NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Parliament of Scotland

The parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. A legislature is a governmental deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Capital Edinburgh Government Monarchy Head of State King of Scots Parliament Parliament of Scotland Currency Pound Scots This article is about the historical state called the Kingdom of Scotland (843-1707). ...

The unicameral parliament of Scotland is first found on record during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting for which reliable evidence survives (referred to, like the contemporary Parliament of England, as a colloquium in the surviving Latin records) was at Kirkliston (a village now in Edinburgh) in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. ... Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here:This article is about the legislative institution. ... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 kmÂ² 1. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... The Parliament of England can trace its roots back to the early medieval period. ... Colloquium is the annual technical symposium conducted by the Department of Mathematics of the [[College of Engineering, Guindy == ]], located in Chennai, India. ... It has been suggested that History of the Latin language be merged into this article or section. ... Kirkliston is a small village in the unitary authority area of Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ), DÃ¹n Ãˆideann () in Scottish Gaelic, is the second-largest city in Scotland and its capital city. ... Events Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht St. ... Alexander II (August 24, 1198 â€“ July 6, 1249), king of Scotland, son of William I, the Lion, and of Ermengarde of Beaumont, was born at Haddington, East Lothian, in 1198, and succeeded to the kingdom on the death of his father on 4 December 1214. ...

The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates, the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (Eng: old), met until the Acts of Union merged the parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England, creating the new Parliament of Great Britain in 1707. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament passed in 1707 (taking effect on 1 May) by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. ... The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal April 25 - Allied army is defeated by Bourbonic army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession. ...

Long portrayed as a constitutionally defective body that acted merely as a rubber stamp for royal decisions, research during the last decade has found that the pre-Union parliament played an active role in Scottish affairs, and was sometimes a thorn in the side of the Scottish crown. For the entry on the naval ship U.S.S. Constitution, see: USS Constitution. ... This article is about vulcanized rubber stamps. ... A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. ... Scotland is one of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

The Three Estates

The members were collectively referred to as the Three Estates (Scots: Thrie Estaitis), for nearly all of parliament's history, composed of: In several different regions of medieval Europe, and continuing in some countries down to the present day, the Estates of the realm were broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners; this last group was, in some regions, further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) and peasants. ... Scots or Lallans (Eng: Lowlands), sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from the Gaelic language of the Highlands, is a West Germanic language used in Scotland, parts of Northern Ireland, and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known in official circles as Ulster Scots or...

From the 16th century the second estate was reorganised by the selection of shire Commissioners: this has been argued to have created a fourth estate. During the 17th century, after the Union of the Crowns, a fifth estate of royal office holders (see Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland) has also been identified. These latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be 'the Three Estates'. A prelate is a member of the clergy who either has ordinary jurisdiction over a group of people or ranks in precedence with ordinaries. ... A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who, in certain Christian churches, holds a position of authority. ... Abbots coat of arms The word abbot, meaning father, has been used as a Christian clerical title in various, mainly monastic, meanings. ... A lord is a male who has power and authority. ... The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy... An Earl or Jarl was an Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian title, meaning chieftain and it referred especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a kings stead. ... A Lord of Parliament is a member of the lowest rank of Scottish peerage, ranking below a viscount. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district to a parliament. ... A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district to a parliament. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... As the Sovereigns personal representative Lord High Commissioners were appointed to the Parliament of Scotland between 1603 and 1707. ...

A Commissioner was the equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament, ie. a commoner, as opposed to a member of the nobility or clergy, who in England sat in the House of Lords, but as the parliament of Scotland was unicameral all members sat in the same chamber. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population â€“ Total (mid-2004) â€“ Total (2001... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district to a parliament; in the Westminster system, specifically to the lower house. ... A commoner, in British law, is someone who is neither the Sovereign nor a noble. ... The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the door of the Lodge of the Heralds. ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. ... Many parliaments or other legislatures consist of two chambers: an elected lower house, and an upper house or Senate which may be appointed or elected by a different mechanism from the lower house. ...

