal tubule of the kidney[3] which means more phosphate is excreted through the urine. A phosphate, in inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid. ... In the biology of the kidney, the proximal convoluted tubule is the segment of the renal tubule that drains Bowmans capsule. ... The kidneys are the organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ...


However, PTH enhances the uptake of phosphate from the intestine and bones into the blood. In the bone, slightly more calcium than phosphate is released from the breakdown of bone. In the intestines, which is mediated by an increase in activated vitamin D, the absorption of phosphate is not as dependent on vitamin D as is that of calcium. The end result is a small net drop in the serum concentration of phosphate.


Feedback regulation

Increased calcium concentration in the blood acts (via feedback inhibition) to decrease PTH secretion by the parathyroid glands. In cybernetics and control theory, feedback is a process whereby some proportion or in general, function, of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. ...


This is achieved by the activation of calcium-sensing receptors located on parathyroid cells.[6]


Syndromes

  • A high level of PTH in the blood is known as hyperparathyroidism.
    • If the cause is in the parathyroid gland it is called primary hyperparathyroidism. The causes are parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia and parathyroid cancer.
    • If the cause is outside the gland, it is known as secondary hyperparathyroidism. This can occur in chronic renal failure.

Hyperparathyroidism is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). ... An adenoma is a collection of growths (-oma) of glandular origin. ... Hyperplasia (or hypergenesis) is a general term referring to the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that which is ordinarily seen in e. ... Chronic renal failure (CRF, or chronic kidney failure, CKF, or chronic kidney disease, CKD) is a slowly progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years and defined as an abnormally low glomerular filtration rate, which is usually determined indirectly by the creatinine level in blood serum. ... In medicine (endocrinology), hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands, leading to decreased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). ... Misadventure can refer to: The Misadventures of Merlin Jones Misadventure of Mighty Plumber The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo The Misadventures of Saint Etienne The Misadventures of Tron Bonne Misadventures in Babysitting Misadventures in 3D Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt List of deaths by aircraft misadventure... Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. ... Inborn errors of metabolism are a large group of rare but often serious metabolic disorders that generally arise from deficiency or malfunction of enzymes that regulate conversion of various substances into others. ...

Measurements

PTH can be measured in the blood in several different forms: intact PTH; N-terminal PTH; mid-molecule PTH, and C-terminal PTH, and different tests are used in different clinical situations.


References

  1. ^ Physiology at MCG 5/5ch6/s5ch6_11
  2. ^ Poole K, Reeve J (2005). "Parathyroid hormone - a bone anabolic and catabolic agent.". Curr Opin Pharmacol 5 (6): 612-7. PMID 16181808. 
  3. ^ a b http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/nephrology/presentation/presentation5.htm
  4. ^ guyton
  5. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=BxLU6XhZsTAC&pg=RA1-PA281&lpg=RA1-PA281&dq=pth+second+messenger&source=web&ots=5awUECyZo-&sig=EhEGbV9WdI2Xp5Sv5eJQJ_63S3U#PRA1-PA281,M1
  6. ^ Physiology at MCG 5/5ch6/s5ch6_9

In 1828 the Medical Academy of Georgia was chartered by the state of Georgia with plans to offer a single course of lectures leading to a bachelors degree. ... In 1828 the Medical Academy of Georgia was chartered by the state of Georgia with plans to offer a single course of lectures leading to a bachelors degree. ...

See also

Calcium Calcium metabolism or calcium homeostasis is the mechanism by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels. ... Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium. ... Parathyroid hormone-related protein (or PTHrP) is a protein occasionally secreted by cancer cells (breast cancer, certain types of lung cancer). ...

