Parliamentary republics around the world, shown in Orange (Parliamentary republics with a non-executive President) and Green (Parliamentary republics with an executive President linked to Parliament). Constitutional monarchies are shown in red.

A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a republic which operates under a parliamentary system of government. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 52 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Parliament Parliamentary system User:The Tom/maps Categories: ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 52 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Parliament Parliamentary system User:The Tom/maps Categories: ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... in particular, for the archaizing senses of republic, as a translation of politeia or res publica Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on consent of the governed... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In contrast to a presidential republic and the semi-presidential system, the head of state usually does not have broad executive powers as an executive president would, because much of those powers have been granted to a "head of government" (usually called a prime minister). However, the head of government and head of state may form one office in a parliamentary republic (such as South Africa and Botswana), but the president is still elected in much the same way as the prime minister is in most Westminster systems. This usually means that they are the leader of the largest party or coalition of parties in parliament. Republics with presidential systems are shown in blue A presidential system, or a congressional system, is a system of government of a republic where the executive branch is elected separately from the legislative. ... States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a prime minister and a president are both active participants in the day-to-day functioning of the administration of a country. ... An Excutive president is a president who exercises active executive power in a presidential system of government. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... The Houses of Parliament, also known as the Palace of Westminster, in London. ...

In some instances, the President may legally have executive powers granted to them to undertake the day-to-day running of government (as in Finland or Ireland) but by convention they do not use these powers. Some parliamentary republics could therefore be seen as following the semi-presidential system but operating under a parliamentary system.

Historical development

Typically, parliamentary republics are states that were previously constitutional monarchies, with the position of head of state hitherto a monarch (and, in the case of some Commonwealth republics, formerly represented by a Governor General) being replaced by an elected non-executive president. There is also a large number of parliamentary republics that were once one-party states, being part of the Eastern bloc or the Soviet Union. This does not cite any references or sources. ... Armenian king Tigranes the Great. ... The Commonwealth republics, shown in pink A Commonwealth republic is any one of the 31 sovereign states of the Commonwealth of Nations that have a republican form of government. ... A Governor-General (in Canada always, and frequently in Pakistan/India prior to the abolition of the last monarchy, Governor General) is most generally a governor of high rank, or a principal governor ranking above ordinary governors [1]. The most common contemporary usage of the term is to refer to... A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ...