Origins

From the time of Kenneth I the Scottish kingdom of Alba was ruled by chieftains and petty kings under the suzerainty of a High King, all offices being filled through selection by an assembly under a system known as tanistry which combined a hereditary element with the consent of those ruled. Usually the candidate was nominated by the current office holder on the approach of death, and his heir-elect was known as the tanist, from the Scottish Gaelic tanaiste: second. After Macbeth was overthrown by Malcolm III in 1057 the influence of Norman settlers in Scotland saw primogeniture adopted as the means of succession in Scotland as in much of Western Europe. These early assemblies cannot be considered 'parliaments' in the later sense of the word, and were entirely separate from the later, Norman-influenced, institution. Kenneth MacAlpin (c. ... Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ... Alba is the ancient and modern Gaelic name (IPA: ) for the country of Scotland (also Alba in Irish, and in Old Gaelic Albu). ... ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... A high king is a king who holds a position of seniority over a group of other kings. ... Assembly may refer to the following things: In politics, any body meeting together to discuss matters, a parliament or a legislative assembly such as the French revolutionary Legislative Assembly, or a body more designed to mediate between otherwise independent bodies, such as the United Nations General Assembly. ... Tanistry (Irish/Gaeilge TÃ inste;Scottish Gaelic: TÃ naisteachd) was the office of heir-apparent, or second-in-command, among the royal dynastys of Ireland and her offshoot nations. ... For the scientific journal Heredity see Heredity (journal) Heredity (the adjective is hereditary) is the transfer of characters from parent to offspring, either through their genes or through the social institution called inheritance (for example, a title of nobility is passed from individual to individual according to relevant customs and... Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Macbeth (Gaelic for Son of Life) c. ... King Malcolm III of Scotland (MÃ¡el Coluim mac Donnchada), (1031 â€“ November 13, 1093) also known as Ceann MÃ³r (Anglicized as Canmore) meaning Big Head in the then Scottish language. ... Events King Macbeth I of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm Canmore. ... Primogeniture is the common tradition of inheritance by the first-born of the entirety of a parents wealth, estate or office; or in the absence of children, by collateral relatives, in order of seniority of the collateral line. ...

The Scottish parliament evolved during the Middle Ages from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls. It is perhaps first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, described as a ‘colloquium’ and already with a political and judicial role. By the early fourteenth century the attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and from 1326 burgh commissioners attended. Consisting of The Three Estates; of clerics, lay tenants-in-chief and burgh commissioners sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for taxation (although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the medieval period), but it also had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and all manner of other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by ‘sister’ institutions, before c. 1500 by General Council and thereafter by the Convention of Estates. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament—taxation, legislation and policy-making—but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here:This article is about the legislative institution. ... Events Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht St. ... Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. ... The judiciary, also referred to as the judicature, consists of justices, judges and magistrates among other types of adjudicators. ... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ... The silver Anglia knight, commissioned as a trophy in 1850, intended to represent the Black Prince. ... Freehold is a term used in real estate or real property law, land held in fee simple, as opposed to leasehold, which is land which is leased. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. ... A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ... A cleric is: A member of the clergy of a religion, especially one that has trained or ordained priests, preachers, or other religious professionals; or A member of a character class in Dungeons & Dragons and similar fantasy role-playing games. ... A tenant (from the Latin tenere, to hold), in legal contexts, holds real property by some form of title from a landlord. ... Politics—see Chambers of parliament Firearms—see Chamber (weaponry) Heart chamber Combustion chamber Marvel Comics —see Chamber (comics) The Chamber was a short-lived game show on FOX. The Chamber is a suspense novel by John Grisham. ... Lady Justice - allegory of Justice as woman with sword and with book - statue at court building. ... A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. ... The only atomic weapons ever used in war - the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan by the United States on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombs over Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki immediately killed over 120,000 people. ... Bold textJAMES CHECKLEY Legislation (or statutory law) is law which has been promulgated (or enacted) by a legislature or other governing body. ... This article should be transwikied to wiktionary Ecclesiastical means pertaining to the Church (especially Christianity) as an organized body of believers and clergy, with a stress on its juridical and institutional structure. ... // Latin root meaning The term social is derived from the Latin word socius, which as a noun means an associate, ally, companion, business partner or comrade and in the adjectival form socialis refers to a bond between people (such as marriage) or to their collective or connected existence. ... Economics (deriving from the Greek words Î¿Î¯ÎºÏ‰ [okos], house, and Î½ÎÎ¼Ï‰ [nemo], rules hence household management) is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Council can refer to: An Ecumenical council of the Christian Church, particular in Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox traditions. ... See also State (disambiguation) The States signifies, in different countries, the assembly of the (feudalistic) representatives of the estates of the realm, called together for purposes of legislation or deliberation. ...

