| Parrots | 
| | Scientific classification | | | | Systematics | | (but see below) Binomial name Linnaeus, 1766 Subspecies A pair of Senegal Parrots in the wild at Hann Park, Dakar, Senegal. ...
For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with...
For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ...
Johann Georg Wagler (1800 - 1832) was a German herpetologist. ...
Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of life on the planet earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. ...
Family Cacatuidae (cockatoos)
Genera Probosciger Calyptorhynchus Callocephalon Eolophus Cacatua Nymphicus A cockatoo is any of about 20 species of bird belonging to the family Cacatuidae. ...
- Subfamily Microglossinae (Palm Cockatoo)
- Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae (dark cockatoos)
- Subfamily Cacatuinae (white cockatoos)
Family Psittacidae (true parrots)
For the runtime engine for Perl 6, see Parrot virtual machine. ...
(paraphyletic) Genera Chalcopsitta Eos Pseudeos Trichoglossus Lorius Phigys Vini Glossopsitta Charmosyna Oreopsittacus Neopsittacus Lories and lorikeets are small to medium-sized arboreal parrots which comprise the subfamily Loriinae. ...
Tribes Psittrichadini Cyclopsittacini Polytelini Psittaculini Psittacini The Psittacinae is a subfamily in the parrot family Psittacidae. ...
Genera c. ...
Genera Cyclopsitta Psittaculirostris Bolbopsittacus Cyclopsitticini are a tribe of parrots of the Psittacidae family. ...
Species Micropsitta pusio Micropsitta keiensis Micropsitta geelvinkiana Micropsitta meeki Micropsitta finschii Micropsitta bruijnii The pygmy parrots are the smallest members of the parrot family. ...
Species Nestor is a genus of New Zealand parrots, apparently the single genus of the Nestorinae subfamily. ...
A broad-tailed parrot is any of about 35 species belonging to the subfamily Platycercinae. ...
Binomial name Psittrichas fulgidus Lesson, 1831 The Pesquets Parrot also known as Vulturine Parrot, Psittrichas fulgidus is a black and scarlet plumaged parrot, up to 46cm in body length, that inhabits and endemic to New Guinea. ...
Genera Coracopsis Psittacus Poicephalus Tribus Psittacini consists of Afrotropical parrots; there are 13 species in 3 genera. ...
Families Cacatuidae Psittacidae Parrots or Psittacines (order Psittaciformes) includes about 353 species of bird which are generally grouped into two families: the Cacatuidae or cockatoos, and the Psittacidae or true parrots. ...
Binomial name Strigops habroptilus Gray,GR, 1845 The Kakapo (Maori for night parrot), Strigops habroptilus (owl-faced soft feathers), is a species of nocturnal parrot endemic to New Zealand. ...
Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
|
 Scarlet Macaws. One is eating using a foot to hold a walnut, while the shell is broken with its beak. Parrots are birds of the roughly 350 species in 85 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes, found in most warm and tropical regions. Also known as psittacines (pronounced /ˈsɪtəsaɪnz/),[1][2] they are usually grouped into two families: the Psittacidae (true parrots) and the Cacatuidae (cockatoos). Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Most parrots are predominantly green, with other bright colors, and some species are multi-colored. Cockatoo species range from mostly white to mostly black, and have a mobile crest of feathers on the top of their heads. Most parrots are monomorphic or minimally sexually dimorphic. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 3. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 3. ...
For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
See genus (mathematics) for the use of the term in mathematics. ...
In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ...
The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Parrot. ...
This article is about the family of birds. ...
// In biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes wings of a tetrapod animal. ...
The cockatiel - an example of a crested bird species Several bird species exhibit prominent feathered crests upon their heads. ...
Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size, between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ...
Parrots, along with crows, jays and magpies, are some of the most intelligent birds, and their ability to imitate human voices enhances their popularity as pets. Trapping of wild parrots for the pet trade, as well as other hunting, habitat loss and competition from invasive species, have diminished wild populations, and more parrots are threatened with extinction than any other group of birds.[3] Genera many, see article text Corvidae is a family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies and nutcrackers (Clayton and Emery 2005, [1]). Collectively its members are called corvids and there are over 120 species. ...
Talking birds are birds who can imitate human speech. ...
This article is about animals kept for companionship. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
Lantana invasion of abandoned citrus plantation; Moshav Sdey Hemed, Israel The term invasive species refers to a subset of introduced species or non-indigenous species that are rapidly expanding outside of their native range. ...
The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ...
The most important components of most parrots' diets are seeds, nuts, fruit, buds and other plant material, and a few species also eat insects and small animals, and the lories and lorikeets are specialised to feed on nectar from flowers, and soft fruits. Almost all parrots nest in tree holes (or nestboxes in captivity), and lay white eggs from which emerge altricial (helpless) young. In bird and mammal biology, altricial species are those whose newly hatched or born young are relatively immobile, have closed eyes, lack hair or down, and must be cared for by the adults. ...
