Passion flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malpighiales Family: Passifloraceae Genus: Passiflora L.
Species
About 500 species, including: Passiflora alata Passiflora ampullacea Passiflora andina Passiflora anfracta Passiflora brachyantha Passiflora caerulea Passiflora deltoifolia Passiflora discophora Passiflora edulis Passiflora eggersii Passiflora foetida Passiflora harlingii Passiflora hirtiflora Passiflora incarnata Passiflora indecora Passiflora jamesonii Passiflora jatunsachensis Passiflora kermesina Passiflora ligularis Passiflora linda Passiflora loxensis Passiflora lutea Passiflora luzmarina Passiflora monadelpha Passiflora montana Passiflora palenquensis Passiflora quadrangularis Passiflora reflexiflora Passiflora roseorum Passiflora sanctae-barbarae Passiflora smilacifolia Passiflora sodiroi Passiflora sprucei Passiflora subpurpurea Passiflora tarminiana Passiflora telesiphe Passiflora trochlearis Passiflora tripartita Passiflora tulae Passiflora vitifolia Passiflora zamorana Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1216x1216, 288 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... Families Family Achariaceae Family Balanopaceae Family Bonnetiaceae Family Caryocaraceae Family Chrysobalanaceae Family Clusiaceae Family Ctenolophonaceae Family Dichapetalaceae Family Elatinaceae Family Erythryloxaceae (coca family) Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) Family Euphroniaceae Family Goupiaceae Family Humiriaceae Family Hypericaceae (St Johns wort family) Family Irvingiaceae Family Ixonanthaceae Family Lacistemaceae Family Linaceae (flax family... Passifloraceae Categories: Stub | Plant families | Malpighiales ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Binomial name Passiflora caerulea L. The Blue Passion Flower (Passiflora caerulea), also known as the Common Passion Flower, is a vine native to southern Brazil and Argentina (where it is known as the Pasionaria or Mburucuyá in Guaraní). It is capable of growing to 15–20 m height where supporting... Binomial name Sims For the German pop group, see Passion Fruit (band). ... Binomial name Passiflora foetida L. The Foetid Passion Flower or Stinking Passion Flower (Passiflora foetida), also known as the Wild Maracuja, is a creeping vine which has an edible fruit and leaves that have a mildly rank aroma. ... Binomial name Passiflora incarnata L. Maypop (Passiflora incarnata), also known as Purple passionflower, is a fast growing perennial vine with climbing or trailing stems. ... Binomial name Passiflora kermesina Link & Otto Passiflora kermesina (syn. ... Binomial name Passiflora ligularis A.Juss. ... Binomial name Passiflora lutea L. Passiflora lutea (Yellow passionflower) is a flowering plant in the family Passifloraceae, native North America, in the eastern and south-central parts of the United States from Pennsylvania west to Kansas, and south to Florida and Texas. ... Binomial name Passiflora quadrangularis L. For the Spanish municipality of Granadilla de Abona, click here. ... Binomial name Passiflora tarminiana Passiflora tarminiana is a variety of passion fruit. ...

Passion flower (Passiflora; syn. Disemma Labill.) is a genus of about 500 species of flowering plants in the family Passifloraceae. They are mostly vines, with some being shrubs, and a few species being herbaceous. For information about the fruit of the passiflora plant, see passionfruit. In scientific classification, synonymy is the existence of multiple systematic names to label the same organism. ... Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière (1755–1834) was a French botanist noted for his descriptions of the flora of Australia. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Passifloraceae Categories: Stub | Plant families | Malpighiales ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... This article is about the plants used in cooking and medicine. ... The fruit of Passiflora edulis Passion fruit (Portuguese: Maracujá) comes from passion flower vines, plants of the genus Passiflora, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. ...

