 A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation). Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids. The term encompasses both the medical specialty which uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information, as well as the related scientific study of disease processes. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
The term pathology most often refers to the study of disease: its causes, processes, development, consequences, and anatomic and functional manifestations. ...
The term disease refers to an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs function. ...
Åž:For other uses, see Organ (disambiguation) In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. ...
Biological tissue is a group of cells that perform a similar function. ...
Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the...
Bodily fluids are fluids, which are generally excreted or secreted from the human body. ...
A medical specialist is someone who specializes in a particular field of medicine. ...
Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ...
History
The histories of both experimental and medical pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance.[1] Most early pathologists were also practicing physicians or surgeons. Like other medical fields, pathology has become more specialized with time, and most pathologists today do not practice in other areas of medicine. Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. ...
Medicine is the science and art of maintaining andor restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. ...
The borders of Western Europe were largely defined by the Cold War. ...
The Renaissance (French for rebirth, or Rinascimento in Italian), was a cultural movement in Italy (and in Europe in general) that began in the late Middle Ages, and spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century. ...
The Doctor by Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ...
Surgeon may refer to: a practitioner of surgery the moniker of British electronic music producer and DJ, Anthony Child; see Surgeon (musician) This is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Origins of gross pathology The concept of studying disease through the methodical dissection and examination of diseased bodies, organs, and tissues may seem obvious today, but there are few if any recorded examples of true autopsies performed prior to the Renaissance. The first physician known to have repeatedly used anatomic dissection to determine cause of death was an Italian, Antonio Benivieni (1443-1502).[1] Perhaps the most famous early gross pathologist was Giovanni Morgagni (1682-1771). His magnum opus, De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomem Indagatis, published in 1761, describes the findings of over 600 partial and complete autopsies, organised anatomically and methodically correlated with the symptoms exhibited by the patients prior to their demise. Although the study of normal anatomy was already well advanced at this date, De Sedibus was one of the first treatises specifically devoted to the corrolation of diseased anatomy with clinical illness.[2][3] By the late 1800s, an exhaustive body of literature had been produced on the gross anatomical findings characteristic of known diseases. The extent of gross pathology research in this period can be epitomized by the work of the Viennese pathologist Carl Rokitansky (1804-1878), who is said to have performed 20,000 autopsies, and supervised an additional 60,000, in his lifetime.[1][4] For the former Death Metal band called Autopsy, see Autopsy (band). ...
The Renaissance (French for rebirth, or Rinascimento in Italian), was a cultural movement in Italy (and in Europe in general) that began in the late Middle Ages, and spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century. ...
Antonio Benivieni (1443-1502) was a Florentine physician who pioneered the use of the autopsy, a postmortum dissection of a deceased patients body used to understand the cause of death. ...
Giovanni Battista Morgagni (February 25, 1682 - December 6, 1771), Italian anatomist, was born on at ForIi. ...
Magnum opus (sometimes Opus magnum, plural magna opera), from the Latin meaning great work,[1] refers to the best, most popular, or most renowned achievement of an author, artist, or composer, and most commonly one who has contributed a very large amount of material. ...
Karel Rokitansky Carl Freiherr¹ von Rokitansky (Czech: Karel Rokytanský) (b. ...
Origins of microscopic pathology The German physician Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. While the compound microscope had been invented approximately 150 years prior, Virchow was one of the first prominent physicians to emphasize the study of manifestations of disease which were visible only at the cellular level.[1][5] A student of Virchow's, Julius Cohnheim (1839-1884) combined histology techniques with experimental manipulations to study inflammation, making him one of the earliest experimental pathologists.[1] Cohnheim also pioneered the use of the frozen section; a version of this technique is widely employed by modern pathologists to render diagnoses and provide other clinical information intraoperatively.[6] [[ Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (born October 13, 1821, in Schivelbein (Pomerania); died September 5, 1902, in Berlin) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health activist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician. ...
Robert Hookes microscope (1665) - an engineered device used to study living systems. ...
Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (July 20, 1839 - August 15, 1884) was a German-Jewish pathologist. ...
A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ...
An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...
Experimental pathology or investigative pathology, is the study of disease mechanisms and pathophysiology. ...
Modern experimental pathology As new research techniques, such as electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology have expanded the means by which biomedical scientists can study disease, the definition and boundaries of investigative pathology have become less distinct. In the broadest sense, nearly all research which links manifestations of disease to identifiable processes in cells, tissues, or organs can be considered experimental pathology.[7] The electron microscope is a microscope that can magnify very small details with high resolving power due to the use of electrons rather than light to scatter off material, magnifying at levels up to 500,000 times. ...
Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. ...
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ...
Experimental pathology or investigative pathology, is the study of disease mechanisms and pathophysiology. ...
Pathology as a science Pathology is a broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to cells and tissues, as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury. Disease processes may be incited or exacerbated by a variety of external and internal influences, including trauma, infection, poisoning, loss of blood flow, autoimmunity, inherited or acquired genetic damage, or errors of development. One common theme in pathology is the way in which the body's responses to injury, while evolved to protect health, can also contribute in some ways to disease processes.[8] Elucidation of general principles underlying pathologic processes, such as cellular adaptation to injury, cell death, inflammation, tissue repair, and neoplasia, creates a conceptual framework with which to analyze and understand specific human diseases. Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ...
Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the...
Biological tissue is a group of cells that perform a similar function. ...
In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ...
An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...
The skull and crossbones symbol (Jolly Roger) traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. ...
In medicine, ischemia (Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply, generally due to factors in the blood vessels, with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue. ...
Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts (down to the sub-molecular levels) as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues. ...
A genetic disorder, or genetic disease is a disease caused, at least in part, by the genes of the person with the disease. ...
Views of a Foetus in the Womb, Leonardo da Vinci, ca. ...
Adaptation to injury Cells and tissues may respond to injury and stress by specific mechanisms, which may vary according to the cell types and nature of the injury. In the short term, cells may activate specific genetic programs to protect their vital proteins and organelles from heat shock or hypoxia, and may activate DNA repair pathways to repair damage to chromosomes from radiation or chemicals. Hyperplasia is a long-term adaptive response of cell division and multiplication, which can increase the ability of a tissue to compensate for an injury. For example, repeated irritation to the skin can cause a protective thickening due to hyperplasia of the epidermis. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells in a tissue in response to stress, an example being hypertrophy of muscle cells in the heart in response to increased resistance to blood flow as a result of narrowing of the heart's outflow valve. Metaplasia occurs when repeated damage to the cellular lining of an organ triggers its replacement by a different cell type.[8] A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. ...
Heat shock proteins are a part of the cells internal repair mechanism. ...
Hypoxia may refer to: Hypoxia (medical), the lack of oxygen in tissues Hypoxia or Oxygen depletion, a reduced concentration of dissolved oxygen in a water body leading to stress or even death in aquatic organisms This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. ...
This article is about the biological chromosome. ...
Electromagnetic waves can be imagined as a self-propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields. ...
Hyperplasia (or hypergenesis) is a general term for an increase in the number of the cells of an organ or tissue causing it to increase in size. ...
The term cell growth is used in two different ways in biology. ...
Hyperkeratosis results when an excess of proteins called keratins are produced. ...
Look up Epidermis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Bodybuilder Markus Rühl has marked hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. ...
Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart. ...
The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ...
Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a heart condition caused by the incomplete opening of the aortic valve. ...
Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type. ...
Cell death Necrosis is the irreversible destruction of cells as a result of severe injury in a setting where the cell is unable to activate the needed metabolic pathways for survival or orderly degeneration. This is often due to external pathologic factors, such as toxins or loss of oxygen supply. Milder stresses may lead to a process called reversible cell injury, which mimics the cell swelling and vacuolization seen early in the necrotic process, but in which the cell is able to adapt and survive. In necrosis, the componants of degenerating cells leak out, potentially contributing to inflammation and further damage. Apoptosis, in contrast, is a regulated, orderly degeneration of the cell which occurs in the settings of both injury and normal physiological processes.[8] Necrosis (in Greek ÎεκÏός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. ...
A section of mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell indicated by an arrow // Apoptosis is a process of deliberate life relinquishment by a cell in a multicellular organism. ...
Inflammation
 A transmission electron microscope image of an immune cell crossing from the bone marrow into the circulation Inflammation is a particularly important and complex reaction to tissue injury, and is particularly important in fighting infection. Acute inflammation is generally a non-specific response triggered by the injured tissue cells themselves, as well as specialized cells of the innate immune system and previously developed adaptive immune mechanisms. A localized acute inflammatory response triggers vascular changes in the injured area, recruits pathogen-fighting neutrophils, and begins the process of developing a new adaptive immune response. Chronic inflammation occurs when the acute response fails to entirely clear the inciting factor. While chronic inflammation can lay a positive role in containing a continuing infectious hazard, it can also lead to progessive tissue damage, as well as predisposing (in some cases) to the development of cancer.[8] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 746 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1560 × 1254 pixel, file size: 518 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 746 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1560 × 1254 pixel, file size: 518 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...
An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...
An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...
The innate immune system comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner. ...
The immune system is the collection of organs and tissues involved in the adaptive defense of a body against foreign biological material. ...
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ...
Neutrophil granulocytes (commonly referred to as neutrophils) are a class of white blood cells and are part of the immune system. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into inflammation. ...
Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...
Tissue repair Tissue repair, as seen in wound healing, is triggered by inflammation. The process may proceed even before the resolution of a precipitating insult, through the formation of granulation tissue. Healing involves the proliferation of connective tissue cells and blood vessel-forming cells as a result of hormonal growth signals. While healing is a critical adaptive response, an aberrent healing response can lead to progressive fibrosis, contractures, or other changes which can compromise function.[8] Wound healing, or wound repair, is the bodys natural process of regenerating dermal and epidermal tissue. ...
Granulation tissue is the tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing tissue. ...
Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ...
f you all The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to a formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue. ...
Neoplasia Neoplasia, or "new growth," is a proliferation of cells which is independent of any physiological process. The most familiar examples of neoplasia are benign tumors and cancers. Neoplasia results from genetic changes which cause cells to activate genetic programs inappropriately. Dysplasia is an early sign of a neoplastic process in a tissue, and is marked by persistance of immature, poorly differentiated cell forms. Interestingly, there are many similarities in the gene pathways activated in cancer cells, and those activated in cells involved in wound healing and inflammation.[8] Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. ...
For malignant tumors specifically, see cancer. ...
Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...
Dysplasia (from Greek, roughly: bad form) is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue. ...
Pathology as a medical specialty Physicians who practice pathology diagnose and characterize disease in living patients by examining biopsies and other specimens. For example, the vast majority of cancer diagnoses are made or confirmed by a pathologist. Pathologists may also conduct autopsies to investigate causes of death. The medical practice of pathology grew out the tradition of investigative pathology, and many of the academic leaders in pathology today are accomplished in both basic science research and diagnostic practice. However, as with other specialties in medicine, most modern physician-pathologists are employed in full-time practice, and do not perform original research. Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ...
Medicine is the science and art of maintaining andor restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. ...
Pathology is a unique medical specialty in that pathologists typically do not see patients directly, but rather serve as consultants to other physicians (often referred to as "clinicians" within the pathology community). However, in the United States and in many other countries, pathologists receive the same doctorate training, and undergo the same medical licensure process as other physicians. Pathology is a diverse field, and the organization of subspecialties within pathology vary between nations. A patient having his blood pressure taken by a doctor. ...
Anatomical Pathology
 This mastectomy specimen contains an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A pathologist will use immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to detect markers which determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen for this patient. -
Anatomical pathologists diagnose disease and gain other clinically significant information through the examination of tissues and cells. This generally involves gross and microscopic visual examination of tissues, with special stains and immunohistochemistry employed to visualize specific proteins and other substances in and around cells. More recently, anatomical pathologists have begun to employ molecular biology techniques to gain additional clinical information from these same specimens. Anatomic pathologists serve as the definitive diagnosticians for most cancers, as well as numerous other diseases. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty (a branch of pathology) that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of cells and tissues. ...
Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty (a branch of pathology) that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of cells and tissues. ...
Look up gross, groß in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Histopathology is a field of pathology which specialises in the histologic study of diseased tissue. ...
- Surgical pathology is the most significant and time-consuming area of practice for most anatomical pathologists. Surgical pathology involves the gross and microscopic examination of surgical specimens, as well as biopsies submitted by non-surgeons such as general internists, medical subspecialists, dermatologists, and interventional radiologists.
- Cytopathology is concerned with the microscopic examination of whole, individual cells obtained from smears or fine needle aspirates.
- Molecular pathology refers to the use of nucleic acid-based techniques, such as in-situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid microarrays for specialised diagnostic studies of disease in tissues and cells.
- Autopsies are used to provide definitive evidence of the disease processes contributing to a person's death.
- Forensic pathology receive specialized training in determining the cause of death and other legally relevant information from the bodies of persons who died in a non-medical or potentially criminal circumstances.
Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty (a branch of pathology) that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of cells and tissues. ...
“Surgeon†redirects here. ...
Brain biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ...
Surgeon may refer to: a practitioner of surgery the moniker of British electronic music producer and DJ, Anthony Child; see Surgeon (musician) This is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ...
Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ...
Dermatology is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases (from Greek derma, skin), as well as its appendages (nails, hair, sweat glands). ...
Interventional Radiology (abbreviated IR or sometimes IVR) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. ...
Cytopathology is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. ...
Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within anatomic pathology which is focused on the use of nucleic acid-based techniques such as DNA sequencing, fluorescent in-situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid microarrays for specialised studies of disease in tissues and cells. ...
Post-mortem, postmortem and post mortem redirect here. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
for other uses please see Crime (disambiguation) A crime is an act that violates a political or moral law. ...
Clinical pathology -
 Pathogenic organisms are grown from patient specimens in clinical microbiology labs, allowing selection of the correct antibiotics Clinical pathology, also known as laboratory medicine, is the medical specialty concerned with diagnosing diseases based on the analysis of body fluids, such as plasma, urine, stool, respiratory or mucosal secretions, inflammatory exudates, and pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, synovial, or cerebrospinal fluid. The practice of clinical pathology is centered around the clinical laboratory. In modern clinical laboratories, many routine studies are largely automated. The clinical pathologist is responsible for overseeing the work of laboratory technicians, performing quality assurance to assure the validity of test results, performing interpretations of more complex studies, and serving as a consultant to clinicians so that the most appropriate studies can be performed for the diagnosis or assessment of an individual patient's condition. In some areas, non-pathologists, such as other physicians or Ph.D.'s may run clinical labs and perform functions within those specific labs which are similar to the role of a board-certified clinical pathologist. Clinical Pathology is one of the two major divisions of Pathology. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 599 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1412 × 1413 pixel, file size: 639 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 599 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1412 × 1413 pixel, file size: 639 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Clinical Pathology is one of the two major divisions of Pathology. ...
Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions within the medical specialty of pathology. ...
The lungs are surrounded by two membranes, the pleurae. ...
Synovial fluid is a thick, stringy fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. ...
A technician is generally someone in a technological field who has a relatively practical understanding of the general theoretical principles of that field, e. ...
Sub-specialties within clinical pathology include the following:
Clinical chemistry (also known as clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology or pure blood chemistry) is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. ...
Clinical chemistry (also known as clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology or pure blood chemistry) is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. ...
Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood and its disorders. ...
Analysis of a marine sample of photosynthetic picoplankton by flow cytometry showing three different populations (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes) Flow cytometry is a technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. ...
Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood and its disorders. ...
A blood bank is a cache or bank of blood or blood components, gathered as a result of blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusions. ...
Transfusion medicine (or transfusiology) is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood components. ...
Medical microbiology is a branch of microbiology which deals with the study of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites which are of medical importance and are capable of causing diseases in human beings. ...
A metaphase cell positive for the bcr/abl rearrangement using FISH Cytogenetics is the study of the structure of chromosome material. ...
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ...
Dental pathology In the United States, subspecialty-trained doctors of dental surgery (D.D.S), rather than medical doctors, can be certified by a professional board to practice dental pathology. A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient. ...
Dental pathologists are doctors of dental science who specialise in the diagnosis and characterization of diseases of the teeth, jaw, and maxilla through the examination of tissue specimens. ...
Training of medical pathologists
Pathology in the United States In the United States, pathologists are medical doctors (M.D.) or doctors of osteopathic medicine (D.O.), that have completed a four-year undergraduate program, four years of medical school training, and three to four years of postgraduate training in the form of a pathology residency. Training may be within two primary specialties, as recognized by the American Board of Pathology: Anatomic Pathology, and Clinical Pathology, each of which requires separate board certification. Many pathologists seek a broad-based training and become certified in both fields. These skills are complementary in many hospital-based private practice settings, since the day-to-day work of many clinical laboratories only requires the intermittent attention of a physician. Thus, pathologists are able to spend much of their time evaluating anatomic pathology cases, while remaining available to cover any special issues which might arise in the clinical laboratories. Pathologists may pursue specialised fellowship training within one or more sub-specialties of either anatomic or clinical pathology. Some of these sub-specialities permit additional board certification, while others do not.[9] The word physician should not be confused with physicist, which means a scientist in the area of physics. ...
The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ...
Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty (a branch of pathology) that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of cells and tissues. ...
Clinical Pathology is one of the two major divisions of Pathology. ...
Pathology in the United Kingdom In the UK pathologists are medical doctors registered with the UK General Medical Council. They will have completed an undergraduate medical education which in most countries lasts 4-6 years. The training to become a pathologist is under the oversight of the Royal College of Pathologists. Typically a one year training attachment is followed by an aptitude test. This is followed by further specialist training in surgical pathology, cytopathology, and post mortem pathology. There are two examinations run by the Royal College of Pathologists termed Part 1 and Part 2. The Part 2 examination is designed to test competence to work as an independent practitioner in pathology and is typically taken after 5 years specialist training. All post-graduate medical training and education in the UK is overseen by the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board. It is possible to take a specialist part 2 examination in paediatric pathology or neuropathology. It is possible to take a special diploma in dermatopathology or cytopathology, recognising additional specialist training and expertise. The word physician should not be confused with physicist, which means a scientist in the area of physics. ...
The General Medical Council (the GMC) is the regulator of the medical profession in the United Kingdom. ...
General information The Royal College of Pathologists is a medical organization that promotes the study of pathology. ...