Extant species range in size from the Buff-faced Pygmy-parrot, under 10 g (0.35 oz.) and 8 cm (3.2 inches), to the Hyacinth Macaw, at 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length, and the Kakapo, at 4 kg (8.8 lbs). Some atypical parrots include the dimorphic Eclectus (the male is green and the female is red), the flightless lek breeding Kakapo. The Kaka, Kea and the Long-billed Corella have especially curved upper mandibles. Extant is a term commonly used to refer to taxa, species, genera or families that are still in existence (living). ...
Binomial name (Sclater, 1866) The Buff-faced Pygmy-parrot (Micropsitta pusio) is a species of parrot in the Psittacidae family. ...
Binomial name (Latham, 1790) Native to the forests of central South America, the Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) is the largest macaw and the largest flying parrot species in the world, though the flightless Kakapo of New Zealand can outweigh it at up to 3. ...
Binomial name Eclectus roratus (Müller, 1776) The Eclectus Parrot, Eclectus roratus is a parrot native to the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, northeastern Australia and the Maluku Islands (Moluccas). ...
A lek is a gathering of males, of certain animal species, for the purposes of competitive mating display. ...
Binomial name Gray, 1845 The Kakapo (MÄori: kÄkÄpÅ, meaning night parrot), Strigops habroptilus (from the Greek strix, genitive strigos: owl and ops: face; and habros: soft, and ptilon: feather), also called owl parrot, is a species of nocturnal parrot with finely blotched yellow-green plumage endemic to...
Kaka, see Kaka (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name Nestor notabilis Gould, 1856 The Kea (Nestor notabilis) is a highly unusual species of parrot found in forested and alpine regions of the South Island of New Zealand. ...
Binomial name Kuhl, 1820 Long-billed Corella range (in red) The Long-billed Corella, Cacatua tenuirostris, is a cockatoo native to Australia. ...
Evolution and systematics
Origins and evolution The diversity of Psittaciformes in South America and Australasia suggests that the order has a Gondwanan origin. The parrot family's fossil record, however, is sparse and their origin remains a matter of informed speculation rather than fact. For other uses of Gondwana and Gondwanaland, see Gondwana (disambiguation). ...
A single 15 mm fragment from a lower bill (UCMP 143274), found in Lance Creek Formation deposits of Niobrara County, Wyoming, has been suggested as the first parrot fossil.[4] Of Late Cretaceous age, it is about 70 million years old. But subsequent reviews [5] [6] have established that this fossil is almost certainly not from a bird, but from a caenagnathid theropod — a non-avian dinosaur with a birdlike beak. The University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) is a paleontology museum located on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. The museum is in the Valley Life Sciences Building at Berkeley and the collections are primarily intended for research. ...
The Lance Formation is a division of Late Cretaceous rocks in the western United States. ...
Niobrara County is a county located in the state of Wyoming. ...
Geography of the US in the Late Cretaceous Period Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. ...
Genera Caenagnathasia Chirostenotes Elmisaurus Hagryphus Nomingia Caenagnathidae (recent jaws) is a family of bird-like theropod dinosaurs within the clade Oviraptorosauria. ...
Families See text Theropods (beast foot) are a group of bipedal, primarily carnivorous dinosaurs, belonging to the saurischian (lizard-hip) family. ...
The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which, in addition to eating, is used for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship, and feeding their young. ...
It is now generally assumed that the Psittaciformes or their common ancestors with a number of related bird orders were present somewhere in the world around the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, some 65 mya (million years ago). If so, they probably had not evolved their morphological autapomorphies yet, but were generalized arboreal birds, roughly similar (though not necessarily closely related) to today's potoos or frogmouths (see also Palaeopsittacus below). Artists reconstruction of a major impact event. ...
For other uses of mya, see mya (disambiguation). ...
This article is about biological evolution. ...
The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...
An autapomorphy in cladistics is a derived trait that is unique to a given taxon. ...
Species See text. ...
The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the nightjars. ...
Europe is the origin of the first generally accepted parrot fossils. They date from the Eocene, starting around 50 mya (million years ago). Several fairly complete skeletons of parrot-like birds have been found in England and Germany.[7] Some uncertainty remains, but on the whole it seems more likely that these are not true ancestors of the modern parrots, but related lineages which evolved in the Northern Hemisphere but have since died out. These are probably not "missing links" between ancestral and modern parrots, but rather psittaciform lineages that evolved parallel to true parrots and cockatoos and had their own peculiar autapomorphies: For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
hfajhfiudshfas == == == --24. ...
