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NPS director Mary Bomar in her park ranger uniform

A park ranger is a person charged with protecting and preserving protected parklands, forests (then called a forest ranger), wilderness areas, as well as other natural resources and protected cultural resources. Some countries use the term "park warden" to describe this occupation. The profession has often been over-simply characterized as "protecting the people from the resource, and the resource from the people." The profession includes a number of disciplines and specializations, and park rangers in the United States and elsewhere are often required to be proficient in more than one. For example, the mission of "protection and preservation" is also to be achieved by rangers who interpret the resources to the public in order to achieve public stewardship -- not only through demanding compliance simply through law enforcement. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Mary A. Bomar Mary A. Bomar is the 17th Director of the National Park Service of the United States. ... For other uses, see Wilderness (disambiguation). ... Heritage interpretation consists in any communication process designed to reveal meanings and relationships of cultural and natural heritage to the public, through first hand involvement with an object, artifact, landscape or site. ... Look up stewardship in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Overview

Duties, Disciplines, and Specializations

An interpretation ranger—responsible for an array of visitor services, tours, informational exhibits, etc.—has different primary duties than a law enforcement ranger. Many rangers, however, must be relied upon to be competent in functions beyond their primary duties. For example; as a ranger with primary law enforcement duties may also provide interpretive programs, so may a ranger with interpretation duties be trained and serve as a firefighter. Only certified, "commissioned", park rangers may perform law enforcement duties however, just as wild land firefighting is only authorized for properly trained and certified personnel. The field of interpretation is becoming increasingly professionalized as well, as colleges and universities in greater numbers are offering degrees in the discipline[1] and certification becomes more common.[2] Within the structure of a unit of the US National Park System, there are often various divisions—these sometimes include Law Enforcement/Resource Protection, Resources Management, Interpretation, Maintenance, and Administration. Park rangers may be found in any of these divisions, but are most often associated with the first three. Heritage interpretation consists in any communication process designed to reveal meanings and relationships of cultural and natural heritage to the public, through first hand involvement with an object, artifact, landscape or site. ...

• Security: Rangers check to see that gates are locked, that closed roads are not in use, that unauthorized persons keep out of closed or sensitive areas, and that authorized visitors follow park regulations. Many of these park regulations seek to protect sensitive areas from ecological damage while at the same time protecting the visiting public from possible hazards of the natural environment. Many people understand these functions as similar to the work performed by security guards, except that they are performed in remote areas. However, many park rangers have special training—including advanced degrees ranging from biology to archaeology to American History—that equip them to handle the specific security needs of their individual parks while being mindful of both resource-protection imperatives and visitor interests.
• Law enforcement: While the arguement can be made that all park ranger activities are intended to protect the resources entrusted to them, this particular activity is often referred to specifically as "Resource Protection" in the sense that the primary purpose of the park ranger certified to carry out these duties is not policing in the technical sense, but more accurately to enforce the special rules, regulations, and laws designed to protect the resources. However, some rangers have police powers and enforce laws in the park and surrounding area, particularly in remote areas where local governments do not maintain a presence. Park rangers sometimes carry firearms—particularly in remote areas or when engaged in deterring illegal hunting or poaching. In some developing countries, the park rangers patrolling natural preserves may be heavily armed and function as paramilitary organizations against organized poachers or even guerillas. In units of the US National Park System, National Park Rangers who are certified as federal law enforcement officers are the primary police agency; their services may augmented by the US Park Police, particularly in the Washington, DC and San Francisco metropolitan areas. In many National Parks law enforcement rangers are increasingly being tasked with military style counter-drug operations in response to a rising rate of domestic drug production and marijuana cultivation.
• Interpretation and education: Park Rangers provide a wide range of informational services to visitors. Some Rangers provide practical information—such as driving directions, train timetables, weather forecasts, trip planning resources, and beyond. Rangers may provide interpretive programs to visitors intended to foster stewardship of the resources by the visitor. Interpretation in this sense includes (but is not limited to): guided tours about the park's history, ecology or both; slideshows, talks, demonstrations; informal contacts, and historical re-enactments. Rangers may also engage in leading more formalized curriculum-based educational programs, meant to support and complement instruction recieved by visiting students in traditional academic settings and often designed to help educators meet specific national and/or local standards of instruction. All uniformed rangers, regardless of their primary duties, are often expected to be experts on the resources in their care, whether they are natural or cultural.
• Emergency response: Rangers are often trained in wilderness first aid and participate in search and rescue to locate lost persons in the wilderness. Many National Parks require law enforcement sworn rangers to maintain certification as Emergency Medical Technicians or Paramedics.
• Firefighting: Rangers are often the first to spot forest fires and are often trained to engage in wild land firefighting and in some cases structural fire fighting. Rangers also enforce laws and regulations regarding campfires and other fires on park lands. In the face of a fire outside their control, rangers will call for help and evacuate persons from the area pending the arrival of additional firefighters.
• Maintenance: Some rangers perform routine maintenance on facilities or equipment—especially in preparing for winter closures and spring re-openings. Rangers are often the first to discover vandalism or weather-related damage to roads or facilities.

