A partial charge is a charge with an absolute value of less than one elementary charge unit. For example, an "up quark" has an intrinsic charge of +¹/₃ of a unit and a down quark has an intrinsic charge -²/₃ of a unit. In mathematics, the absolute value (or modulus1) of a real number is its numerical value without regard to its sign. ... Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. ... The Quake Army Knife (QuArK) is a multi-purpose tool for the games using engines similar to or based on the Quake engine by id software. ...

Besides these partial charges which exist in an absolute sense and which represent fundamental properties of certain matter particles, more arbitrary partial charges often are created when unit charges are distributed asymmetrically. The resulting partial charges are a property only of zones within the distribution, and not the assemblage as a whole. For example, chemists often choose to look at a small space surrounding the nucleus of an atom: When an electrically neutral atom bonds chemically to another neutral atom that is more "electronegative", its electrons are partially drawn away. This leaves the region about that atom's nucleus with a partial positive charge, and it creates a partial negative charge on the atom to which it is bonded. A stylized representation of a lithium atom. ... Properties For alternative meanings see atom (disambiguation). ... Covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon in a molecule of methane. ... Electronegativity is the measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ...

In such a situation, the distributed charges taken as a group always carries a whole number of elementary charge units. Yet one can point to zones within the assemblage where less than a full charge resides, such as the area around an atom's nucleus. This is possible in part because particles are not like mathematical points--which must be either inside a zone or outside it--but are smeared out by the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. Because of this smearing effect, if you define a sufficiently small zone, a fundamental particle may be both partly inside and partly outside it. The integers consist of the positive natural numbers (1, 2, 3, …), their negatives (−1, −2, −3, ...) and the number zero. ... In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, sometimes called the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle (a title prefered by Niels Bohr - see quantum indeterminacy), expresses a limitation on accuracy of (nearly) simultaneous measurement of observables such as the position and the momentum of a particle. ... Fig. ...