For other uses of mya, see mya (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
Look up missing link in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The earliest records of modern parrots date to about 23–20 mya and are also from Europe. Subsequently, the fossil record — again, mainly from Europe — consists of bones clearly recognizable as belonging to modern-type parrots. The Southern Hemisphere does not have nearly as rich a fossil record for the period of interest as the Northern, and contains no known parrot-like remains earlier than the early to middle Miocene, around 20 mya. At this point, however, is found the first unambiguous parrot fossil (as opposed to a parrot-like one), an upper jaw which is indistinguishable from that of modern cockatoos. A few modern genera are tentatively dated to a Miocene origin, but their unequivocal record stretches back only some 5 million years (see genus articles for more). Species Quercypsitta sudrei type Quercypsitta ivani Quercypsitta[1] is a genus of prehistoric bird from the Late Eocene (c. ...
Species Quercypsitta sudrei type Quercypsitta ivani Quercypsitta[1] is a genus of prehistoric bird from the Late Eocene (c. ...
The Miocene Epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23. ...
This article is about the family of birds. ...
The named fossil genera of parrots are probably all in the Psittacidae or close to its ancestry:
- Archaeopsittacus (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene)
- Xenopsitta (Early Miocene of Czechia)
- Psittacidae gen. et spp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - several species
- Bavaripsitta (Middle Miocene of Steinberg, Germany)
- Psittacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of France) - erroneously placed in Pararallus dispar, includes "Psittacus" lartetianus
Some Paleogene fossils are not unequivocally accepted to be of psittaciforms: Binomial name Archaeopsittacus verreauxi (A. Milne-Edwards, 1870) Synonyms Psittacus verreauxii (lapsus) A. Milne-Edwards, 1870 Archaeopsittacus is a genus of prehistoric parrot. ...
Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) period is a unit of geologic time that began 65 and ended 23 million years ago. ...
- Palaeopsittacus (Early - Middle Eocene of NW Europe) - caprimulgiform (podargid?) or quercypsittid?
- "Precursor" (Early Eocene) - part of this apparent chimera seems to be of a pseudasturid or psittacid
- Pulchrapollia (Early Eocene) — includes "Primobucco" olsoni - psittaciform (pseudasturid or psittacid)?
Look up chimera, Chimaera in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Phylogeny
 Close-up of the feathers of a Yellow-headed Parrot. The blue component of the green coloration is due to light scattering while the yellow is due to pigment. The phylogeny of the parrots is still under investigation. The classifications as presented reflects the current status, which is disputed and therefore subject to change when new studies resolve some of the open questions. For that reason, this classification should be treated as preliminary. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (648x648, 156 KB) Summary Photo taken by me in August, 2006. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (648x648, 156 KB) Summary Photo taken by me in August, 2006. ...
Binomial name Amazona oratrix (Ridgway, 1887) The Yellow-headed Parrot (Amazona oratrix), also known as the Double Yellow-headed Amazon, etc. ...
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ...
The Psittaciformes are generally considered to consist of two major living lineages of family rank: the true parrots (Psittacidae) and the cockatoos (Cacatuidae). The term "true parrot" is not used by the majority of bird keepers, biologists and lay people and is a source of confusion[citation needed]. The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Parrot. ...
Genera Probosciger Calyptorhynchus Callocephalon Eolophus Cacatua Nymphicus A cockatoo is any of about 20 species of bird belonging to the family Cacatuidae. ...
The Cacatuidae are quite distinct, having a movable head crest, a different arrangement of the carotid arteries, a gall bladder, differences in the skull bones, and lack the Dyck texture feathers which, in the Psittacidae, scatters light in such a way as to produce the vibrant colours of so many parrots. However, the actual situation may be more complex (see below). The carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that supplies blood to the head and neck. ...
The gallbladder (or cholecyst) is a pear-shaped organ that stores bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...
Two feathers A single white feather Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. ...
While understanding of the relationships between subgroups of true parrots — for example, the one containing the Grey Parrot versus the relatives of the Budgerigar — are rather well resolved and knowledge of relationships between species has much improved in the last years, it is still a matter of dispute whether the distinct lineages of true parrots should be considered subfamilies or tribes. Due to parrot fossils and molecular divergence date estimates providing insufficient data to properly resolve when exactly the major diversification and divergence periods in parrot evolution took place, it is difficult to determine how distinct the various lineages are really from each other, and how fast and radically they were changed by evolution. Binomial name Psittacus erithacus Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies The African Grey Parrot is a medium-sized parrot of the genus Psittacus, native to Africa. ...
Binomial name (Shaw, 1805) The Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus, nicknamed budgie), the only species in the Australian genus Melopsittacus, is a small parrot belonging to the tribe of the broad-tailed parrots (Platycercini); these are sometimes considered a subfamily (Platycercinae). ...
...
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic classification in between family and genus. ...
This article is about evolution in biology. ...