General information The Royal College of Pathologists is a medical organization that promotes the study of pathology. ...
Non-human pathology Veterinary pathologists are veterinary practitioners who specialise in the diagnosis and characterization of veterinary diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Veterinary pathologists are veterinarians with advanced training (board certification or Ph.D.) in either diagnostic pathology or research into the biological processes underlying disease (pathobiology). Diagnostic veterinary pathologists are further subcategorized as either anatomical pathologists or clinical pathologists. Clinical pathologists examine specimens such as blood, excretions or biopsy material to diagnose disease in living animals. Anatomical pathologists utilize post mortem examinations of dead animals to arrive at a diagnosis. Post mortem examinations entail a necropsy (an animal autopsy), histopathologic (microscopic) study of tissue specimens collected at the necropsy and sometimes specialized studies (radiographic, toxicologic, etc.)[citation needed]Plant pathologists are specialized scientists who investigate the causes of diseases in plants. Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary medicine who specialise in the diagnosis and characterization of verterinary diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. ...
Phytopathology or Plant Pathology is the science of diagnosing and managing plant diseases. ...
Notes - ^ a b c d e [1] History of Pathology, at the USC School of Dentistry
- ^ [2] A History of Medicine from the Biblioteca Centrale dell'Area Biomedica
- ^ [3] Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni. Medical Library and Historical Journal. 1903 October; 1(4): 270–277.
- ^ [4] Karl von Rokitansky at Whonamedit.com
- ^ [5] Rudolf Virchow at Whonamedit.com
- ^ [6] Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Julius Cohnheim
- ^ [7] Mission of the American Society for Investigative Pathology
- ^ a b c d e f Ramzi Cotran, Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins (1999). Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, Sixth Edition. W.B. Saunders. ISBN 072167335X.
- ^ [8] Homepage of the American Board of Pathology
See also To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
External links | Health science > medicine | | General | Advance practice nursing • Chiropractic medicine • Audiology • Dentistry • Dietetics • Emergency medical services • Epidemiology • Medical technology • Midwifery • Nursing • Occupational therapy • Optometry • Pharmacy • Physical therapy (Physiotherapy) • Biomedician (Biomedicine) • Physician (M.D. and D.O.) • Physician Assistant • Podiatry • Psychology • Public health • Respiratory therapy • Speech and language pathology The term disease refers to an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs function. ...
Necrosis (in Greek ÎεκÏός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. ...
An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...
In medicine, ischemia (Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply, generally due to factors in the blood vessels, with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue. ...
An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...
Wound healing, or wound repair, is the bodys natural process of regenerating dermal and epidermal tissue. ...
Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. ...
Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty (a branch of pathology) that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of cells and tissues. ...
Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty (a branch of pathology) that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of cells and tissues. ...
Cytopathology is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. ...
Post-mortem, postmortem and post mortem redirect here. ...
Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within anatomic pathology which is focused on the use of nucleic acid-based techniques such as DNA sequencing, fluorescent in-situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid microarrays for specialised studies of disease in tissues and cells. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Dental pathologists are doctors of dental science who specialise in the diagnosis and characterization of diseases of the teeth, jaw, and maxilla through the examination of tissue specimens. ...
Gross examination or grossing is the process by which pathology specimens are inspected with the naked eye to obtain diagnostic information, while being processed for further microscopic examination. ...
Histopathology is a field of pathology which specialises in the histologic study of diseased tissue. ...
Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. ...
The electron microscope is a microscope that can magnify very small details with high resolving power due to the use of electrons rather than light to scatter off material, magnifying at levels up to 500,000 times. ...
Immunofluorescence is the labeling of antibodies or antigens with fluorescent dyes. ...
A metaphase cell positive for the bcr/abl rearrangement using FISH. The chromosomes can be seen in blue. ...
Clinical Pathology is one of the two major divisions of Pathology. ...
Clinical chemistry (also known as clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology or pure blood chemistry) is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. ...
Hematopathology is the branch of pathology which studies diseases of hematopoietic cells (see below). ...
Transfusion medicine (or transfusiology) is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood components. ...
Medical microbiology is a branch of microbiology which deals with the study of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites which are of medical importance and are capable of causing diseases in human beings. ...
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques, known collectively as diagnostic immunology. ...
Enzyme assays are laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity. ...
Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or informally, mass-spec and MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ...
For the Second Person album, see Chromatography (album). ...
Analysis of a marine sample of photosynthetic picoplankton by flow cytometry showing three different populations (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes) Flow cytometry is a technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. ...
A blood bank is a cache or bank of blood or blood components, gathered as a result of blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusions. ...
A microbiological culture is a way to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply (reproduce) in predetermined media. ...
Serology is the scientific study of blood serum. ...
Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ...
Medicine is the science and art of maintaining andor restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. ...
Advanced practice nurses (APNs) are Registered Nurses with advanced education, knowledge, skills, and scope of practice. ...
Chiropractic, also known as chiropractic care, is a world-wide health discipline that seeks to prevent and treat health problems utilizing spinal adjustments in order to correct subluxations. ...
Audiology is the branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and their disorders. ...
A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient. ...
Dietitians are experts in food and nutrition. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ...
Medical technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of science and technology to improve the management of health conditions. ...
// Midwifery is the term traditionally used to describe the art of assisting a woman through childbirth. ...
Nursing is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families, and communities in attaining, re-attaining, and maintaining optimal health and functioning. ...
Occupational therapy refers to the use of meaningful occupations to assist people who have difficulty in achieving occupationally balanced lives. ...
Optometry (Greek: optos meaning seen or visible and metria meaning measurement) is a health care profession concerned with examination, diagnosis, and treatment of the eyes and related structures and with determination and correction of vision problems using lenses and other optical aids [1]. An optical refractor (also called a foropter...
For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ...
Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is the provision of services to people and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. ...
A Biomedician (or Medician), is a person educated in the field of medical research, surgery or clinical medicine. ...
See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that treat patients. ...
The Doctor by Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ...
Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning Teacher of Medicine,) is an academic degree for medical doctors. ...
The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ...
In the United States, Physician Assistants (PAs) are non-physician clinicians licensed to practice medicine with a physicians supervision. ...
Podiatry, a field of healthcare, is devoted to the study and treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, and sometimes knee, leg, and hip (collectively known as the lower extremity). ...
Psychology (from Greek: ψυχή, psukhē, spirit, soul; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. ...
Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...
Respiratory therapy is categorized as an allied health profession in the United States and Canada. ...
// The practice of speech-language pathology includes prevention, diagnosis, habilitation, and rehabilitation of communication, swallowing, or other upper aerodigestive disorders; elective modification of communication behaviors; and enhancement of communication. ...
| | Physician specialties | Anesthesiology • Dermatology • Emergency medicine • General practice (Family medicine) • Internal medicine • Neurology • Nuclear medicine • Obstetrics and gynecology • Occupational medicine • Ophthalmology • Pathology • Pediatrics • Physical medicine and rehabilitation (Physiatry) • Preventive medicine • Psychiatry • Radiation oncology • Radiology • Surgery // Physicians in the United States report their primary and secondary practice specialty via American Medical Association surveys, the AMA Online Data Collection Center and other data collection vehicles. ...
Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ...
Dermatology (from Greek derma, skin) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands etc). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ...
Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ...
Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ...
Obstetrics and gynaecology (often abbreviated Ob-Gyn in the US and O&G elsewhere) form a single medical specialty and have a combined postgraduate training program. ...
// What is occupational medicine Occupational medicine is the branch of clinical medicine most active in the field of occupational health. ...
This article is about the branch of medicine. ...
Clinical Examination Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 16-21, depending on the country). ...
Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) or physiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with functional restoration of a person affected by physical disability. ...
A 1930 Soviet poster propagating breast care. ...
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of the mind and mental illness. ...
Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...
Image A: A normal chest X-ray. ...
“Surgeon†redirects here. ...
| | Medical specialties | Allergy and immunology • Cardiology • Endocrinology • Gastroenterology • Hematology • Infectious disease • Intensive care medicine (Critical care medicine) • Medical genetics • Nephrology • Oncology • Pulmonology • Rheumatology A medical specialist is someone who specializes in a particular field of medicine. ...
An allergy is an abnormal, acquired sensitivity to a given substance, including pollen, drugs, or numerous environmental triggers. ...
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ...
A diagram of a heart with an ECG indicator; diagrams like this are used in Cardiology. ...
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ...
Gastroenterology or gastrology is the medical specialty concerned with digestive diseases. ...
Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood and its disorders. ...
This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ...
“Intensive Care†redirects here. ...
Medical Genetics is the application of genetics to medicine. ...
A drawing of the human kidney from Grays Anatomy. ...
See cancer for the biology of the disease, as well as a list of malignant diseases. ...
In medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. ...
Rheumatology, a subspecialty of internal medicine, is devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. ...
| | Surgical specialties | Cardiac surgery • General surgery • Hand surgery • Neurosurgery • Oral and maxillofacial surgery • Orthopaedic surgery • Otolaryngology (ENT) • Pediatric surgery • Plastic surgery • Surgical oncology • Thoracic surgery • Transplant surgery • Trauma surgery • Urology • Vascular surgery In all modern medical training programs, a surgeon must specialise in an area. ...