Biology

Most decorative passifloras have a unique flower structure, which requires a large bee to effectively pollinate (see photos below). In the American tropics, wooden beams are mounted very near passionfruit plantings to encourage Carpenter bees to nest. At the same time, the size and structure of flowers of different species of passiflora vary. Some species can be pollinated by hummingbirds and bumble bees, others by wasps, still others are self-pollinating. Passiflora species are used as food plants by the larva of the moth, Cibyra serta and many Heliconiinae (longwing butterflies). Notable among the latter are species like the Melpomene, Sara, and Rosina longwings. For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Western honey bee and Bee (disambiguation). ... Carpenter bee with pollen collected from Night-blooming cereus Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (containing the male gametes, sperm) to the plant carpel of flowering plants, the structure that contains the ovule (which in turn houses the female gamete... The fruit of Passiflora edulis Passion fruit (Portuguese: Maracujá) comes from passion flower vines, plants of the genus Passiflora, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. ... Genera Xylocopa (31 subgenera) Carpenter bees (the genus Xylocopa in the subfamily Xylocopinae) are large, hairy bees distributed worldwide. ... For other uses, see Hummingbird (disambiguation). ... Species see text A bumblebee in flight The bumblebee is a flying insect of the genus Bombus in the family Apidae. ... For other uses, see Wasp (disambiguation). ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... For other uses, see Moths. ... Genera See text. ... For other uses of the term butterfly, see butterfly (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...

The bracts of Passiflora foetida are covered by hairs which exude a sticky fluid. Many insects get stuck to this. Studies have suggested that this may be an adaptation similar to that seen in carnivorous plants. (Radhamani, et al) Toothed bracts on Rhinanthus minor In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, from the axil of which a flower or flower stalk arises; or a bract may be any leaf associated with an inflorescence. ... Binomial name Passiflora foetida L. The Foetid Passion Flower or Stinking Passion Flower (Passiflora foetida), also known as the Wild Maracuja, is a creeping vine which has an edible fruit and leaves that have a mildly rank aroma. ... Nepenthes mirabilis in flower, growing on a road cut in Palau Carnivorous plants (sometimes called insectivorous plants) are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, most focusing on insects and other arthropods. ...

Origin

The family Passifloraceae is found world wide, excluding Europe and Antarctica. Nine species are found in the USA. Passion flowers are found from Ohio to the north, as far west as California and south to the Florida Keys. Passion flowers are found in most of South America as well as China and Southern Asia (with 17 species), New Guinea, Australia (with four, possibly more species) and New Zealand with one monotypic member of the family. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Palm trees in Islamorada The Florida Keys is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... Monotypic is an adjective, that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: in botany it means that a taxon has only one species; Ginkgo is a monotypic genus, while Ginkgoaceae is a monotypic family. ...

Africa has many members of the family Passifloraceae, (the rather more primitive Adenia) but no Passiflora. A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

The purple fruited Passiflora edulis and the yellow fruited Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa are widely grown in subtropical and tropical regions respectively, for their delicious fruits. This article is about the color. ... Binomial name Sims For the German pop group, see Passion Fruit (band). ...

These forms of Passiflora edulis have been found to be different species. They occur in different climate regions in nature and bloom at different times of day. The purple fruited species is self fertile and the yellow fruited species, despite claims to the contrary, is self sterile. It requires two clones for pollenization. Binomial name Sims For the German pop group, see Passion Fruit (band). ...

Cultivation

During Victorian times the flower (which in all but a few species lasts only one day) was very popular and many hybrids were created using P. caerulea and P. alata and other tropical species. The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ...

Hundreds of hybrids have been named and hybridizing is currently being done extensively for flowers, foliage and fruit. A number of species of Passiflora are cultivated outside their natural range (where some have become established) because of their beautiful flowers. The passion fruit or maracujá vine of commerce, Passiflora edulis, is cultivated extensively in the Caribbean and south Florida and South Africa for its fruit, which is used as a source of juice. The fruit of Passiflora edulis Passion fruit (Portuguese: Maracuj ) comes from passion flower vines, plants of the genus Passiflora, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. ... West Indies redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ...

Maypop (Passiflora incarnata), a common species in the southeastern US. This is a subtropical representative of this mostly tropical family. However, unlike the more tropical cousins, this particular species is hardy enough to withstand the cold down to -4°F (-20° C) before its roots die (it is native as far north as Pennsylvania and has been cultivated as far north as Boston and Chicago.) The fruit is sweet, yellowish, and roughly the size of a chicken's egg; it enjoys some popularity as a native plant with few pests and edible fruit. As with other passifloras, it is the larval food of a number of butterfly species and is important to local wildlife. Carpenter bees figure as important pollinators of maypops. Binomial name Passiflora incarnata L. Maypop (Passiflora incarnata), also known as Purple passionflower, is a fast growing perennial vine with climbing or trailing stems. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ...