Lorikeets were previously regarded as a third family Loriidae,[8] though now most often considered a subfamily of the Psittacidae.[9] Others lump all Psittaciformes into one giant family.[citation needed] The present majority view is that they are distinct enough to warrant subfamily status, but some consider the quite pronounced differences not evidence of a uniquely deep evolutionary split but rather not different quantitatively from the differences between more closely related lineages. Biogeography suggests that the lorikeets are best considered a uniquely distinct lineage, not as divergent as cockatoos maybe, but still standing apart from other psittacids. Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. ...
Recent molecular studies, such as that of mtDNA in 1998,[10] or the sex chromosome spindlin gene in 2005,[11] find the relationships of the main lineages of living parrots to be for the most part unresolvable with any confidence. An unexpected[12] result was that according to the spindlin sequence data, the only major divergence among living parrots that could be reliably positioned in the calculated phylogenies occurred between some New Zealand parrots - Kakapo, Kākā and Kea - and the remaining psittaciformes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ...
The ZW sex-determination system is a system that birds, some fishes, and some insects (including butterflies and moths) use to determine the sex of their offspring. ...
Binomial name Gray, 1845 The Kakapo (MÄori: kÄkÄpÅ, meaning night parrot), Strigops habroptilus (from the Greek strix, genitive strigos: owl and ops: face; and habros: soft, and ptilon: feather), also called owl parrot, is a species of nocturnal parrot with finely blotched yellow-green plumage endemic to...
Binomial name Nestor meridionalis (Gmelin, 1788) The KÄkÄ, Nestor meridionalis, is a parrot native to the forests of New Zealand. ...
Binomial name Nestor notabilis Gould, 1856 The Kea (Nestor notabilis) is a highly unusual species of parrot found in forested and alpine regions of the South Island of New Zealand. ...
The case for distinctness of at least the nestorines seems to be fairly complete by now. Its position - with or without the Kakapo - and ancient age as suggested by the molecular data is at odds with the fossil record though, as it would require an absurdly high degree of homoplasy and a decidedly non-parsimonious character distribution in living parrots. As the study relies upon an obsolete molecular clock model uncalibrated by material evidence, the results are highly spurious. The scenario of Miyaki et al. (1998),[10] while less complete (and excluding the kakapo) agrees better, though not completely, with the material evidence. Again, an unreliable molecular clock model was used. In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution describes the process whereby organisms not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate and sometimes varying ecosystems. ...
Look up parsimony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The molecular clock (based on the molecular clock hypothesis (MCH)) is a technique in genetics, which researchers use to date when two species diverged. ...
While the latter two seem indeed to constitute a distinct lineage, placement of the Kakapo with these is contradicted by mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data.[10] In any case, the major lineages of psittacines seem indeed to represent distinct clades, but their relationship among them is not well resolvable by the present molecular data. They appear to have radiated throughout a fairly limited timespan, approximately during the Eocene. One finding of major importance is that neither cockatoos nor lories seem to be as distinct from other major parrot lineages as they are usually assumed to be. CoQ Cytochrome c reductase The Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase complex, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times Complex III, is the third complex in the electron transfer chain (PDB 1KYO, EC 1. ...
A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ...
Image:Darwins large finches. ...
Systematics The following classification is a version in which several subfamilies are recognized. Molecular data (see above) suggests that several subfamilies might indeed be valid and perhaps even be elevated to family rank, but the arrangement of tribes in these is not well resolved at present. Family Psittacidae: true parrots Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1900 × 1900 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1900 × 1900 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1771) Swainsons Lorikeet () The Rainbow Lorikeet, Trichoglossus haematodus is a species of Australasian parrot found in Australia, eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. ...
For the runtime engine for Perl 6, see Parrot virtual machine. ...
- Subfamily Arinae: Neotropical parrots, about 160 species in some 30 genera. Probably 2 distinct lineages:[10][11]
- Subfamily Loriinae: Around a dozen genera with some 50 species of lorikeets and lories, centered in New Guinea, spreading to Australia, Indonesia, and the islands of the south Pacific.
- Subfamily Micropsittinae: 6 species of pygmy parrot, all in a single genus.
- Subfamily Nestorinae or Strigopinae: The New Zealand parrots.
- Tribe Nestorini: 1 genus with only 2 living species, the Kea and Kākā of the New Zealand region.
- Tribe Strigopini: The flightless, nearly extinct Kakapo of New Zealand.
- Subfamily Psittacinae
- Tribe Cyclopsitticini: fig parrots, 3 genera, all from New Guinea or nearby.
- Tribe Polytelini: three genera from Australia and the Wallacea. - may belong to broad-tailed parrots.
- Tribe Psittrichadini: A single species, Pesquet's Parrot.
- Tribe Psittacini: Afrotropical parrots, about a dozen species in 3 genera.
- Tribe Psittaculini: Paleotropic psittaculine parrots, nearly 70 living species in 12 genera, distributed from India to Australasia.
- Subfamily Platycercinae: Broad-tailed parrots; nearly 30 species in roughly one dozen genera.