Cardiac surgery is surgery on the heart, typically to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (e. ...
A surgeon operating General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on surgical treatment of abdominal organs, e. ...
The field of hand surgery deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or upper extremity (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder). ...
Insertion of an electrode during neurosurgery for Parkinsons disease. ...
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. ...
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (BE: orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with acute, chronic, traumatic and recurrent injuries and other disorders of the locomotor system, its musclular and bone parts. ...
Otolaryngology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head & neck disorders. ...
Pediatric surgery (sometimes spelled paediatric surgery) is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. ...
“Facial reconstruction†redirects here. ...
Surgical Oncology is the branch of surgery which focuses on the surgical managment of malignant neoplasms (cancer). ...
In medicine, the field of (cardio)thoracic surgery is involved in the surgical treatment of diseases affecting the heart (cardiovascular disease) and lungs (lung disease). ...
An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. ...
It has been suggested that Traumatology be merged into this article or section. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Vascular surgery is the branch of surgery that occupies itself with surgical interventions of arteries and veins, as well as conservative therapies for disease of the peripheral vascular system. ...
| | Pathology: hematology (primarily C81-C96/200-208, D45-D47, D50-D77/280-289) | | WBCs | hematological malignancy (Lymphoma, leukemia)
-cytosis (Agranulocytosis, Leukocytosis, Lymphocytosis, Monocytosis) • -penia (Lymphopenia, Neutropenia) | RBCs/anemia/
hemoglobinopathy | nutritional anemia: Iron deficiency anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Megaloblastic anemia (Pernicious anemia)
hereditary hemolytic anemia: G6PD Deficiency, Thalassemia, Sickle-cell disease/trait, Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary stomatocytosis
acquired hemolytic anemia: Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, HUS, MAHA, PNH
aplastic anemia: Acquired PRCA, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Fanconi anemia • Sideroblastic anemia • Hemochromatosis | | Coagulation/platelets | coagulopathy: DIC • Hemophilia (A, B, C, XIII) • Von Willebrand disease
Purpura: Henoch-Schönlein, ITP, TTP
primary hypercoagulable state: Protein C deficiency - Protein S deficiency - Antithrombin III deficiency
other hemorrhagic conditions: Bernard-Soulier syndrome - Glanzmann's thrombasthenia - Grey platelet syndrome | | Histiocytosis | WHO-I Langerhans cell histiocytosis - non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis/WHO-II (Juvenile xanthogranuloma, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) - malignant histiocytic disorders/WHO-III (Acute monocytic leukemia, Malignant histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease) | | Other | Asplenia/hyposplenism - Methemoglobinemia | | Endocrine pathology: endocrine diseases (E00-35, 240-259) | | Thyroid | Hypothyroidism (Iodine deficiency, Cretinism, Congenital hypothyroidism, Goitre, Myxedema) - Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease, Toxic multinodular goitre, Teratoma with thyroid tissue or Struma ovarii) - Thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis) - Euthyroid sick syndrome | | Pancreas | Diabetes mellitus (type 1, type 2, coma, angiopathy, ketoacidosis, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy) - Hypoglycemia - Hyperinsulinism - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | | Parathyroid | Hypoparathyroidism (Pseudohypoparathyroidism) - Hyperparathyroidism (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) | | Pituitary | hyperfunction (Acromegaly, Hyperprolactinaemia, Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) - Hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Simmonds' disease, Growth hormone deficiency) - Diabetes insipidus - Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction | | Adrenal | Cushing's syndrome (Nelson's syndrome, Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome) - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency) - Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome, Bartter syndrome) - Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) - Hypoaldosteronism | | Gonads | Polycystic ovary syndrome - 5-alpha-reductase deficiency - Hypogonadism - Delayed puberty - Precocious puberty | | Other | Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Carcinoid syndrome - Laron syndrome - Multiple endocrine neoplasia - Psychogenic dwarfism - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Progeria | | Nutritional pathology (E40-68, 260-269) | | Malnutrition | Kwashiorkor - Marasmus | | Other underconsumption | B vitamins: B1: Beriberi/Wernicke's encephalopathy, B2: Ariboflavinosis, B3: Pellagra, B7: Biotin deficiency, B9: Folate deficiency, B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency
other vitamins: A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots, C: Scurvy, D: Rickets/Osteomalacia
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ...
The DNA structure might not be the only nucleic acid in the universe capable of supporting life[1] Astrobiology (from Greek: ἀστÏο, astro, constellation; βίος, bios, life; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of life in space, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology. ...
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ...
Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ...
Pinguicula grandiflora Example of a Cross Section of a Stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ...
This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Views of a Foetus in the Womb, Leonardo da Vinci, ca. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article is about the general scientific term. ...
Genomics is the study of an organisms entire genome; Rathore et al, . Investigation of single genes, their functions and roles is something very common in todays medical and biological research, and cannot be said to be genomics but rather the most typical feature of molecular biology. ...
Various species of reef fish in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ...
Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. ...
An agar plate streaked with microorganisms Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. ...
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ...
This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, ancient; ontos, being; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. ...
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Taxonomy, sometimes alpha taxonomy, is the science of finding, describing and naming organisms, thus giving rise to taxa. ...
Zoology (from Greek: ζῴον, zoion, animal; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ...
Tumor or tumour literally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ...
Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. ...
See cancer for the biology of the disease, as well as a list of malignant diseases. ...
Hyperplasia (or hypergenesis) is a general term for an increase in the number of the cells of an organ or tissue causing it to increase in size. ...
A cyst (soft c, rhymes with list) is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and develosion on the nearby tissue. ...
A pseudocyst is a pathological collection of fluid. ...
A hamartoma is a common benign tumor in an organ composed of tissue elements normally found at that site but that are growing in a disorganized mass. ...
Benign can refer to any medical condition which, untreated or with symptomatic therapy, will not become life-threatening. ...
Dysplasia (from Greek, roughly: bad form) is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue. ...
Carcinoma in situ is present when a tumor has been detected that has the characteristics of malignancy but has not invaded other tissues. ...
Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...
Metastasis (Greek: change of the state) is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body. ...
Anal cancer is a distinct entity from the more common colorectal cancer. ...
Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. ...
// [edit] Introduction Cholangiocarcinoma is an adenocarcinoma of the biliary duct system. ...
An arm bone tumor Bone tumor is an inexact term, which can be used for both benign and malignant abnormal growths found in bone, but is most commonly used for primary tumors of bone, such as osteosarcoma (or osteoma). ...
A brain tumor is any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the brain itself (neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nerves (myelin-producing Schwann cells), in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland, or...
Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ...
Cervical cancer is a malignant cancer of the cervix. ...
Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or bowel cancer, includes cancerous growths in the colon, rectum and appendix. ...
Endometrial cancer involves cancerous growth of the endometrium (lining of the uterus). ...
Esophageal cancer is malignancy of the esophagus. ...
Ocular oncology is the branch of medicine dealing with tumors relating to the eye and its adnexa. ...
Bold textA more uncommon cancer predominate in females, if found early on before symptoms, can be cured by removing Gallbladder, most often it is found after symptoms occur (abdominal pain, Jaundice) and has spread to other organs such as liver and the outlook at this point is poor. ...
Head and neck cancers are malignant growths originating in the lip and oral cavity (mouth), nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, thyroid, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands and cervical lymph nodes of the neck. ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer) of the liver. ...
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common form of kidney cancer arising from the renal tubule. ...
Cancer of the larynx also may be called laryngeal cancer. ...
Lung cancer is the malignant transformation and expansion of lung tissue, and is the most lethal of all cancers worldwide, responsible for 1. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
Oral cancer is any cancerous tissue growth located in the mouth. ...
Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor (a kind of neoplasm) located on an ovary. ...
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumour within the pancreatic gland. ...
Penile cancer is a malignant growth found on the skin or in the tissues of the penis, usually originating in the glans and/or foreskin. ...
Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. ...
Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes. ...
Endoscopic image of adenocarcinoma of duodenum seen in the post-bulbar duodenum. ...
Stomach cancer (also called gastric cancer) can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs; particularly the esophagus and the small intestine. ...
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT), a birth defect, is a tumor located at the base of the tailbone (coccyx). ...
Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. ...
A tumor suppressor gene is a gene that reduces the probability that a cell in a multicellular organism will turn into a tumor cell. ...
An oncogene is a modified gene that increases the malignancy of a tumor cell. ...
The stage of a cancer is a descriptor (usually numbers I to IV) of how much the cancer has spread. ...
In pathology, Grading is a measure of the progress of tumors. ...
Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. ...
The hazard symbol for carcinogenic chemicals in the Globally Harmonized System. ...
Cancer research is research into cancer in order to identify causes and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatments and cure. ...
A paraneoplastic phenomenon is a disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. ...
This is a list of terms related to oncology. ...
Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood and its disorders. ...
“White Blood Cells†redirects here. ...
Although hematological malignancies are a form of cancer, they are generally treated by specialists in hematology, although in many hospitals oncology specialists also manage these diseases. ...
This article is about lymphoma in humans. ...
Leukemia or leukaemia (see spelling differences) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). ...
Leukocytosis is an elevation of the white blood cell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range. ...
Lymphocytosis is an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. ...
Monocytosis is an increase in the number of circulating monocytes. ...