The Lords of the Articles

From the early 1450s until the 1690 a great deal of the legislative business of the Scottish Parliament was usually carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the ‘Lords of the Articles’. This was a committee chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full assembly to be confirmed. In the past, historians have been particularly critical of this body, claiming that it quickly came to be dominated by royal nominees, thus undermining the power of the full assembly. Recent research suggests that this was far from always being the case. Indeed, in March 1482 the committee was taken over by men shortly to be involved in a coup d’etat against the King and his government. On other occasions the committee was so large that it could hardly have been easier to control than the full assembly. More generally, the committee was a pragmatic means to delegate the complicated drafting of acts to those members of parliament skilled in law and letters — not unlike a modern select committee of the UK parliament — while the right to confirm the act remained with the full assembly of three estates. Events Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast Tizoc rules the Aztecs Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo. ...

The Crown

At various points in its history the Scottish Parliament was able to exert considerable influence over the Crown. This should not be viewed as a slow rise from parliamentary weakness in 1235 to strength in the seventeenth century, but rather a situation where in particular decades or sessions between the thirteenth and seventeenth century parliament became particularly able to influence the crown, while at other points that ability was more limited. As early as the reign of David II parliament was able to prevent him pursuing his policy of a union of the crowns with England, while the fifteenth-century Stewart monarchs were consistently influenced by a prolonged period of parliamentary strength. Reverses to this situation have been argued to have occurred in the early sixteenth century and under James VI and Charles I, but in the seventeenth century, even after the Restoration, parliament was able to remove the clergy's right to attend in 1689 and abolish the Lords of the Articles in 1690, thereby limiting royal power. Parliament's strength was such that the Crown turned to corruption and political management to undermine its autonomy in the latter period. Nonetheless, the period from 1690 to 1707 was one in which political "parties" and alliances were formed within parliament in a maturing atmosphere of rigorous debate. The disputes over the English Act of Settlement 1701, the Scottish Act of Security, and the English Alien Act 1705 showed that both sides were prepared to take considered yet considerable risks in their relationships. James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... Charles I King of England, Scotland and Ireland Charles I (19 November 1600 - 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625, until his death. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal April 25 - Allied army is defeated by Bourbonic army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession. ... The Electress Sophia The Act of Settlement (12 & 13 Wm 3 c. ... The Scottish Act of Security was a response by the Scottish Parliament to the English Act of Settlement. ... For the US Alien Act of 1798, see Alien and Sedition Acts. ...

History

Parliament before 1400

Between 1235 and 1286 little can be told with certainty about Parliament's function, but it appears to have had a judicial and political role which was well established by the end of the century. With the death of Alexander III Scotland found itself without an adult monarch, and in this situation, Parliament seems to have become more prominent as a means to give added legitimacy to the Council of Guardians who ran the country. By the reign of John Balliol (1292-96) Parliament was well established, and Balliol attempted to use it as a means to withstand the encroachments of his overlord, Edward I of England. With his deposition in 1296, Parliament temporarily became less prominent, but it was again held frequently by King Robert Bruce after 1309. During his reign some of the most important documents made by the King and community of the realm were made in Parliament — for instance the 1309–1310 Declaration of the Clergy — although the extent to which the 'community' was able to speak independently of the King is a matter of debate. Events Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht St. ... Events Margaret I of Scotland became queen of Scotland, end of Canmore dynasty. ... Alexander III (September 4, 1241 â€“ March 19, 1286), King of Scots, also known as Alexander the Glorious, ranks as one of Scotlands greatest kings. ... John Balliol, the son of Devorguilla Balliol and John, 5th Baron de Balliol, was the king of Scotland from November 17, 1292-1296. ... Edward I (June 17, 1239â€“July 7, 1307), popularly known as Longshanks because of his 6 foot 2 inch (1. ... Events March 30 - Edward I stormed Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking the then Scottish border town with much bloodshed. ... Robert I, (Roibert a Briuis in medieval Gaelic, Raibeart Bruis in modern Scottish Gaelic and Robert de Brus in Norman French), usually known in modern English today as Robert the Bruce (July 11, 1274 â€“ June 7, 1329), was King of Scotland (1306 â€“ 1329). ... Events August 15 - The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. ... Events August 15 - The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. ... Events May 11 - In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy Abulfeda becomes governor of Hama. ...