The Neotropical Parrots (subfamily Arinae) belong to the family of the true parrots Psittacidae. ...
Genera Chalcopsitta Eos Pseudeos Trichoglossus Lorius Phigys Vini Glossopsitta Charmosyna Oreopsittacus Neopsittacus Lories and lorikeets are small to medium-sized arboreal parrots which comprise the subfamily Loriinae. ...
Species Micropsitta pusio Micropsitta keiensis Micropsitta geelvinkiana Micropsitta meeki Micropsitta finschii Micropsitta bruijnii The pygmy parrots are the smallest members of the parrot family. ...
Species The genus Nestor, the only genus of the Nestorinae subfamily, contains two parrot species from New Zealand and one extinct species from Norfolk Island, Australia. ...
Binomial name Strigops habroptilus Gray,GR, 1845 The Kakapo (Maori for night parrot), Strigops habroptilus (owl-faced soft feathers), is a species of nocturnal parrot endemic to New Zealand. ...
Species The genus Nestor, the only genus of the Nestorinae subfamily, contains two parrot species from New Zealand and one extinct species from Norfolk Island, Australia. ...
Binomial name Nestor notabilis Gould, 1856 The Kea (Nestor notabilis) is a highly unusual species of parrot found in forested and alpine regions of the South Island of New Zealand. ...
Binomial name Nestor meridionalis (Gmelin, 1788) The KÄkÄ, Nestor meridionalis, is a parrot native to the forests of New Zealand. ...
Binomial name Gray, 1845 The Kakapo (MÄori: kÄkÄpÅ, meaning night parrot), Strigops habroptilus (from the Greek strix, genitive strigos: owl and ops: face; and habros: soft, and ptilon: feather), also called owl parrot, is a species of nocturnal parrot with finely blotched yellow-green plumage endemic to...
Binomial name Gray, 1845 The Kakapo (MÄori: kÄkÄpÅ, meaning night parrot), Strigops habroptilus (from the Greek strix, genitive strigos: owl and ops: face; and habros: soft, and ptilon: feather), also called owl parrot, is a species of nocturnal parrot with finely blotched yellow-green plumage endemic to...
Tribes Psittrichadini Cyclopsittacini Polytelini Psittaculini Psittacini The Psittacinae is a subfamily in the parrot family Psittacidae. ...
Genera Cyclopsitta Psittaculirostris Bolbopsittacus Cyclopsitticini are a tribe of parrots of the Psittacidae family. ...
Map of Wallacea; upper right corner facing North. ...
Binomial name Psittrichas fulgidus Lesson, 1831 The Pesquets Parrot also known as Vulturine Parrot, Psittrichas fulgidus is a black and scarlet plumaged parrot, up to 46cm in body length, that inhabits and endemic to New Guinea. ...
Binomial name Psittrichas fulgidus Lesson, 1830 Pesquets Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus), also known as the Vulturine Parrot (leading to easy confusion with Pionopsitta vulturina from Brazil), is the only member of its genus. ...
Genera Coracopsis Psittacus Poicephalus Tribus Psittacini consists of Afrotropical parrots; there are 13 species in 3 genera. ...
Families Cacatuidae Psittacidae Parrots or Psittacines (order Psittaciformes) includes about 353 species of bird which are generally grouped into two families: the Cacatuidae or cockatoos, and the Psittacidae or true parrots. ...
A broad-tailed parrot is any of about 35 species belonging to the subfamily Platycercinae. ...
Binomial name Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw, 1805) The Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus, nicknamed budgie), the only species in the Australian genus Melopsittacus, is a small parrot belonging to the tribe Melopsittacini in the subfamily of the broad-tailed parrots (Platycercinae). ...
Binomial name (Shaw, 1805) The Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus, nicknamed budgie), the only species in the Australian genus Melopsittacus, is a small parrot belonging to the tribe of the broad-tailed parrots (Platycercini); these are sometimes considered a subfamily (Platycercinae). ...
Genera The tribe Neophemini contains two genera, Neophema and Neopsephotus and belongs to the subfamily Platycercinae, or Broad-tailed parrots. ...
Species The genus Pezoporus contains two Australian species: the Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) and the Ground Parrot (Pezoporus wallicus). ...
A broad-tailed parrot is any of about 35 species belonging to the subfamily Platycercinae. ...
Species Platycercus adscitus Platycercus caledonicus Platycercus elegans Platycercus eximius Platycercus icterotis Platycercus venustus A rosella is one of six species of colorful Australian parrots in the genus Platycercus. ...
Other lists This is a species list of parrots sorted alphabetically for ease of reference. ...
For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the family of birds. ...
For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ...
This is a species list of parrots sorted taxonomically for ease of reference. ...