Lymphopenia is the condition in which there exists an abnormally low number of lymphocytes in the blood. ...
Neutropenia (or neutropaenia, adjective neutrop(a)enic) is a hematological disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophil granulocytes (a type of white blood cell). ...
“Red cell†redirects here. ...
This article discusses the medical condition. ...
Hemoglobinopathy is a kind of genetic defect that results in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule. ...
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and the most common cause of microcytic anemia. ...
The Plummer-Vinson syndrome, also called Paterson-Kelly syndrome or sideropenic dysphagia is a disorder linked to severe, long-term iron deficiency anemia, which causes swallowing difficulty (dysphagia) due to web-like membranes of tissue growing in the throat (esophageal webs). ...
Megaloblastic anemia is an anemia (of macrocytic classification) which results from a deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid. ...
Pernicious anemia (also known as Biermers anaemia or Addisons anaemia or Addison-Biermer anaemia) is a form of megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency dependent on impaired absorption of vitamin B12 in the setting of atrophic gastritis, and more specifically of loss of gastric parietal cells. ...
Hemolytic anemia is anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the body (extravascular). ...
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive hereditary disease featuring nonimmune hemolytic anemia in response to a number of causes. ...
Thalassemia (American English) or thalassaemia (British English) is a recessive trait inherited disease of the red blood cells. ...
Sickle-cell disease is a group of genetic disorders caused by sickle hemoglobin (Hgb S or Hb S). ...
Sickle cell trait describes the way a person can inherit some of the genes of sickle cell disease, but not develop symptoms. ...
Hereditary spherocytosis is a genetic disorder of the red blood cells that makes them prone to hemolysis. ...
Hereditary elliptocytosis is a blood disorder in which 50-90% of the red blood cells consist of rod forms and elliptocytes (that is, elliptical erythrocytes); often associated with a hemolytic anemia. ...
Hereditary stomatocytosis describes a number of inherited autosomal dominant human conditions which affect the red blood cell, in which the membrane or outer coating of the cell leaks sodium and potassium ions. ...
Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (warm AIHA) is the most common of the autoimmune hemolytic diseases. ...
In medicine, Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, abbreviated HUS) is a disease characterised by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). ...
In medicine (hematology) microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) is a subgroup of hemolytic anemia (anemia, loss of red blood cells through destruction) caused by factors in the small blood vessels. ...
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired life-threatening disease of the blood characterised by hemolytic anemia, thrombosis and red urine due to breakdown of red blood cells. ...
Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. ...
Acquired pure red cell aplasia (or PRCA) refers to a type of anemia affecting the precursors to red blood cells but not to white blood cells. ...
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital erythroid aplasia that usually presents in infancy. ...
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease that affects children and adults from all ethnic backgrounds. ...
Sideroblastic anemia is caused by the abnormal production of red blood cells as part of myelodysplastic syndrome, which can evolve into hematological malignancies (especially acute myelogenous leukemia). ...
Haemochromatosis, also spelled hemochromatosis, is a hereditary disease characterized by improper dietary iron metabolism (making it an iron overload disorder), which causes the accumulation of iron in a number of body tissues. ...
Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms solid clots. ...
A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ...
This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a pathological process in the body where the blood starts to coagulate throughout the whole body. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Haemophilia A (also spelt Hemophilia A or Hæmophilia A) is a blood clotting disorder caused by a mutation of the factor VIII gene, leading to a deficiency in Factor VIII. It is the most common hemophilia. ...
Haemophilia B (also spelled Hemophilia B or Hæmophilia B) is a blood clotting disorder caused by a mutation of the Factor IX gene. ...
A mild form of hemophilia that mainly occurs in Jews of Ashkenazi descent. ...
Factor XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor is an enzyme (EC 2. ...
Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality described in humans, although it can also be acquired as a result of other medical conditions. ...
Purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin. ...
In medicine (rheumatology and pediatrics) Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP, also known as allergic purpura) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by prominent tissue deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes, especially in the skin and kidney. ...
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the condition of having a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) of no known cause (idiopathic). ...
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP or Moschcowitz disease) is a rare disorder of the blood coagulation system that in most cases arises from the deficiency or inhibition of the enzyme ADAMTS13, which is responsible for cleaving large multimers of von Willebrand factor. ...
How to recognize Protein C deficiency ...
Protein S deficiency is a disorder associated with increased risk of thrombosis. ...
Antithrombin III deficiency is a rare hereditary disorder that generally comes to light when a patient suffers recurrent venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. ...
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS, named after Jean Bernard and Jean Pierre Soulier) is a rare congenital bleeding disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and large platelets and was first described in 1948. ...
Glanzmanns thrombasthenia is an extremely rare, autosomal recessive disorder of the blood, in which the platelets lack GPIIb/IIIa. ...
Grey platelet syndrome is a rare condition caused by a reduction or absence of the platelet alpha-granules in blood platelet, or of the proteins contained in these granules. ...
Though histiocytosis can refer to any of several specific diseases, the term is generally used to refer to a rare blood disease that is caused by an excess of white blood cells called histiocytes. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a form of histiocytosis, classified as non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis,[1] or more specifically, type 2.[2] ^ Nakasu S, Tsuji A, Fuse I, Hirai H. Intracranial solitary juvenile xanthogranuloma successfully treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurooncol. ...
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a form of histiocytosis where there is an excess of both histiocytes and lymphocytes. ...
Acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL, or AML-M5) is considered a type of acute myeloid leukemia. ...
Malignant histiocytosis is a hereditary disease found in the Bernese Mountain Dog characterized by histiocytic infiltration of the lungs and lymph nodes. ...
Erdheim-Chester disease (also known as Erdheim-Chester syndrome or polyostotic sclerosing histiocytosis) is a rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. ...
Asplenia refers to the absence (a-) of normal spleen function and is associated with some risks. ...
// Methemoglobinemia, also known as met-Hb, is a disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood. ...
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ...
Among the hundreds of endocrine diseases (or endocrinological diseases) are: Adrenal disorders: Adrenal insufficiency Addisons disease Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) Mineralocorticoid deficiency Conns syndrome Cushings syndrome Pheochromocytoma Adrenocortical carcinoma Glucose homeostasis disorders: Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemia Idiopathic hypoglycemia Insulinoma Metabolic bone disease: Osteoporosis Osteitis deformans (Pagets...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Cretinism (most likely from the Latin ChristiÄnum, Christian) is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism). ...
Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) is a condition of thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. ...
A goitre (BrE), or goiter (AmE) (Latin struma), also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below Adams apple or larynx) due to an enlarged thyroid gland. ...
Myxedema (British spelling: myxoedema) is a skin and tissue disorder usually due to severe prolonged hypothyroidism. ...
Hyperthyroidism (or overactive thyroid gland) is the clinical syndrome caused by an excess of circulating free thyroxine (T4) or free triiodothyronine (T3), or both. ...
Graves disease is a thyroid disorder characterized by goiter, exophthalmos, orange-peel skin, and hyperthyroidism. ...
Toxic multinodular goitre (also known as toxic nodular goitre, toxic nodular struma) is a form of hyperthyroidism - where there is excess production of thyroid hormones. ...
Look up teratoma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A teratoma is a type of tumor that derives from pluripotent germ cells. ...
de Quervains thyroiditis, is also known as subacute granulomatous thyroiditis or subacute thyroiditis; usually occurs in women between 30 and 50 years of age. ...
Hashimotos thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the bodys own antibodies attack the cells of the thyroid. ...
Riedels thyroiditis, also called Riedels struma is a chronic form of thyroiditis. ...
Euthyroid sick syndrome is a thyroid hormone disorder where the levels of T3 and/or T4 are at unusual levels, but the thyroid gland does not appear to be dysfunctional. ...
The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates[2]. It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ...
For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ...
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, Type I diabetes, T1D, IDDM) is a form of diabetes mellitus. ...
See diabetes mellitus for further general information on diabetes. ...
Diabetic coma is a medical emergency in which a person with diabetes mellitus is comatose (unconscious) because of one of three acute complications of diabetes: Severe diabetic hypoglycemia Advanced diabetic ketoacidosis advanced enough to result in unconsciousness from a combination of severe hyperglycemia, dehydration and shock, and exhaustion Hyperosmolar nonketotic...
Angiopathy is a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. ...
Diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA) is a life-threatening complication in patients with untreated diabetes mellitus (chronic high blood sugar or hyperglycemia). ...
Photomicrography of nodular glomerulosclerosis in Kimmelstein-Wilson syndrome. ...
Diabetic neuropathies are neuropathic disorders that are associated with diabetes mellitus. ...
Diabetic retinopathy is retinopathy (damage to the retina) caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness. ...
Hypoglycemia (hypoglycæmia in the UK) is a medical term referring to a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. ...
Hyperinsulism or hyperinsulinemia is a condition in which the bodys cells do not respond properly to insulin, the hormone that functions to control blood sugar levels. ...
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a disorder where increased levels of the hormone gastrin are produced, causing the stomach to produce excess hydrochloric acid. ...
The four human parathyroid glands are adjacent to the thyroid. ...
In medicine (endocrinology), hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands, leading to decreased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). ...
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition that mimics hypoparathyroidism, but is due to a resistance to parathyroid hormone, rather than a lack of the hormone (akin to the distinction between Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. ...