By the reign of David II the 'three estates' (a phrase which replaced 'community of the realm' at this time) in Parliament were certainly able to oppose the King when necessary. Most notably, David was repeatedly prevented from accepting an English succession to the throne by Parliament. During the reigns of Robert II and Robert III Parliament appears to have been held less often, and royal power in that period also declined, but the institution returned to prominence, and arguably enjoyed its greatest period of power over the Crown after the return of James I from English captivity in 1424. David II (March 5, 1324 â€“ February 22, 1371) king of Scotland, son of King Robert the Bruce by his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. ... Robert II (March 2, 1316 â€“ April 19, 1390), king of Scotland, called the Steward, a title that gave the name to the House of Stewart (or Stuart). ... Robert III (circa 1340 â€“ April 4, 1406), king of Scotland (reigned 1390 - 1406), the eldest son of King Robert II by his mistress, Elizabeth Mure, became legitimised with the formal marriage of his parents about 1349. ... James I (December 10, 1394 â€“ February 21, 1437) reigned as king of Scotland from April 4, 1406 until February 21, 1437. ... Events August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of AlenÃ§on, John Stuart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ...

The Fifteenth Century

After onmouseover="pv(event, 127)" onmouseout="unpv(127)" style="">1424 Parliament was often willing to defy the King—it was far from being simply a ‘rubber stamp’ of royal decisions. During the fifteenth century Parliament was called far more often than, for instance, the English Parliament—on average over once a year—a fact that both reflected and augmented its influence. It repeatedly opposed James I’s (1424–1437) requests for taxation to pay an English ransom in the 1420s, and was openly hostile to James III (1460–1488) in the 1470s and early 1480s. In 1431 Parliament granted a tax to James I for a campaign in the Highlands on the condition that it be kept in a locked chest under the keepership of figures deeply out of favour with the King. In 1436 there was even an attempt made to arrest the King 'in the name of the three estates'. Between October 1479 and March 1482 Parliament was conclusively out of the control of James III. It refused to forfeit his brother, the Duke of Albany, despite a royal siege of the Duke's castle, tried to prevent the King leading his army against the English (a powerful indication of the estates' lack of faith in their monarch), and appointed men to the Lords of the Articles and important offices who were shortly to remove the King from power. James IV (1488–1513) realised that Parliament could often create more problems than it solved, and avoided meetings after 1509. This was a trend seen in other European nations as monarchical power grew stronger—for instance England under Henry VII, France and some of the Spanish Cortes Generales. Events August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of AlenÃ§on, John Stuart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... This is a list of Parliaments of England from the reign of Henry VII to 1707. ... James I (December 10, 1394 â€“ February 21, 1437) reigned as king of Scotland from April 4, 1406 until February 21, 1437. ... Events August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of AlenÃ§on, John Stuart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... Events foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford. ... Events and Trends Categories: 1420s ... James III of Scotland (1451/ 1452 â€“ June 11, 1488), son of James II and Mary of Gueldres, created Duke of Rothesay at birth, king of Scotland from 1460 to 1488. ... Events The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone. ... // Events February 3 - Bartolomeu Dias of Portugal lands in Mossel Bay after rounding the Cape of Good Hope, at the tip of Africa becoming the first known European to travel this far south. ... Events and Trends battle of Avenches 1476 Prominent Persons Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer and mathematician A map of Europe in the 1470s. ... Centuries: 14th century - 15th century - 16th century Decades: 1430s 1440s 1450s 1460s 1470s - 1480s - 1490s 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s Years: 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 Events and Trends Categories: 1480s ... Events February 21 - The trial of Joan of Arc March 3 - Eugenius IV becomes Pope May 30 - In Rouen, France, 19-year old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Events April - Paris is recaptured by the French End of the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. ... Events January 20 - Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella, queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula. ... Events Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast Tizoc rules the Aztecs Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo. ... James III of Scotland (1451/ 1452 â€“ June 11, 1488), son of James II and Mary of Gueldres, created Duke of Rothesay at birth, king of Scotland from 1460 to 1488. ... Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany (c. ... James IV (March 17, 1473 â€“ September 9, 1513) was King of Scotland from 1488 to 1513. ... // Events February 3 - Bartolomeu Dias of Portugal lands in Mossel Bay after rounding the Cape of Good Hope, at the tip of Africa becoming the first known European to travel this far south. ... 1513 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population â€“ Total (mid-2004) â€“ Total (2001... Henry VII (January 28, 1457 â€“ April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 â€“ April 21, 1509), was the founder and first patriarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... The Cortes Generales (English: General Courts) is the Spanish legislature. ...