Range and distribution  Most parrot species are tropical but a few species, like this Austral Parakeet, range deeply into temperate zones. Parrots are found on all tropical and subtropical continents including Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, India, southeast Asia, southern regions of North America, South America and Africa. Some Caribbean and Pacific islands are home to endemic species. By far the greatest number of parrot species come from Australasia and South America. Binomial name Enicognathus ferrugineus (Müller, 1776) Also known as Austral Parakeet, Emerald Parakeet. ...
Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...
North American redirects here. ...
South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
This article is about the ecological meaning of endemic. See also endemic (epidemiology). ...
Australasia Australasia is a term variably used to describe a region of Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. ...
Several parrot species enter the cool, temperate regions of South America and New Zealand. One species, the Carolina Parakeet existed in temperate North America, but was hunted to extinction in the early 20th century. Numerous species have been introduced in areas with temperate climates, and have established stable populations. The Monk Parakeet currently breeds in at least 15 U.S. states. For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ...
Binomial name Conuropsis carolinensis (Linneaus, 1758) Synonyms Psittacus carolinensis Linneaus, 1758 Conurus carolinensis Lesson, 1831 Mounted specimen of Conuropsis carolinensis, Museum Wiesbaden, Germany The Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis[1]) was the only parrot species native to the eastern United States. ...
IT is a new species. ...
Binomial name (Boddaert, 1783) The Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), also known as the Quaker Parrot, is a species of parrot that originated in the temperate areas of Argentina and Brazil in South America. ...
While a few parrot species are wholly sedentary or fully migratory, the majority fall somewhere between the two, making poorly understood regional movements, some species adopting an entirely nomadic lifestyle. i am vegeta ...
Flock of Barnacle Geese during autumn migration Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of birds. ...
Morphology Parrots are sometimes referred to as "hookbills," which alludes to their most notable physical characteristic: their strong, curved, broad bill. The upper mandible is prominent, curves downward, and comes to a point. It is not fused to the skull, which allows it to move independently, and contributes to the tremendous biting pressure these birds are able to exert. The lower mandible is shorter, with a sharp, upward facing cutting edge, which moves against the flat portion of the upper mandible in an anvil-like fashion. Seed eating parrots have a strong tongue which helps to manipulate seeds or position nuts in the bill so that the mandibles can an apply an appropriate cracking force. The head is large, with eyes positioned sideways, which limits binocular vision, but greatly enhances peripheral vision. They have an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed feet, with two toes facing forward and two toes facing rearward on each foot, (zygodactyl). The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which, in addition to eating, is used for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship, and feeding their young. ...
For other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation). ...
// In biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes wings of a tetrapod animal. ...
Cockatoo species have a mobile crest of feathers on the top of their heads which can be raised for display, and retracted. The cockatiel - an example of a crested bird species Several bird species exhibit prominent feathered crests upon their heads. ...
Behaviour Parrots have a strong, direct flight. Most species spend most of their time perched or climbing in tree canopies. They often use their bills for climbing by gripping or hooking on branches and other supports. On the ground parrots often walk with a rolling gait.
Diet The diet of parrots consists of seeds, fruit, nectar and pollen and to a lesser degree animal prey. Without question the most important of these to most true parrots and cockatoos are seeds. The evolution of the large and powerful bill can be explained primarily as an adaptation to opening and consuming seeds. All true parrots except the Pesquet's Parrot employ the same method to obtain the seed from the husk; the seed is held between the mandibles and the lower mandible crushes the husk, whereupon the seed is rotated in the bill and the remaining husk is removed.[13] A foot is sometimes used in order to help holding large seeds in place. Parrots are seed predators rather than seed dispersers; and in many cases where species are recorded as consuming fruit they are only eating the fruit in order to get at the seed. As seeds often have poisons to protect them, parrots are careful to remove seed coats and other fruit parts which are chemically well defended, prior to ingestion. Many species in the New World, Africa, and Papua New Guinea consume clay which both releases minerals and adsorbs toxic compounds from the parrots' gut.[14] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 504 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (673 × 800 pixel, file size: 112 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna feeding on nectar. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 504 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (673 × 800 pixel, file size: 112 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna feeding on nectar. ...
Binomial name Glossopsitta concinna (Shaw, 1791) The Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna inhabits south-central/eastern Australia. ...
Food is any substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal for nutrition and/or pleasure. ...
A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...
In Greek mythology, nectar and ambrosia are the food of the gods. ...
SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ...
This article is about evolution in biology. ...
The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which, in addition to eating, is used for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship, and feeding their young. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Parrot. ...
Binomial name Psittrichas fulgidus Lesson, 1830 Pesquets Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus), also known as the Vulturine Parrot (leading to easy confusion with Pionopsitta vulturina from Brazil), is the only member of its genus. ...
This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Clay (disambiguation). ...