Hyperparathyroidism is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). ...
Primary hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium levels) through the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), usually by an adenoma (benign tumors) of the parathyroid glands. ...
Secondary hyperparathyroidism refers to the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and associated hypertrophy of the glands. ...
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a state of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) after a long period of secondary hyperparathyroidism and resulting in hypercalcemia. ...
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (sellar diaphragm) at the base of the brain. ...
Acromegaly (from Greek akros high and megas large - extremities enlargement) is a hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone (hGH). ...
Prolactin is a hormone secreted by lactotropes in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland) which is made up of 199 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 23,000 daltons. ...
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a condition commonly found in the hospital population, especially in patients being hospitalized for central nervous system (CNS) injury. ...
Hypopituitarism is a medical term describing deficiency (hypo) of one or more hormones of the pituitary gland. ...
Sheehan syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism or postpartum pituitary necrosis, is hypopituitarism (decreased functioning of the pituitary gland), caused by necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth. ...
Kallmann syndrome is an example of hypogonadism (decreased functioning of the sex hormone-producing glands) caused by a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is created by the hypothalamus. ...
Simmonds disease (also Simmonds syndrome) refers to panhypopituitarism caused by the destruction of the pituitary gland due to infiltrative processes (e. ...
Growth hormone deficiency is the medical condition of inadequate production of growth hormone (GH) and its effects on children and adults. ...
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. ...
Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction is a term to describe a nonorganic relative inactivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system of the hypothalamus and its dependent pituitary gonadotrophs that normally produce follicle stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH. The condition occurs during the reproductive years and leads to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. ...
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Pseudo-Cushings syndrome is a medical condition in which patients display the signs, symptoms, and abnormal hormone levels seen in Cushings syndrome. ...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. ...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, in all its forms, accounts for about 95% of diagnosed cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and CAH in most contexts refers to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. ...
Conns syndrome is overproduction of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands. ...
Bartter syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by low potassium levels (hypokalemia), decreased acidity of blood (alkalosis), and normal to low blood pressure. ...
In medicine, adrenal insufficiency (or hypocortisolism) is the inability of the adrenal gland to produce adequate amounts of cortisol in response to stress. ...
Addisons disease (also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism or hypocorticism) is a rare endocrine disorder in which the adrenal gland produces insufficient amounts of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). ...
In medicine (endocrinology), hypoaldosteronism refers to decreased levels of the hormone aldosterone. ...
The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, also known clinically as Stein-Leventhal syndrome), is an endocrine disorder that affects approximately one in ten women. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Guevedoche. ...
Hypogonadism is a medical term for a defect of the reproductive system which results in lack of function of the gonads (ovaries or testes). ...
Puberty is described as delayed when a boy or girl has passed the usual age of onset of puberty with no physical or hormonal signs that it is beginning. ...
Precocious puberty means early puberty. ...
In medicine, autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes are a heterogenous group of rare diseases characterised by autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine organs, although non-endocrine organs can be affected. ...
Carcinoid syndrome refers to the array of symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid tumors. ...
Laron syndrome is a disorder characterized by an insensitivity to growth hormone, caused by a variant of the growth hormone receptor. ...
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) (or multiple endocrine adenomas, or multiple endocrine adenomatosis -- MEA) consists of three syndromes featuring tumors of endocrine glands, each with its own characteristic pattern. ...
Psychogenic dwarfism, Psychosocial dwarfism or Stress dwarfism is a growth disorder that is observed between the ages of 2 and 15, caused by extreme emotional deprivation or stress. ...
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS, or Androgen resistance syndrome) is a set of disorders of sexual differentiation that results from mutations of the gene encoding the androgen receptor. ...
The term Progeria narrowly refers to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome, but the term is also used more generally to describe any of the so-called accelerated aging diseases. The word progeria is derived from the Greek for prematurely old. Because the accelerated aging diseases display different aspects of aging, but...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ...
Marasmus is a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition characterised by calorie deficiency and energy deficiency. ...
The B vitamins are eight water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. ...
Beriberi is a nervous system ailment caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. ...
Wernicke encephalopathy is a severe syndrome characterised by loss of short-term memory. ...
Riboflavin deficiency is seen in association with: protein and energy malnutrition alcoholism The clinical features include: dry mucus membranes, affecting: mouth eyes genitalia normochromic, normocytic anaemia Treatment with riboflavin, 6 mg per day. ...
Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of niacin (vitamin B3) and protein, especially proteins containing the essential amino acid tryptophan. ...
Biotin deficiency can have a very serious, even fatal, outcome if it is allowed to progress without treatment. ...
Signs of folic acid deficiency are often subtle. ...
B12 deficiency can potentially cause severe and irreversible damage, especially to the brain and nervous system. ...
Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records A vitamin is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ...
Bitots spots are located superficially in the conjunctiva, which are oval, triangular or irregular in shape. ...
Scurvy (N.Lat. ...
Rickets is a softening of the bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity. ...
Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones, resulting from defective bone mineralisation. ...
mineral: Iron deficiency, Magnesium deficiency - Chromium deficiency | | Hyperalimentation | Obesity - Hypervitaminosis A - Hypervitaminosis D | | Metabolic pathology (E70-90, 270-279) | | Amino acid | Aromatic (Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria, Ochronosis, Tyrosinemia, Albinism, Histidinemia) - Branched chain (Maple syrup urine disease, Propionic acidemia, Methylmalonic acidemia, Isovaleric acidemia, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency) - Transport (Cystinuria, Cystinosis, Hartnup disease, Fanconi syndrome) - Sulfur (Homocystinuria, Cystathioninuria) - Urea cycle disorder (N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency, Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, Citrullinemia, Argininosuccinic aciduria, Hyperammonemia) - Glutaric acidemia type 1 - Sarcosinemia | | Carbohydrate | Lactose intolerance - Glycogen storage disease (type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII) - fructose metabolism (Fructose intolerance, Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency, Essential fructosuria) - galactose metabolism (Galactosemia, Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase galactosemia, Galactokinase deficiency) - other intestinal carbohydrate absorption (Glucose-galactose malabsorption, Sucrose intolerance) - pyruvate metabolism and gluconeogenesis (PCD, PDHA) - Pentosuria - Renal glycosuria | | Lipid storage | Sphingolipidoses/Gangliosidoses: GM2 gangliosidoses (Sandhoff disease, Tay-Sachs disease) - GM1 gangliosidoses - Mucolipidosis type IV - Gaucher's disease - Niemann-Pick disease - Farber disease - Fabry's disease - Metachromatic leukodystrophy - Krabbe disease
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) - Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis - Cholesteryl ester storage disease (Wolman disease) | | Other lipid | Lipoprotein/lipidemias: Hyperlipidemia - Hypercholesterolemia - Familial hypercholesterolemia - Xanthoma - Combined hyperlipidemia - Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency - Tangier disease - Abetalipoproteinemia
Fatty acid: Adrenoleukodystrophy - Carnitine (Primary, I, II) | | Mineral | Cu Wilson's disease/Menkes disease - Fe Haemochromatosis - Zn Acrodermatitis enteropathica - PO43− Hypophosphatemia/Hypophosphatasia - Mg2+ Hypermagnesemia/Hypomagnesemia - Ca2+ Hypercalcaemia/Hypocalcaemia/Disorders of calcium metabolism | Fluid, electrolyte
and acid-base balance | Electrolyte disturbance - Na+ Hypernatremia/Hyponatremia - Acidosis (Metabolic, Respiratory, Lactic) - Alkalosis (Metabolic, Respiratory) - Mixed disorder of acid-base balance - H2O Dehydration/Hypervolemia - K+ Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia - Cl− Hyperchloremia/Hypochloremia | | Purine and pyrimidine | Hyperuricemia - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome - Xanthinuria | | Porphyrin | Acute intermittent, Gunther's, Cutanea tarda, Erythropoietic, Hepatoerythropoietic, Hereditary copro-, Variegate | | Bilirubin | Unconjugated (Gilbert's syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome) - Conjugated (Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome) | | Glycosaminoglycan | Mucopolysaccharidosis - 1:Hurler/Hunter - 3:Sanfilippo - 4:Morquio - 6:Maroteaux-Lamy - 7:Sly | | Glycoprotein | Mucolipidosis - I-cell disease - Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy - Aspartylglucosaminuria - Fucosidosis - Alpha-mannosidosis - Sialidosis | | Other | Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency - Cystic fibrosis - Amyloidosis (Familial Mediterranean fever) - Acatalasia | | Pathology of the eye (primarily H00-H59, 360-379) | | Eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit | Stye - Chalazion - Blepharitis - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Xanthelasma - Trichiasis - Dacryoadenitis - Epiphora - Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos | | Conjunctiva | Conjunctivitis - Pterygium - Pinguecula - Subconjunctival hemorrhage | | Sclera and cornea | Scleritis - Keratitis - Corneal ulcer - Snow blindness - Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy - Fuchs' dystrophy - Keratoconus - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - Arc eye - Keratoconjunctivitis - Corneal neovascularization - Kayser-Fleischer ring - Arcus senilis - Band keratopathy | | Iris and ciliary body | Iritis - Uveitis - Iridocyclitis - Hyphema - Persistent pupillary membrane | | Lens | Cataract - Aphakia | | Choroid and retina | Chorioretinitis - Choroideremia - Retinal detachment - Retinoschisis - Retinopathy (Hypertensive retinopathy, Diabetic retinopathy, Retinopathy of prematurity) - Macular degeneration - Retinitis pigmentosa - Retinal haemorrhage - Central serous retinopathy - Macular edema - Epiretinal membrane - Macular pucker | | Optic nerve and visual pathways | Optic neuritis - Papilledema - Optic atrophy | Ocular muscles,
binocular movement,
accommodation and refraction | Paralytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Palsy (III, IV, VI) - Kearns-Sayre syndrome Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome
Other binocular: Conjugate gaze palsy - Convergence insufficiency - Internuclear ophthalmoplegia - One and a half syndrome
Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. ...