The Sixteenth Century

During the sixteenth century the composition of Parliament underwent a number of significant changes and it found itself sharing the stage with new national bodies. The emergence of the Convention of Royal Burghs as the ‘parliament’ of Scotland’s trading towns and the development of the Kirk’s General Assembly after the Reformation (1560) meant that rival representative assemblies could bring pressure to bear on parliament in specific areas. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ...

Following the Reformation, laymen acquired the monasteries and those sitting as ‘abbots’ and ‘priors’ were now, effectively, part of the estate of nobles. The bishops continued to sit in Parliament regardless of whether they conformed to protestantism or not. This resulted in pressure from the Kirk to reform ecclesiastical representation in Parliament. Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567 but protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate until their abolition in 1638 when Parliament became an entirely lay assembly. An act of 1587 granted the lairds of each shire the right to send two commissioners to every parliament. These shire commissioners attended from 1592 onwards, although they shared one vote until 1640 when they secured a vote each. The number of burghs with the right to send commissioners to parliament increased quite markedly in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries until, in the 1640s, they often constituted the largest single estate in Parliament. The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... 1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. ... Events January 30 - The death of Pope Innocent IX during the previous year had left the Papal throne vacant. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and JoÃ£o IV of Portugal becomes king. ... Events and Trends The personal union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal ends due to a revolution in the latter (1640). ...

The Seventeenth Century

In the second half of the sixteenth century, Parliament began to legislate on more and more matters and there was a marked increase in the amount of legislation it produced. During the reign of James VI, the Lords of the Articles came more under the influence of the crown. By 1612, they sometimes seem to have been appointed by the Crown rather than Parliament, and as a result the independence of parliament was perceived by contemporaries to have been eroded. This decline was reversed in the Covenanting period (1638–1651), when the Scottish Parliament took control of the executive, effectively wresting sovereignty from the King and setting many precedents for the constitutional changes undertaken in England soon afterwards. The Covenanting regime fell in 1651 after Scotland was invaded by Oliver Cromwell whose Commonwealth government imposed a brief Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union in 1657. James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... Events January 20 - Mathias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... Motto: PAX, QUÃ†RITUR, BELLO (English: Peace is obtained by war)1 Capital London Head of State none Parliament Rump Parliament (1649-53), Barebones Parliament (1653) The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ...

During this period, Parliament gained the only permanent home it ever had. King Charles I ordered the construction of Parliament Hall, which was completed in 1639. Charles I (19 November 1600â€“30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... The Robert Reid designed facade to Parliament Square Parliament House in Edinburgh, Scotland was home to the Scottish Parliament, and is now used by the High Court of Justiciary and the Court of Session. ... Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ...