 Macaws and parrots at a clay lick in Ecuador. Consuming clay neutralises toxins in the diet. The Lories and lorikeets, Swift Parrot and Philippine Hanging Parrot are primarily nectar and pollen consumers, and have tongues with brush tips to collect this source of food, as well as some specialized gut adaptations to accommodate this diet.[15] Many other species also consume nectar as well when it becomes available. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 853 pixel, file size: 363 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Chestnut-fronted Macaws (Ara severa) Yellow-crowned Amazons (Amazona ochrocephala) and Dusky-headed Conures (Aratinga weddellii) at a clay lick in Ecuador. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 853 pixel, file size: 363 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Chestnut-fronted Macaws (Ara severa) Yellow-crowned Amazons (Amazona ochrocephala) and Dusky-headed Conures (Aratinga weddellii) at a clay lick in Ecuador. ...
Genera Ara Anodorhynchus Cyanopsitta Primolius Orthopsittaca Diopsittaca For other uses, see Macaw (disambiguation). ...
Genera Chalcopsitta Eos Pseudeos Trichoglossus Lorius Phigys Vini Glossopsitta Charmosyna Oreopsittacus Neopsittacus Lories and lorikeets are small to medium-sized arboreal parrots which comprise the subfamily Loriinae. ...
Binomial name Lathamus discolor (White, J., 1790) The Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) inhabits south eastern Australia from Griffith-Warialda in Queensland to Tasmania and west to Adelaide. ...
Binomial name (P.L.S. Müller, 1776) Colasisis are parrot species of the Psittacidae family. ...
For other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation). ...
In addition to feeding on seeds and flowers, some parrot species will prey on animals. Golden-winged Parakeets prey on water snails, and famously the Keas of New Zealand will scavenge on sheep carcases and even kill juvenile petrels. Another New Zealand parrot, the Antipodes Island Parakeet, enters the burrows of nesting Grey-backed Storm-petrels and kills the incubating adults.[16] Some cockatoos and the Kākā will also excavate branches and wood in order to obtain grubs. Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1766) The Golden-winged Parakeet (Brotogeris chrysoptera) is a species of parrot in the Psittacidae family. ...
For other uses, see Snail (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name Nestor notabilis Gould, 1856 The Kea (Nestor notabilis) is a highly unusual species of parrot found in forested and alpine regions of the South Island of New Zealand. ...
Species See text. ...
Genera Several, List of Procellariidae. ...
Binomial name Cyanoramphus unicolor (Lear, 1831) The Antipodes Island Parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) is endemic to the Antipodes Islands. ...
Binomial name (Gould, 1841) The Grey-backed Storm-petrel (Garrodia nereis) is a species of seabird in the Hydrobatidae family. ...
This article is about the family of birds. ...
Binomial name Nestor meridionalis (Gmelin, 1788) The KÄkÄ, Nestor meridionalis, is a parrot native to the forests of New Zealand. ...
Grub or GRUB can mean: a slang term for food a beetle larva that resembles a worm a distributed commercial search engine: see Grub (search engine) a number of places in Switzerland, Austria and Germany, such as: Grub, canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Switzerland Grub, Germany for the GNU project...
Breeding  Two parrot eggs (Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx) six days old, lit from below. The left egg is infertile, the right contains an embryo with a visibly beating heart. Arteries can be seen growing over the yolk. Although there are a few exceptions, parrots are monogamous breeders which nest in cavities and hold no territories other than their nesting sites.[13][17] Only the Monk Parakeet and five species of Agapornis lovebird build nests in trees,[18] and three Australian and New Zealand ground parrots nest on the ground. All other parrots and cockatoos nest in cavities, either tree hollows or cavities dug into cliffs, banks, termite nests or the ground. In monogamy (Greek: monos = single/only and gamos = marriage) a person has only one spouse at a time (as opposed to polygamy). ...
In ethology, sociobiology and behavioral ecology, the term territory refers to any geographical area that an animal of a particular species consistently defends against conspecifics (and, occasionally, animals of other species). ...
Binomial name (Boddaert, 1783) The Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), also known as the Quaker Parrot, is a species of parrot that originated in the temperate areas of Argentina and Brazil in South America. ...
Species Nine - see text A lovebird (genus Agapornis, which is Greek for lovebird) is a very social and affectionate parrot. ...
The eggs of parrots are white. In most species the female undertakes all the incubation, although incubation is shared for a few species. The female remains in the nest for almost all of the incubation period and is fed by the male. The chicks are altricial, usually hatched naked (although some have down).[citation needed] The female remains with the chicks for 1 to 2 weeks, again fed by the male, until the chicks are larger and have gained some feathering, and no longer require constant brooding.[citation needed] The chicks tend to huddle together to keep warm.[citation needed] The word incubate in the context of birds refers to the development of the chick (embryo) within the egg and the constant temperature required for the development of it over a specific period. ...
In bird and mammal biology, altricial species are those whose newly hatched or born young are relatively immobile, have closed eyes, lack hair or down, and must be cared for by the adults. ...