For a more specific and detailed discussion of anemia caused by iron deficiency, see the Wikipedia article iron deficiency anemia. ...
Magnesium deficiency refers to an absolute lack of magnesium, the result of numerous conditions. ...
Chromium deficiency is a disorder that results from an insufficient dietary intake of chromium. ...
The effects of excessive vitamin A intake include: birth defects liver abnormalities, reduced bone mineral density that may result in osteoporosis coarse bone growths hair loss excessive skin dryness/peeling Signs of acute toxicity include nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, and loss of muscular coordination. ...
Hypervitaminosis D is a state of Vitamin D toxicity. ...
A metabolic disorder is a medical disorder which affects the production of energy within individual human (or animal) cells. ...
Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ...
phenylalanine tryptophan tyrosine thyroxine Aromatic amino acids are amino acids which include an aromatic ring. ...
PhenylKetonUria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). ...
Alkaptonuria also known as alcaptonuria or ochronosis is a rare inherited genetic disorder of tyrosine metabolism. ...
Ochronosis is a dermatological disorder that results in the adverse pigmentation of cartilage from a long term buildup of phenylalanine or tyrosine. ...
Tyrosinemia (or Tyrosinaemia) is an error of metabolism, usually inborn, in which the body can not effectively break down the amino acid tyrosine, found in most animal and plant proteins. ...
Albinism (from Latin albus; extended etymology), more technically hypomelanism or hypomelanosis, is a form of hypopigmentary congenital disorder, characterized by a lack of melanin pigment in the eyes, skin and hair (or more rarely the eyes alone). ...
Histidinemia is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme histidase. ...
In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ...
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder of amino acid metabolism. ...
Propionic acidemia is an inherited disorder of inborn error of intermediary metabolism that may present in the early neonatal period with progressive encephalopathy. ...
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is an inborn error of intermediary metabolism that may present in the early neonatal period with progressive encephalopathy and death due to a secondary hyperammonemia. ...
Isovaleric acidemia is a rare genetic disorder in which the body is unable to process certain proteins properly. ...
3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to process certain proteins properly. ...
Ë Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder and is characterized by the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder. ...
Cystinosis is a hereditary disorder of the renal tubules characterized by the presence of carbohydrates and amino acids in the urine, excessive urination, and low blood levels of potassium ions and phosphates. ...
Hartnup disease, or Hartnups disease, or Hartnup disorder, is a genetic metabolic disorder in the absorption of the amino acid tryptophan that leads to the insufficent production of nicotinamide. ...
Fanconi syndrome (also known as Fanconis syndrome) is a disorder in which the proximal tubular function of the kidney is impaired, resulting in improper reabsorption of electrolytes and nutrients back into the bloodstream. ...
Homocystinuria, also known as Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency, is inherited disorder of the metabolism of the amino acid methionine. ...
Cystathioninuria is the condition of an excess of cystathionine in the urine. ...
What is a Urea Cycle Disorder? A urea cycle disorder is a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of one of the enzymes in the urea cycle which is responsible for removing ammonia from the blood stream. ...
N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency is a urea cycle disorder. ...
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency is an inherited disorder that causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood. ...
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC), the most common of the Urea Cycle Disorders, is a rare metabolic disorder, occurring in one out of every 40000 births. ...
Citrullinemia is an inherited disorder that causes ammonia and other toxic substances to accumulate in the blood. ...
Argininosuccinic aciduria is an inherited disorder that causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood. ...
Hyperammonemia is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood. ...
Glutaric acidemia type 1 (or Glutaric Aciduria, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to process the amino acid lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan properly. ...
Sarcosinemia is characterized by an increased concentration of sarcosine in blood plasma and urine. ...
Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ...
Glycogen storage disease is any one of several inborn errors of metabolism that result from enzyme defects that affect the processing of glycogen synthesis or breakdown within muscles, liver, and other cell types. ...
Glycogen storage disease type I or von Gierkes disease, is the most common of the glycogen storage diseases. ...
Glycogen storage disease type II (also called Pompe disease or infantile acid maltase deficiency) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which is needed to break down glycogen, a stored form of sugar used for energy. ...
Glycogen storage disease type III is characterized by a deficiency in glycogen debranching enzymes. ...
Glycogen storage disease type IV is a very rare hereditary metabolic disorder. ...
Glycogen storage disease type V is a metabolic disorder, more specifically a glycogen storage disease, caused by a deficiency of myophosphorylase, the muscle isoform of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. ...
Glycogen storage disease type VI is a type of glycogen storage disease caused by a deficiency in liver glycogen phosphorylase. ...
Phosphofructokinase deficiency, also known as Taruis disease[1], is a metabolic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, in which deficiency of the M subunit of the phosphofructokinase enzyme impairs the ability of cells such as erythrocytes and rhabdomyocytes to use carbohydrates (such as glucose) for energy. ...
Fructose intolerance is a hereditary condition due to a deficiency of liver enzymes that metabolise fructose. ...
Fructose bisphosphatase (EC 3. ...
Essential fructosuria is a condition caused by a deficiency in hepatic fructokinase. ...
Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder which affects an individuals ability to properly digest the sugar galactose. ...
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase galactosemia (or type 1) is the most common type of galactosemia. ...
Galactokinase deficiency, also known as Galactosemia type 2 or GALK deficiency, is marked by an accumulation of galactose and galactitol secondary to the decreased conversion of galactose to galactose-1-phosphate. ...
Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the cells lining the intestine cannot take in the sugars glucose and galactose, which prevents proper digestion of these molecules and larger molecules made from them. ...
Sucrose intolerance, also called Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency (CSID) or Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency , is the condition in which sucrase, an enzyme needed for proper metabolization of sucrose, is not produced in the small intestine. ...
Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is an inherited disorder that causes lactic acid and other potentially toxic compounds to accumulate in the blood. ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (PDHA) is a human genetic disease. ...
Pentosuria is a condition where xylulose (a pentose) presents in the urine in unusually high concentrations. ...
Renal glycosuria, also known as renal glucosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is excreted in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels. ...
Lipid storage disorders (or lipidoses) are a group of inherited metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts lipids (fats) accumulate in some of the body’s cells and tissues. ...
Sphingolipidoses are a class of disorders relating to Sphingolipid metabolism. ...
Ganglioside is a compound composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (AKA n-acetylneuraminic acid) linked on the sugar chain. ...
The GM2 gangliosidoses cause the body to store excess acidic fatty materials in tissues and cells, most notably in nerve cells. ...
Sandhoff disease is a rare inherited disorder that causes progressive destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. ...
Tay-Sachs disease (abbreviated TSD, also known as GM2 gangliosidosis, Hexosaminidase A deficiency or Sphingolipidosis) is a genetic disorder, fatal in all forms. ...
The GM1 gangliosidoses are caused by a deficiency of beta-galactosidase, with resulting abnormal storage of acidic lipid materials in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems, but particularly in the nerve cells. ...
Mucolipidosis type IV (ML IV) is caused by harmful alterations of a protein in the cell that is believed to be involved in the movement of molecules such as calcium across cell membranes. ...
Gauchers disease (pronounced ) is the most common of the lipid storage diseases. ...
Niemann-Pick disease is an inherited condition involving lipid metabolism (the breakdown and use of fats and cholesterol in the body) in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and brain. ...
Farber disease (also known as Farber’s lipogranulomatosis or ceramidase deficiency) describes a group of rare autosomal recessive disorders that cause an accumulation of fatty material in the joints, tissues and central nervous system. ...
Fabry disease (also known as Anderson-Fabry disease, Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, Ceramide trihexosidosis, and Sweeley-Klionsky disease) is an X-linked recessive inherited lysosomal storage disease. ...
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is the most common form of a family of genetic diseases known as the leukodystrophies, diseases which affect the growth and/or development of myelin, the fatty covering which acts as an insulator around nerve fibres throughout the central and peripherial nervous systems . ...
Krabbe disease (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis) is a rare, often fatal degenerative disorder that affects the nervous system. ...
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL, also known as Batten disease) is a broad term used to refer to a family of at least eight genetically separate neurodegenerative disorders that result from excessive accumlation of lipopigments, such as lipofuscin, in the bodys tissues. ...
Batten disease is a rare, fatal, inherited disease of the nervous system (neurodegenerative disorder) that begins in childhood. ...
Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis (or cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, with one fewer e, or Van Bogaert-Scherer-Epstein syndrome, or cerebrotendinous cholesterosis) is a form of xanthomatosis associated with the CYP27A1 gene on chromosome 2. ...