Banana poka or Curuba (Passiflora tarminiana), originally from Central Brazil, is an invasive weed, especially on the islands of Hawaii, where it is spread by feral pigs eating the fruits. It overgrows and smothers stands of endemic vegetation, mainly on roadsides. Its fruits are edible, but not as much sought-after as maracujá. Binomial name Passiflora tarminiana Passiflora tarminiana is a variety of passion fruit. ... Lantana invasion of abandoned citrus plantation; Moshav Sdey Hemed, Israel The term invasive species refers to a subset of introduced species or non-indigenous species that are rapidly expanding outside of their native range. ... Yellow starthistle, a thistle native to southern Europe and the Middle East that is an invasive weed in parts of North America. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... A feral horse (an American mustang) in Wyoming A feral animal or plant is one that has escaped from domestication and returned, partly or wholly, to its wild state. ... For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ...

Chilean passiflora, (Passiflora pinnatistipula) grows in the Andes, from Venezuela to Chile, between 2500 and 3800 meters altitude, and in Coastal Central Chile, in where is an endangered vine from humid woody Chilean Mediterranean forests. This article is about the mountain range in South America. ... An endangered species is a species whose population is so small that it is in danger of becoming extinct. ...

Many cool growing Passiflora from the Andes Mountains can be grown successfully for their beautiful flowers and fruit in cooler Mediterranean climates, such as the Monterey Bay and San Francisco in California and along the Western Coast of the U.S. into Canada. A view of Monterey Bay Monterey Bay is a bay of the Pacific Ocean, on the coast of California, south of San Francisco. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Most species have elongated fruit from two to eight inches long and an inch to two inches across depending upon the species or cultivar. P. pinnatistipula has a round fruit unusual in the Tacsonia group, which is typified by P. tarminiana and P. mixta with their elongated tubes and brightly red to rose colored petals.

Medical and entheogenic uses

Passiflora incarnata leaves and roots have a long history of use among Native Americans in North America. Passiflora edulis and a few other species are used in Central and South America. The fresh or dried leaves are used to make an infusion, a tea that is used to treat insomnia, hysteria, and epilepsy, and is also valued for its painkilling properties. [1] It has been found to contain beta-carboline harmala alkaloids which are MAOIs with anti-depressant properties. The flower has only traces of these chemicals, but the leaves and the roots of some species contain more and have been used to enhance the effects of mind-altering drugs. Once dried, the leaves can also be smoked. ... North American redirects here. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Hysteria is a diagnostic label applied to a state of mind, one of unmanageable fear or emotional excesses. ... β-Carboline (9H-pyrid-[3,4-b]-indole) is an organic amine that is the prototype of a class of compounds known as β-Carbolines. ... Peganum harmala, commonly known as Syrian Rue The MAOI (MonAmine Oxidase Inhibitor) alkaloids found in seeds of Peganum harmala (also known as Harmal or Syrian Rue)- harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine- are collectively known as harmala alkaloids. ... MAOI redirects here. ... ...

Passion flower also may be effective for anxiety disorder, but further studies are needed. [2]

The name

"Passion" does not refer to love, but to the Passion of Christ on the cross. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish Christian missionaries discovered this flower and adopted its unique physical structures as symbols of Crucifixion. For example: the radial filaments which can number more than a hundred and vary from flower to flower represent the Crown of Thorns. The ten petals and sepals represent the ten faithful apostles. The top 3 stigmata represent the 3 nails and the lower 5 anthers represent the 5 wounds. The flower has been given names related to this symbolism throughout Europe since that time. In Spain, it is known as Espina de Cristo (Christ's Thorn). In Germany it was once known as Muttergottes-Schuzchen (Mother-of-God's Star). Icon of Christ in a Greek Orthodox church This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... For other uses, see Crucifixion (disambiguation). ... Alternate meaning: See Apostle (Mormonism) The Christian Apostles were Jewish men chosen from among the disciples, who were sent forth (as indicated by the Greek word απόστολος apostolos= messenger), by Jesus to preach the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles, across the world. ...

In Israel they are referred to as clock-flower (שעונית). In Japan, they are known as clock plant (時計草, tokeisō^?).