For other uses, see Security (disambiguation). ... A security officer guards a construction site. ... For the band, see The Police. ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ... For other uses, see Poaching (disambiguation). ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... The United States Park Police is the oldest uniformed federal law enforcement agency in the United States. ... Heritage interpretation consists in any communication process designed to reveal meanings and relationships of cultural and natural heritage to the public, through first hand involvement with an object, artifact, landscape or site. ... Heritage interpretation consists in any communication process designed to reveal meanings and relationships of cultural and natural heritage to the public, through first hand involvement with an object, artifact, landscape or site. ... Look up stewardship in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Curriculum has many different conceptions. ... Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the patient evacuation may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. ... Search and Rescue (acronym SAR) is an operation mounted by emergency services, often well-trained volunteers, to find someone believed to be in distress, lost, sick or injured either in a remote or difficult to access area, such as mountains, desert or forest (Wilderness search and rescue), or at sea... Firefighter with an axe A firefighter, sometimes still called a fireman though women have increasingly joined firefighting units, is a person who is trained and equipped to put out fires, rescue people and in some areas provide emergency medical services. ... Fire in San Bernardino, California Mountains (image taken from the International Space Station) A wildfire, also known as a forest fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, or bushfire (in Australasia), is an uncontrolled fire in wildland often caused by lightning; other common causes are human carelessness and arson. ... For other uses, see Wildfire (disambiguation). ... Maintenance, Repair and Operations or Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO), is fixing any sort of mechanical or electrical device should it get out of order or broken (repair) as well as performing the routine actions which keep the device in working order (maintenance) or prevent trouble from arising (preventive maintenance). ...

Vehicle and equipment

A typical ranger vehicle is a well-marked and heavily equipped off-road capable light truck ("pickup truck")--often equipped with the following items. The variety of equipment carried gives some idea of the many roles of the park ranger.

• a reliable radio or mobile telephone, often with a backup device for emergencies
• an electronic locator unit such as a GPS, in remote areas supplemented by an EPIRB for signaling for help
• detailed maps of the area protected and guidebooks about local flora and fauna
• a clipboard and paperwork used to document activities, including a daily patrol report, citation book, incident reports and maintenance reports
• informational handouts and maps to be given to visitors
• a collection of keys that open gates, locks and buildings scattered across the park or preserve
• personal survival equipment for an extended stay in the wilderness, including a backpack, tent and sleeping bag as well as fire-starting equipment
• a comprehensive first aid kit including supplies for response to trauma and vehicle accidents
• personal flashlight, folding pocket knife, multi-tool, handcuffs, chemical defense spray, defensive baton
• blankets, emergency food and water, and portable tarps or other shelters (for any persons rescued)
• hand tools including a shovel, axe, rake, Pulaski tool, crowbar, bolt cutter, and other miscellaneous tools
• a power winch for extricating stuck vehicles, with associated cables
• rope and life preserver for unassisted water rescue
• hand fire extinguishers, a backpack fire pump, a one inch (25 mm) diameter 50 foot (15 m) length of fire hose with a 50 to 150 US gallon (200 to 600 L) fire water tank and gasoline-powered reversible pump, fireproof turnout coat, and a self-rescue fire shelter
• firearms if appropriate to the area, often including a high-powered rifle with optical sights and a pump-action shotgun for close-range defense; park rangers engaged in police activities will often carry a pistol at all times in addition
• additional supplies of fuel and water as appropriate

These supplies are often augmented according to the geographic area and the local hazards. A park ranger in urban areas may carry less survival gear and more law enforcement equipment; a park ranger in the desert will carry much more drinkable water; a park ranger in the Alaskan outback will carry additional shelter materials and stove fuel. In more remote areas, pre-positioned caches containing survival equipment will be scattered throughout the park. Over fifty GPS satellites such as this NAVSTAR have been launched since 1978. ... Emergency position-indicating rescue beacons (EPIRB) are small radio transmitters that some satellites and search and rescue aircraft can use locate people or boats needing rescue. ... First aid kit of the French Army A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid, particularly in a medical emergency. ... The pulaski is a special hand tool used in wildland firefighting. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Shotgun (disambiguation). ... A Browning 9 millimeter Hi-Power Ordnance pistol of the French Navy, 19th century, using a Percussion cap mechanism Derringers were small and easily hidden. ...

Worldwide ranger deficit in developing countries

The Adopt A Ranger Foundation has calculated that worldwide about 140,000 rangers are needed for the protected areas in developing and transition countries. There are no data on how many rangers are employed at the moment, but probably less than half the protected areas in developing and transition countries have any rangers at all and those that have them are at least 50% short This means that there would be a worldwide ranger deficit of 105,000 rangers in the developing and transition countries.

One of the world's foremost conservationists, Dr. Kenton Miller, stated about the importance of rangers: "The future of our ecosystem services and our heritage depends upon park rangers. With the rapidity at which the challenges to protected areas are both changing and increasing, there has never been more of a need for well prepared human capacity to manage. Park rangers are the backbone of park management. They are on the ground. They work on the front line with scientists, visitors, and members of local communities."

Adopt A Ranger, fears that the ranger deficit is the greatest single limiting factor in effectively protecting nature in 75% of the world. Currently, no conservation organization or western country or international organization addresses this problem. Adopt A Ranger has been incorporated to draw worldwide public attention to the most urgent problem that conservation is facing in developing and transition countries: protected areas without field staff. Very specifically, it will contribute to solving the problem by fund raising to finance rangers in the field. It will also help governments in developing and transition countries to assess realistic staffing needs and staffing strategies. You can read more about this at http://www.adopt-a-ranger.org

See also

• Ranger
• Police memorabilia collecting