As typical of K-selected species, the macaws and other larger parrot species have low reproductive rates. They require several years to reach maturity, produce one or very few young per year, and sometimes do not breed every year at all. In ecology, K-selection (note : upper case K) relates to the selection of traits (in organisms) that allow success in stable or predictable environments. ...
Intelligence  Sun conure parrot demonstrating parrots' puzzle-solving skills. Studies with captive birds have given us insight into which birds are the most intelligent. While parrots have the distinction of being able to mimic human speech, studies with the African Grey Parrot have shown that some are able to associate words with their meanings and form simple sentences (see Alex and N'kisi). Along with crows, ravens, and jays (family Corvidae), parrots are considered the most intelligent of birds. The brain-to body size ratio of psittacines and corvines is actually comparable to that of higher primates.[19] One argument against the supposed intelligent capabilities of bird species is that birds have a relatively small cerebral cortex, which is the part of the brain considered to be the main area of intelligence in other animals. However, it seems that birds use a different part of their brain, the medio-rostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale, as the seat of their intelligence. Not surprisingly, research has shown that these species tend to have the largest hyperstriata, and Dr. Harvey J. Karten, a neuroscientist at UCSD who has studied the physiology of birds, discovered that the lower part of avian brains are functionally similar to ours. Not only have parrots demonstrated intelligence through scientific testing of their language using ability, but some species of parrot such as the Kea are also highly skilled at using tools and solving puzzles[20]. Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Psittacus erithacus erithacus Linnaeus, 1758 Psittacus erithacus timneh Fraser, 1844 and see text The African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) is a medium-sized parrot of the genus Psittacus, endemic to primary and secondary rainforest of West and Central Africa, and is considered one of the...
Alex (1976 - September 6, 2007[1]) was an African Grey Parrot and the subject of a thirty-year (1977-2007) experiment by animal psychologist Irene Pepperberg, initially at the University of Arizona and later at Harvard and Brandeis University. ...
This article is about a parrot. ...
For other uses, see Crow (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Raven (disambiguation). ...
Genera Garrulus Podoces Ptilostomus Perisoreus Aphelocoma Gymnorhinus Cyanocitta Calocitta Cyanocorax Cyanolyca The jays are several species of medium-sized, usually colorful and noisy passerine birds in the crow family Corvidae. ...
Genera many, see article text Corvidae is a family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies and nutcrackers (Clayton and Emery 2005, [1]). Collectively its members are called corvids and there are over 120 species. ...
The High Vocal Center (HVC) is a nucleus in the brain of the songbirds (order passeriformes) necessary for both the learning and the production of bird song. ...
Sound imitation and speech -
Main article: Talking birds - See also: Animal language
Many species can imitate human speech or other sounds, and the results of a study by Irene Pepperberg suggested a high learning ability in an African Grey Parrot named Alex. Alex was trained to use words to identify objects, describe them, count them, and even answer complex questions such as "How many red squares?" with over 80% accuracy. A second example is that of N'kisi, another African grey, which has been shown to have a vocabulary of approximately a thousand words and has displayed an ability to invent as well as use words in context and in the correct tense. Talking birds are birds who can imitate human speech. ...
Animal language is the modeling of human language in non human animal systems. ...
Bold text This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Dr. Irene Pepperberg (born April 1, 1949, Brooklyn, New York) is a scientist noted for her studies in animal cognition, particularly in relation to parrots. ...
Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Psittacus erithacus erithacus Linnaeus, 1758 Psittacus erithacus timneh Fraser, 1844 and see text The African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) is a medium-sized parrot of the genus Psittacus, endemic to primary and secondary rainforest of West and Central Africa, and is considered one of the...
Alex (1976 - September 6, 2007[1]) was an African Grey Parrot and the subject of a thirty-year (1977-2007) experiment by animal psychologist Irene Pepperberg, initially at the University of Arizona and later at Harvard and Brandeis University. ...
This article is about a parrot. ...
Parrots do not have vocal cords, so sound is accomplished by expelling air across the mouth of the bifurcated trachea. Different sounds are produced by changing the depth and shape of trachea. So, talking parrots are really whistling in different variations. Congo African Grey Parrots (CAG) are well known for their ability to "talk", which may be caused by more control, or stronger trachea. But that does not mean that a Cockatiel (Cockatiels are not well known for their talking ability), could have a greater vocabulary than an African Grey Parrot.
This ability has made them prized as pets from ancient time to now. In the Masnavi, a writing by Rumi of Persia, AD 1250, the author talks about an ancient method for training parrots to speak. The Masnavi or Masnavi-I Manavi (Persian: مثنوی معنوی), also written Mathnawi or Mesnevi, written in Persian by Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, the celebrated Persian Sufi saint and poet, is one of the best known and most influential works of both Sufism and Persian literature. ...
Rumi redire
|