List of current Parliamentary republics

Country	Formerly	Parliamentary republic adopted	Head of state elected by
Albania	One-party state	1991	Parliament, by three-fifths majority
Austria	One-party state	1955	Direct, by second-round system
Bangladesh [1]	Presidential republic (Part of Pakistan)	1971	Parliament
Botswana	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth Realm)	1967	Parliament
Bulgaria	One-party state	1947	Parliament
Croatia	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system
Czech Republic	One-party state (Part of Czechoslovakia)	1993	Parliament, by majority
Dominica	British overseas territory	1978	Parliament, by majority
East Timor	Military junta (Occupied by Indonesia)	1999	Directly, by second-round system
Estonia	One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)	1992	Parliament, by two-thirds majority
Ethiopia	One-party state	1991	Parliament, by two-thirds majority
Finland	Constitutional monarchy (Part of Russian Empire)	1919	Directly, by second-round system
Germany	One-party state	1949	Federal assembly (Parliament and state delegates), by absolute majority
Greece	Military junta	1974	Parliament, by majority
Hungary	One-party state	1990	Parliament, by absolute majority
Iceland	Constitutional monarchy (Part of Denmark)	1944	Direct, by transferable vote
India	Constitutional monarchy	1950	Parliament and state legislators, by single transferable vote
Iraq	One-party state	2005	Parliament, by two-thirds majority
Ireland	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth Realm)	1949	Direct, by single transferable vote
Israel	Protectorate (Part of British Mandate of Palestine)	1949	Parliament, by two-thirds majority
Italy	Constitutional monarchy	1948	Parliament, by majority
Latvia	One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)	1991	Parliament
Lithuania	One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)	1990	Direct, by second-round system
Macedonia	One-party state (Part of the Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system
Malta	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth Realm)	1974	Direct, by second-round system
Mauritius	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth Realm)	1992	Parliament, by majority
Montenegro	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)	1992	Directly, by second-round system
Poland	One-party state	1990	Directly, by second-round system
Portugal	Military junta	1976	Directly, by second-round system
Samoa	Territory of New Zealand	2007	Parliament
Singapore	Constitutional monarchy (Part of Malaysia)	1965	Directly, by second-round system
Slovakia	One-party state (Part of Czechoslovakia)	1993	Parliament (before 1999) Directly, by second-round system (since 1999) Image File history File links Flag_of_Albania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bangladesh. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Botswana. ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bulgaria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Croatia. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Dominica. ... A United Kingdom overseas territory (formerly known as a dependent territory or earlier as a crown colony) is a territory that is under the sovereignty and formal control of the United Kingdom but is not part of the United Kingdom proper (almost exclusively Great Britain and Northern Ireland). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_East_Timor. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Estonia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ethiopia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Finland. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iceland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Latvia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lithuania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Macedonia. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Malta. ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mauritius. ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Montenegro. ... Anthem Oj, svijetla majska zoro Oh, Bright Dawn of May Montenegro() on the European continent()  —  [] Capital (and largest city) Podgorica Official languages Serbian (Ijekavian dialect)1 Demonym Montenegrin Government Republic  -  President Filip Vujanović  -  Prime Minister Željko Å turanović Independence due to the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro   -  Declared June 3, 2006... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Portugal. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Samoa. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Singapore. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovakia. ...
Slovenia	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system
South Africa	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth Realm)	1961	Parliament, majority
Switzerland	Military junta (Occupied by France)	1802	Parliament [2]
Trinidad and Tobago	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth Realm)	1976	Parliament
Turkey	Absolute monarchy (Part of Ottoman Empire)	1923	Parliament, by two-thirds majority
Vanuatu	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth Realm)	1980	Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority

Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovenia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_South_Africa. ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago. ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans  - 1281–1326... Image File history File links Flag_of_Vanuatu. ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ...

List of former Parliamentary republics

Country	Year became a Parliamentary republic	Year status changed	Changed to	Status changed due to
Brazil	1961	1963	Presidential system	Referendum
Chile	1891	1925	Presidential system	Referendum
French Fourth Republic	1946	1958	Semi Presidential republic (French Fifth Republic)	Political instability
Fiji	1987	2006	Military junta	Military coup (2006)
Pakistan	1956		Presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Nigeria	1963		Presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Uganda	1963		Presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Guyana	1970
Sri Lanka	1972

Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where the executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separate from the legislature, to which it is not accountable, and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chile. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where the executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separate from the legislature, to which it is not accountable, and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a prime minister and a president are both active participants in the day-to-day functioning of the administration of a country. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Fiji. ... The Fijian coup détat of December 2006 occurred as a continuation of the pressure which had been building since the military unrest of the 2000 Fijian coup détat and 2005-2006 Fijian political crisis. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where the executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separate from the legislature, to which it is not accountable, and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Nigeria. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where the executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separate from the legislature, to which it is not accountable, and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uganda. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where the executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separate from the legislature, to which it is not accountable, and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Guyana. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sri_Lanka. ...

Notes

A caretaker is a term mainly used in the United Kingdom, meaning a concierge or janitor. ... The President of the Confederation (Italian: , French: , German: ) is the presiding member of the Swiss Federal Council, Switzerlands seven-member executive. ... First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people sharing the same rank or office. ... The Swiss Federal Council (German: , French: , Italian: , Romansh: ) is the seven-member executive council which constitutes the government as well as the head of state of Switzerland. ...

See also

• Constitutional republic
• Republicanism