Parliament of Georgia - Slightly predating the Magna Charta in the United Kingdom, an idea of limiting the royal power and creating a parliamentary-type body of government was conceived among the aristocrats and citizens in the 12th century Kingdom of Georgia, during the reign of Queen Tamar – the first Georgian female monarch. In the view of the oppositionists and their leader, Qutlu Arslan (a Georgian Simon de Montfort), the first Georgian Parliament was to be formed of two "Chambers": a) Darbazi – or assembly of aristocrats and influential citizens who would meet from time to time to take decisions on the processes occurring in the country, the implementation of these decisions devolving on the monarch b) Karavi – a body in permanent session between the meetings of the Darbazi. The confrontation ended in the victory of the supporters of unlimited royal power. Qutlu Arslan was arrested on the Queen’s order. Magna Carta placed certain checks on the absolute power of the English Monarchs. ... An aerial view of Parliament of India at New Delhi. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Tamar as depicted on a mural from Vardzia monastery Tamar (1160-1213), from the House of Bagrationi, was Queen of the Kingdom of Georgia from 1184 to 1213. ... Two notable men bore the name of Simon de Montfort or Simon de Montford in the middle ages: Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester (1160 - 1218), a French nobleman, achieved prominence in the Fourth Crusade and in the Albigensian Crusade. ...

Subsequently, it was only in 1906 that the Georgians were afforded the opportunity of sending their representatives to a Parliamentary body of Government, to the Second State Duma (from 1801 Georgia had been incorporated in the Russian Empire). Georgian deputies of the Duma were: Noe Zhordania (later the President of independent Georgia in 1918-21), Ilia Chavchavadze (founder of the Georgian National Movement), Irakli Tsereteli (leader of the Social-Democratic Faction in the Second Duma, later Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia’s Provisional Government), Karlo Chkheidze (leader of the Menshevik Faction in the Fourth State Duma, Chairman of the first convocation of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies in 1917, and Chairman of the Trans-Caucasian Seym in 1918), and others. 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: Госдума (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia. ... Noe Zhordania (January 2, 1868 – January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and politician. ... Prince Ilia Chavchavadze, known as Saint Ilia the Righteous, (October 27, 1837-August 30, 1907) was a prominent figure of new Georgian literature, famous public benefactor, jurist, leader of the Georgias National-liberation movement in 1861-1907. ... Irakli (Kaki) Tsereteli (1881–1960) was a Georgian politician, one of the leaders of the Russian and Georgian Social-Democratic Labour Parties (Party of Mensheviks). ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... The Mensheviks were a faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, both members of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. ...

In 1918 the first "Georgian National Parliament" was founded in the already independent Georgia. In 1921 the Parliament adopted the first Georgian Constitution. The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG. საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა (Sakartvelos Demokratiuli Respublika) in Georgian, 1918-1921) was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia. ...

Shortly after the adoption of the Constitution Georgia was occupied by the Communist troops of Russia.

This was followed by a gap of 69 years in the Parliamentary Government in Georgian history. The first multiparty Elections in the Soviet Union were held in Georgia on 28 October 1990. The elected Supreme Soviet (the name of the simulated and pseudo-Parliament in the former Soviet Union) proclaimed the independence of Georgia).

On 26 May 1991 Georgia’s population elected the Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia as President of the country. Zviad Gamsakhurdia Zviad Konstantines dze Gamsakhurdia (Georgian: ზვიად კონსტანტინეს ძე გამსახურდია) (March 31, 1939 - December 31, 1993) was a dissident, scientist and writer, who...

The tension between the ruling and opposition Parties gradually intensified, which in 1991-92 developed into an armed conflict. The President left the country, the Supreme Soviet ceased to function and power was taken over by the Military Council.

In 1992 Eduard Shevardnadze (Minister of Foreign Affairs of the former Soviet Union) returned to Georgia, assuming Chairmanship of the Military Council which was reconstituted into a State Council. The State Council restored Georgia’s Constitution of 1921. The Council announced 4 August 1992 the day of Parliamentary Elections. Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (Georgian: ედუარდ შევარდნაძე, Russian: Эдуа́рд Амвро́сьевич Шевардна́дзе; pronounced ed-oo-ard am-vro-see-ye-vitch she-va-rd-nad-zuh) (born 25 January 1928) is a Georgian politician. ...

In 1995 the newly elected Parliament adopted a new Constitution. Georgia is a Presidential country with a unicameral Parliament.