Further reading

  • Drüeke TB, Massy ZA (2003). "Advanced oxidation protein products, parathyroid hormone and vascular calcification in uremia.". Blood Purif. 20 (5): 494-7. PMID 12207101. 
  • Parfitt AM (2003). "Parathyroid hormone and periosteal bone expansion.". J. Bone Miner. Res. 17 (10): 1741-3. PMID 12369776. 
  • Martin TJ (2004). "Does bone resorption inhibition affect the anabolic response to parathyroid hormone?". Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 15 (2): 49-50. PMID 15080150. 
  • Keutmann HT, Sauer MM, Hendy GN, et al. (1979). "Complete amino acid sequence of human parathyroid hormone.". Biochemistry 17 (26): 5723-9. PMID 728431. 
  • Keutmann HT, Niall HD, O'Riordan JL, Potts JT (1975). "A reinvestigation of the amino-terminal sequence of human parathyroid hormone.". Biochemistry 14 (9): 1842-7. PMID 1125201. 
  • Parkinson DB, Thakker RV (1993). "A donor splice site mutation in the parathyroid hormone gene is associated with autosomal recessive hypoparathyroidism.". Nat. Genet. 1 (2): 149-52. doi:10.1038/ng0592-149. PMID 1302009. 
  • Handt O, Reis A, Schmidtke J (1993). "Ectopic transcription of the parathyroid hormone gene in lymphocytes, lymphoblastoid cells and tumour tissue.". J. Endocrinol. 135 (2): 249-56. PMID 1474331. 
  • Tonoki H, Narahara K, Matsumoto T, Niikawa N (1991). "Regional mapping of the parathyroid hormone gene (PTH) by cytogenetic and molecular studies.". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 56 (2): 103-4. PMID 1672845. 
  • Klaus W, Dieckmann T, Wray V, et al. (1991). "Investigation of the solution structure of the human parathyroid hormone fragment (1-34) by 1H NMR spectroscopy, distance geometry, and molecular dynamics calculations.". Biochemistry 30 (28): 6936-42. PMID 2069952. 
  • Arnold A, Horst SA, Gardella TJ, et al. (1990). "Mutation of the signal peptide-encoding region of the preproparathyroid hormone gene in familial isolated hypoparathyroidism.". J. Clin. Invest. 86 (4): 1084-7. PMID 2212001. 
  • Nussbaum SR, Gaz RD, Arnold A (1990). "Hypercalcemia and ectopic secretion of parathyroid hormone by an ovarian carcinoma with rearrangement of the gene for parathyroid hormone.". N. Engl. J. Med. 323 (19): 1324-8. PMID 2215618. 
  • Ahn TG, Antonarakis SE, Kronenberg HM, et al. (1986). "Familial isolated hypoparathyroidism: a molecular genetic analysis of 8 families with 23 affected persons.". Medicine (Baltimore) 65 (2): 73-81. PMID 3005800. 
  • Tregear GW, van Rietschoten J, Greene E, et al. (1975). "Solid-phase synthesis of the biologically active N-terminal 1 - 34 peptide of human parathyroid hormone.". Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 355 (4): 415-21. PMID 4474131. 
  • Niall HD, Sauer RT, Jacobs JW, et al. (1974). "The amino-acid sequence of the amino-terminal 37 residues of human parathyroid hormone.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 (2): 384-8. PMID 4521809. 
  • Andreatta RH, Hartmann A, Jöhl A, et al. (1973). "[Synthesis of sequence 1-34 of human parathyroid hormone]". Helv. Chim. Acta 56 (1): 470-3. doi:10.1002/hlca.19730560139. PMID 4721748. 
  • Jacobs JW, Kemper B, Niall HD, et al. (1974). "Structural analysis of human proparathyroid hormone by a new microsequencing approach.". Nature 249 (453): 155-7. PMID 4833516. 
  • Vasicek TJ, McDevitt BE, Freeman MW, et al. (1983). "Nucleotide sequence of the human parathyroid hormone gene.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 (8): 2127-31. PMID 6220408. 
  • Mayer H, Breyel E, Bostock C, Schmidtke J (1983). "Assignment of the human parathyroid hormone gene to chromosome 11.". Hum. Genet. 64 (3): 283-5. PMID 6885073. 
  • Hendy GN, Kronenberg HM, Potts JT, Rich A (1982). "Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs encoding human preproparathyroid hormone.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 (12): 7365-9. PMID 6950381. 
  • Hendy GN, Bennett HP, Gibbs BF, et al. (1995). "Proparathyroid hormone is preferentially cleaved to parathyroid hormone by the prohormone convertase furin. A mass spectrometric study.". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (16): 9517-25. PMID 7721880. 
v • d • e
Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands (Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones)
Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin)
Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA
Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH
Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy)
Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin
Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, IGF-2)
Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. ... For other uses, see Hormone (disambiguation). ... An endocrine gland is one of a set of internal organs involved in the secretion of hormones into the blood. ... Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. ... Steroid hormones are steroids which act as hormones. ... The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ... Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), also called thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) or protirelin, is a tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary. ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1 also called LHRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GHRF), is a 44-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormone that is released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to conserve water, but not salt, by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. ... Oxytocin (Greek: quick birth) is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. ... The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, gland; hypo, under; physis, growth; hence, glandular undergrowth) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... The Alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones is a peptide formed by gene found on chromosome 6. ... Follicle stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. ... Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH) is a protein hormone which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone primarily associated with lactation. ... Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues. ... Pronunciation (IPA): /əˈdrinoʊˌkɔrtɪkoʊˈtrɒpɪk ˈhɔrmoʊn, əˈdrinoʊˌkɔrtɪkoʊˈtroʊpɪk ˈhɔrmoʊn/ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. ... Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is a peptide hormone produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. ... For other uses, see Endorphin (disambiguation). ... Lipotropin is a pituitary hormone It comes in two forms: gamma lipotropin (γ-LPH) beta lipotropin (β-LPH) It is derived from proopiomelanocortin. ... It has been suggested that HTPA be merged into this article or section. ... In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. ... In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines... Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid family) produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is a natural steroid prohormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue, brain and in the skin (by an autocrine mechanism)]. DHEA is the precursor of androstenedione, testosterone and estrogen. ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis for short) is part of the endocrine system responsible in part for the regulation of metabolism. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... Thyroxine, or 3:5,3:5 tetra­iodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4) is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. ... Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular (also known as C) cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. ... Categories: Anatomy stubs | Endocrine system ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (also HPTA) is a way of referring to the combined effects of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads as if these individual endocrine glands were a single entity. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein that inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts in a male embryo. ... Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... // For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. ... Estradiol (17β-estradiol) (also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... Activin is a peptide that enhances FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates. ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ... Not to be confused with inulin. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ... The pineal gland (also called the pineal body or epiphysis) is a small endocrine gland in the brain. ... Melatonin, 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is a hormone found in all living creatures from algae[1] to humans, at levels that vary in a diurnal cycle. ... The placenta (Latin for cake, referencing its appearance in humans) is an ephemeral organ present in placental vertebrates, such as eutherial mammals and sharks during gestation (pregnancy). ... Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). ... Human placental lactogen (HPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone. ... Estriol. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... The kidneys are the organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... Not to be confused with rennin, the active enzyme in rennet. ... Erythropoietin (IPA pronunciation: , alternative pronunciations: ) or EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ... E1 - Alprostadil I2 - Prostacyclin A prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. ... In anatomy, the atrium (plural: atria) is the blood collection chamber of a heart. ... Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atriopeptin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the homeostatic control of body water and sodium. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. ... Ghrelin is a hormone produced by P/D1 cells lining the acer of the human stomach that stimulate appetite. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... Cholecystokinin (from Greek chole, bile; cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac (gall bladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. ... Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a member of the secretin family of hormones. ... Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum. ... Motilin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the small intestine that increases gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin. ... VIP is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues. ... Grays Fig. ... An editor has expressed a concern that the topic of this article may be unencyclopedic. ... Adipose tissue is one of the main types of connective tissue. ... RNA expression pattern Orthologs Human Mouse Entrez Ensembl Uniprot Refseq Location Pubmed search Leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including the regulation (decrease) of appetite and (increase) of metabolism. ... Adiponectin (also referred to as Acrp30, apM1) is a protein hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism. ... Resistin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue. ... Thymus, see Thyme. ... Thymosin is a hormone secreted from the thymus. ... Thymopoietin is a protein involved in the induction of CD90 in the thymus. ... Front view of a skeleton of an adult human Back view of a skeleton of an adult human The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. ... Osteocalcin is a protein found in bone and dentin; that plays a role in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis ... For the bird, see Liver bird. ... The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are polypeptides with high sequence similarity to insulin. ... Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. ... Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is a protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. ... Nerve growth factor (NGF), is a small secreted protein which induces the differentiation and survival of particular target neurons (nerve cells). ... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is exactly as it states; a neurotrophic factor usually derived in the brain. ... Neurotrophin-3, or NT-3 is a neurotrophic factor, in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor)-family of neurotrophins. ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
Hyperparathyroidism: overactivity of the parathyroid glands. (1311 words)
This situation is illustrated here: one of the parathyroid glands has developed a tumor which is secreting all the hormone...the other three glands are small and responding appropriately to the high calcium by becoming dormant (the parathyroids are yellow and are situated behind the larger thyroid lobes shown in light pink).
This out of control parathyroid gland is essentially never cancerous (less than one in 2500), however, it slowly causes damage to the body because it induces an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood which can slowly destroy a number of tissues.
Parathyroid adenomas typically are much bigger than the normal pea-sized parathyroid (shown to scale) and will frequently be about the size of a walnut.
PTH - parathyroid hormone (5613 words)
In rats fed a high-phosphate (Pi) diet, nephrectomy elicited a significant increase in the serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration that was associated with a significant increase in the abundance of PHEX mRNA and protein in the tibia and a significant increase in PHEX mRNA in the parathyroid gland.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion was also modulated primarily by ambient serum calcium but the enlarged parathyroid glands which the mutants exhibited and the widened cartilaginous growth plates could only be normalized by the combination of calcium and 1,25(OH)(2)D, apparently independently of the VDR.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) or activators of protein kinase A (PKA) up-regulate the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and augment the induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) of the expression of target genes (24-hydroxylase and osteopontin) in osteoblastic cells.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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