In North America they are also called the Maypop, the water lemon, and the wild apricot (after its fruit). Native Americans in the Tennessee area called it ocoee, and the Ocoee River and valley are named after it. This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... The Toccoa River and Ocoee River are actually a single river that flows northwestward through the southern Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern United States. ...

A Passiflora vitifolia at the Smithsonian Castle The Castle entrance The Smithsonian Institution Building, located on the National Mall in Washington, DC, houses the Smithsonian Institutions administrative offices and information center. ...	Passiflora kermesina Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 644 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1887 × 1758 pixel, file size: 406 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Passiflora kermesina, own collection File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not... Binomial name Passiflora kermesina Link & Otto Passiflora kermesina (syn. ...	Passiflora alata	Passiflora caerulea with hand for comparison Photograph of passionflower taken by User:Mihai on Island of Capri in May 2003. ... Binomial name Passiflora caerulea L. The Blue Passion Flower (Passiflora caerulea), also known as the Common Passion Flower, is a vine native to southern Brazil and Argentina (where it is known as the Pasionaria or Mburucuyá in Guaraní). It is capable of growing to 15–20 m height where supporting...
Passiflora sanguinolenta	Passiflora foetida Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (898x691, 499 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Passion flower ... Binomial name Passiflora foetida L. The Foetid Passion Flower or Stinking Passion Flower (Passiflora foetida), also known as the Wild Maracuja, is a creeping vine which has an edible fruit and leaves that have a mildly rank aroma. ...	P. foetida bud Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (729x810, 460 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Passion flower ... Binomial name Passiflora foetida L. The Foetid Passion Flower or Stinking Passion Flower (Passiflora foetida), also known as the Wild Maracuja, is a creeping vine which has an edible fruit and leaves that have a mildly rank aroma. ...	Passiflora incarnata pollinated by Xylocopa virginica (a carpenter bee) Maypop pollination. ... Binomial name Passiflora incarnata L. Maypop (Passiflora incarnata), also known as Purple passionflower, is a fast growing perennial vine with climbing or trailing stems. ... Binomial name Xylocopa virginica Linnaeus, 1771 Subspecies The common Eastern carpenter bee, (Xylocopa virginica), is the carpenter bee most often encountered in the eastern United States. ... Genera Xylocopa (31 subgenera) Carpenter bees (the genus Xylocopa in the subfamily Xylocopinae) are large, hairy bees distributed worldwide. ...
Passiflora citrina	Passiflora lutea Image File history File links Download high resolution version (918x635, 356 KB) Summary Passiflora lutea flower, NC, USA. Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Binomial name Passiflora lutea L. Passiflora lutea (Yellow passionflower) is a flowering plant in the family Passifloraceae, native North America, in the eastern and south-central parts of the United States from Pennsylvania west to Kansas, and south to Florida and Texas. ...	Passiflora picturata Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 572 KB) Passiflora picturata, picture taken at Passiflorahoeve in Harskamp, The Netherlands File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Passion flower Metadata This file contains additional information...	Passiflora racemosa Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 980 KB) Passiflora racemosa, picture taken at Passiflorahoeve in Harskamp. ...
Passiflora serratifolia Image File history File links Passiflora_serratifolia2. ...	Passiflora tulae Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 762 KB) Passiflora tulae, picture taken at Passiflorahoeve in Harskamp, The Netherlands File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Passion flower Metadata This file contains additional information...	Passiflora vitifolia Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2245x1736, 2801 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Passion flower Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...	Passiflora xishuangbannaensis Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 478 KB) Summary Passiflora xishuangbannaensis, picture taken at the Passiflorahoeve in Harskamp, The Netherlands Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture Passion...
Passiflora 'Incense' is a decorative plant Download high resolution version (900x920, 437 KB)Passiflora Incense File links The following pages link to this file: Passion flower ...

References

• Radhamani, TR, Sudarshana, L., and Krishnan, R. 1995. Defence and carnivory: dual roles of bracts in Passiflora foetida. Journal of Biosciences 20: 657-664

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Passiflora

• Herb Teas and Old Remedies : Passion Flower (fr.with translator)
• The Passiflora Society International
• Passiflora online
• Passiflora edulis
• Passiflora Picture Gallery
• Chilean Passiflora pictures
• A list of Heliconius Butterflies and the Passiflora species their larvae consume
• Passion Flower Varieties and Pictures