The Scottish Parliament returned after the Restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660. He renewed attempts to impose Episcopalian Anglican worship on Scotland, provoking rebellions by Covenanters such as the Cameronians who were repressed in the "Killing Times" in attempts to stamp out Presbyterianism. He was succeeded in 1685 by his Roman Catholic brother, James VII of Scotland & II of England, who continued the family disdain for democracy, their motto being a Deo rex, a rege lex (the king comes from God, the law comes from the king). In England and Scotland James attempted to impose religious toleration, which helped the Catholic minority but offended others. Charles II or The Merry Monarch (29 May 1630â€“6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... The word Episcopal is derived from the Greek επισκοπος epískopos, which literally means overseer; the word however is used in religious terms to mean bishop. ... The Covenanters are a radical Presbyterian movement that played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England and Ireland, during the 17th century. ... Cameronian was a name given to a section of the Scottish Covenanters who followed the teachings of Richard Cameron, and who were composed prinicpally of those who signed the Sanquhar Declaration in 1680. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... Events February 6 - James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... James II of England and VII of Scotland (14 October 1633â€“16 September 1701) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. ...

William of Orange lobbied to have James replaced by William's wife Mary who was James' daughter and next in line to the throne. Matters came to a head in November 1688 when William arrived in England and James fled to France: in February 1689 the Glorious Revolution formally changed England's monarch. Scotland was slow to accept William, who summoned a Convention of the Estates which met on 14 March 1689 in Edinburgh and considered a conciliatory letter from William and a haughty one from James. Forces of Cameronians as well as Clan Campbell highlanders led by the Earl of Argyll had come to bolster William's support. On James' side, John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, a cavalry commander, attended at the start but withdrew four days later when support for William became evident. The convention set out its terms and William and Mary were proclaimed at Edinburgh on April 11, 1689, then had their coronation in London in May. Those disputing this settlement became known as Jacobites. William III King of England, Scotland and Ireland William III and II (14 November 1650–8 March 1702; also known as William Henry and William of Orange) was Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scotland from 11 April... Mary II (30 April 1662â€“28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689 until her death, and as Queen of Scotland (as Mary II of Scotland) from 11 April 1689 until her death. ... // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... The term Glorious Revolution refers to the Whig-popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. ... March 14 is the 73rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (74th in Leap years) with 292 days remaining in the year. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ), DÃ¹n Ãˆideann () in Scottish Gaelic, is the second-largest city in Scotland and its capital city. ... Cameronian was a name given to a section of the Scottish Covenanters who followed the teachings of Richard Cameron, and who were composed prinicpally of those who signed the Sanquhar Declaration in 1680. ... Clan Campbell is one of the largest Highland Scottish clans. ... Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll (1658 - September 25, 1703) was a Scottish peer. ... John Graham, Viscount Dundee (c. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... Charles Edward Stuart, Bonnie Prince Charlie, wearing the Jacobite blue bonnet Jacobitism was (and, to a very limited extent, is) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland (including after 1707,when the de facto government deemed those thrones to...

Union with England

It is an oversimplification to claim, as Robert Burns memorably did, that the Union of England and Scotland (and hence the dissolution of the Scottish Parliament) was brought about by the Scots members being "bought and sold for English gold", but bribery and parliamentary division combined with wider economic imperatives, partly arising from the disaster of the Darien Scheme, enabled the Crown to incorporate Union with England in the Acts of Union 1707 which brought the Parliament of Great Britain. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Robert Burns Robert Burns, preeminent Scottish poet Burns redirects here. ... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 kmÂ² 1. ... The Darién scheme was an unsuccessful attempt by the Kingdom of Scotland to establish a colony on the Isthmus of Panama. ... The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament passed in 1707 (taking effect on 1 May) by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. ... The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ...

Composition and Procedure in the 17th Century

Presidency of the Estates

Given the dominance of the Crown and the Lords of the Articles over the Parliament for most of its history, the presidency of the Estates never developed into a post similar in nature to that of the the Speaker of the House of Commons at Westminster. For most of the 17th century, in the absence of the King (which, after 1603 was the usual situation), the Estates was presided over by the Lord Chancellor, or occasionally, the Lord High Commissioner. After the Restoration the Lord Chancellor was made ex-officio president, his functions including the formulation of questions and putting them to the vote. The term Speaker is usually the title given to the presiding officer of a countrys lower house of parliament or congress (ie: the House of Commons or House of Representatives). ... The Lord Chancellor of Scotland was a senior pre-Union officer in Scotland. ... As the Sovereigns personal representative Lord High Commissioners were appointed to the Parliament of Scotland between 1603 and 1707. ...

Contents

The Three Estates GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");