The Georgian Parliament is the country’s Supreme representative body which effects legislative authority, determines the main directions of the country’s home and foreign policy, controls the activity of the Government within limits defined by the Constitution and exercises other rights.

Nino Burjanadze was elected on the post of the Speaker of the sixth legislature of the Parliament of Georgia in April, 2004 Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze (Georgian: ნინო ბურჯანაძე) (born on July 16, 1964) is a Georgian jurist and politician. ...

The Passage of a Draft Law in the Parliament

According to the Constitution, the President of Georgia, a Parliamentary committee, a Parliamentary faction, the member of the parliament, the supreme representative bodies of Abkhazia and Ajaria, and not less than 30,000 electors are invested with the right of legislative initiative. 1991-1992 Zviad Gamsakhurdia 1992-1995 Presidency abolished, Eduard Shevardnadze was appointed acting chairman of the Georgian state council November 1995: presidency restored. ... Abkhazia (Abkhaz Аҧсны/Aphsny, Georgian აფხაზეთი/Apkhazeti, Russian Абха́зия/Abkhazia) is a region of 8,600 km² (3,300 sq. ... Official language Georgian Capital Batumi ISO code GE.AJ Head of the Government Levan Varshalomidze Area  - Total  - % water 2,900 km² n/a Population  - Total (1989)  - Density 392,432 135. ...

the Parliamentary committees and the President are the chief initiators of legislative proposals in Georgia . A draft law, prepared on the committee or received through legislative initiative, is discussed at a meeting of the relevant committee. The draft, with the view of the committee or explanatory note attached, is passed on to other Parliamentary committees and factions. It is published in the "Parliamentary Reports", a special issue of the Parliament.

Before the committee decides to submit the draft law to the plenary session it arranges a committee reading. The reading is conducted in public. Information about the committee reading is disseminated through the mass media by the Parliamentary Press-Center, at least 7 days in advance. If the committee decides that the draft is ready for discussion at the plenary meeting, it is passed on to the Staff of the Parliament. The latter sees to it that the draft is put on the agenda of the Bureau. When the draft is initiated by the President of Georgia, the supreme representative bodies of Abkhazia and Ajaria, or a constituency, the Parliamentary Bureau refers the draft to the relevant committee. Abkhazia (Abkhaz Аҧсны/Aphsny, Georgian აფხაზეთი/Apkhazeti, Russian Абха́зия/Abkhazia) is a region of 8,600 km² (3,300 sq. ... Official language Georgian Capital Batumi ISO code GE.AJ Head of the Government Levan Varshalomidze Area  - Total  - % water 2,900 km² n/a Population  - Total (1989)  - Density 392,432 135. ...

The Parliament considers the draft law in three readings.

First reading - At the first reading of the draft its general principles and main propositions are discussed. If the draft passes the first reading, it is sent to the relevant committee (committees), with all the remarks to be taken into consideration.

Second reading - The draft - revised and discussed with account of the remarks made by the Parliament - is submitted to a Parliamentary session for the second reading. At the second reading the draft is discussed by sections, chapters, clauses or parts of clauses, each being put to the vote.

Third reading - For the third reading the members of Parliament are supplied with versions of the draft. They may introduce only editorial remarks, after which the draft

The draft law, passed by the Parliament, is submitted to the President of Georgia who signs it into law and has it published. The law is published in an official organ, entering into force on the 15th day from publication, unless some other term is indicated in the law.

PERIOD OF SESSIONS

The Parliament meets twice a year: for the spring and autumn sessions. The spring session opens on the first Tuesday of February and closes on the last Friday of June. The autumn session opens on the first Tuesday of September and closes on the third Friday of December. The Parliamentary session is planned for a fortnightly cycle, made up of plenary and committee sittings. The first week is given to plenary sessions, while the second to committee work and meeting with constituencies.

FACTIONS

National Movement - Democrats The political movement National Movement - Democrats (Georgian Natsionaluri Modzraoba – Demokratebi ნაციონალური მოძრაობა – დემოკრატები (NMD), former United National Movement) is the largest...

Democratic Front Democratic Front is the name of the current governing coalition in the Indian state of Maharashtra. ...

Rightist Opposition The Rightist Opposition (Georgian: მემარჯვენე ოპოზიცია, Memaryvene Opozicya) is an alliance of Georgias New Rights and Industrialists Parties. ...

MAJORITARIANS

REGIONS OF GEORGIA

INDEPENDENT MAJORITARIANS

External link

• Parliament of Georgia