Cholesteryl ester storage disease is an extremely rare disorder that results from storage of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in cells in the blood and lymph and lymphoid tissue. ...
Wolman disease (also known as Wolman’s disease, Wolman’s syndrom, and acid lipase deficiency) is a rare severe lipid storage disease that is usually fatal by age 1. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Inborn error of metabolism. ...
Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. ...
Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood [1]. It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. ...
In medicine, familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare disease characterised by very high LDL cholesterol and early cardiovascular disease running in families. ...
A xanthoma is a deposition of cholesterol-rich material in tendons and other body parts in various disease states: Tendon xanthomas (associated with familial hypercholesterolemia, cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis and phytosterolemia) Palmar xanthomas Eruptive xanthomas See also xanthelasma Categories: Stub | Sign (medicine) ...
In medicine, combined hyperlipidemia (or -aemia) is a commonly occurring form of hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) characterised by increased LDL and triglyceride concentrations, often accompanied by decreased HDL. On lipoprotein electrophoresis (a test now rarely performed) is shows as a hyperlipoproteinemia type IIB. The elevated triglyceride levels (>5 mmol/l...
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency (LCAT deficiency) is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. ...
Tangier disease is a rare inherited disorder characterized by a severe reduction in the amount of high density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as good cholesterol, in the bloodstream. ...
Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare genetic disorder (autosomal recessive) that interferes with the normal absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins from food. ...
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a degenerative disorder of myelin, a complex fatty neural tissue that insulates many nerves of the central and peripheral nervous systems. ...
This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...
Primary carnitine deficiency is a condition that prevents the body from using fats for energy, particularly during periods without food. ...
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency is a rare condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats called long-chain fatty acids into energy, particularly during periods without food. ...
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency is a condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats called long-chain fatty acids into energy, particularly during periods without food. ...
Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. ...
Wilsons disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease, with an incidence of about 1 in 30,000 in most parts of the world and a male preponderance. ...
Menkes disease, also called the kinky hair disease or Menkes kinky hair syndrome, is a disease of abnormal copper metabolism. ...
Haemochromatosis, also spelled hemochromatosis, is a hereditary disease characterized by improper dietary iron metabolism (making it an iron overload disorder), which causes the accumulation of iron in a number of body tissues. ...
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by periorificial (around the natural orifices) and acral (in the limbs) dermatitis, alopecia (loss of hair), and diarrhea. ...
Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally depleted level of phosphate in the blood. ...
Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited metabolic disease of decreased tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) and defective bone mineralization. ...
Hypermagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of magnesium in the blood. ...
Hypomagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of magnesium in the blood. ...
Hypercalcaemia (or Hypercalcemia) is an elevated calcium level in the blood. ...
In medicine, hypocalcemia is the presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood, usually taken as less than 2. ...
Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium. ...
An electrolyte is a substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium. ...
The text or formatting below is generated by a template which has been proposed for deletion. ...
Electrolyte disturbance refers to an abnormal change in the levels of electrolytes in the body. ...
Hypernatremia is an electrolyte disturbance consisting of an elevated sodium level in the blood (compare to hyponatremia, meaning a low sodium level). ...
The electrolyte disturbance hyponatremia or hyponatraemia exists in humans when the sodium level in the plasma falls below 135 mmol/l. ...
Acidosis is an increased acidity (i. ...
In medicine, metabolic acidosis is a state in which the blood pH is low (under 7. ...
Respiratory acidosis is acidosis (abnormal acidity of the blood) due to decreased ventilation of the pulmonary alveoli, leading to elevated arterial carbon dioxide concentration. ...
Lactic acidosis is a condition caused by the buildup of lactic acid in the body. ...
Alkalosis refers to a condition reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma. ...
Metabolic alkalosis results from altered metabolism. ...
Alkalosis refers to a condition reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma. ...
In a Mixed disorder of acid-base balance more than one of the following is occurring in the patient at the same time: acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis alkalosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis The patient can have an acidosis and alkosis at the same time that partially counteract each other...
Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ...
Hypervolemia (or Fluid overload) is the medical condition where there is too much fluid in the body. ...
Hypokalemia is a potentially fatal condition in which the body fails to retain sufficient potassium to maintain health. ...
Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level (above 5. ...
Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of the chloride ion in the blood. ...
Hypochloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally depleted level of the chloride ion in the blood. ...
Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. ...
Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring [1]. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine. ...
Hyperuricemia is the presence of high levels of uric acid in the blood. ...
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Xanthines are a group of alkaloids that are commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in treating the symptoms of asthma. ...
It has been suggested that Acute intermittent porphyria be merged into this article or section. ...
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a rare metabolic disorder that is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme, porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D), also known as uroporphyrinogen I-synthase. ...
Gunthers disease is a form of erythropoietic porphyria. ...
The porphyrias are inherited or acquired disorders of certain enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway (also called porphyrin pathway). ...
The porphyrias are inherited or acquired disorders of certain enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway (also called porphyrin pathway). ...
Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria is a very rare form of hepatic porphyria caused by a disorder in the gene which codes Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (UROD). ...
The porphyrias are inherited or acquired disorders of certain enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway (also called porphyrin pathway). ...
The porphyrias are inherited or acquired disorders of certain enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway (also called porphyrin pathway). ...
Bilirubin is a yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. ...
Gilberts syndrome (pr. ...
Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a disorder of bilirubin metabolism. ...
Dubin-Johnson syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease which presents shortly after birth with an increase of conjugated bilirubin without elevation of liver enzymes (ALT, AST). ...
Rotor syndrome is a rare, benign autosomal recessive disorder of unknown origin. ...
Chondroitin sulfate Hyaluronan Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. ...
The mucopolysaccharidoses are inborn errors of metabolism resulting from the deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes needed in glycosaminoglycan catabolism. ...
Hurler syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) or Hurlers disease, is a genetic disorder that results in the deficiency of alpha-L iduronidase, which is an enzyme that breaks down mucopolysaccharides. ...
Hunters syndrome is a mucopolysaccharide disease caused by an enzyme deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S). ...
Sanfillipo syndrome is a lysosomal storage disorder resulting from a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme heparan-N-sulfatase. ...
Morquio syndrome (referred to as mucopolysaccharidosis IV or Morquios) is a mucopolysaccharide storage disease. ...
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (or Maroteaux-Lamy disease) is a form of mucopolysaccharidosis caused by a deficiency in arylsulfatase B (ARSB). ...
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII or Sly syndrome (named after its discoverer William Sly in 1969) is also sometimes called MPS. The defective gene lies on chromosome 7. ...
A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (an oligosaccharide). ...
Mucolipidoses (ML) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases that affect the body’s ability to carry out the normal turnover of various materials within cells. ...
ML II is also referred to as inclusion-cell (I-cell) disease because waste products, thought to include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, accumulate into masses known as inclusion bodies. ...
Symptoms of ML III are often not noticed until the child is 3-5 years of age. ...
Aspartylglucosaminuria is a glycoprotein metabolism disorder caused by a lack of aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA). ...
Fucosidosis is an autosomal recessive disease in which fucosidase is not properly used in the cells to break fucose. ...
α-mannosidosis is a genetic disorder that causes progressive mental and physical deterioration. ...
Categories: Possible copyright violations ...
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or Alpha-1) is a genetic disorder caused by defective production of alpha 1-antitrypsin, deficient activity in the blood and lungs, and deposition of excessive amounts of abnormal A1AT protein in liver cells. ...
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary inflammatory disorder that affects groups of patients originating from around the Mediterranean Sea (hence its name). ...
Acatalasia (or Takaharas disease) is a peroxisomal disorder caused by a catalase deficiency. ...
For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ...
An eyelid is a thin fold of skin and muscle that covers and protects an eye. ...
Tears are a liquid produced by the bodys process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. ...
In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. ...
A stye or hordeolum is an infection of the sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashes[1]. While they produce no lasting damage, they can be quite painful. ...
A chalazion, also known as a Meibomian gland lipogranuloma, is a cyst in the eyelid that is caused by inflammation of the meibomian gland, usually on the upper eyelid. ...
Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids. ...
Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelids fold inward. ...
Ectropion is a condition of loose eyelids. ...
Lagophthalmos describes difficulty in complete closure of the eyelid over the eyeball. ...
Blepharochalasis is an inflammation of the eyelid that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue. ...
In ophthalmology, ptosis is an abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper eyelid which may grow more or less severe during the day. ...
Xanthelasma (or xanthelasma palpebrarum) are sharply demarcated yellowish collections of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually around the eyes. ...
Trichiasis is a medical term for ingrown eyelashes. ...
Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal glands (the tear-producing glands). ...
Epiphora is excessive tear production, usually a result from an irritation of the eye. ...
Exophthalmos (or proptosis) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. ...
Enophthalmos is recession of the eyeball within the orbit. ...
The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. ...
A pterygium, meaning wing, is a benign growth of the conjunctiva. ...
A Pinguecula is a type of conjunctival degeneration in the eye. ...
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a common and relatively minor post-LASIK complication. ...
Schematic diagram of the human eye. ...
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, providing most of an eyes optical power [1]. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light and, as a result, helps the eye to focus. ...
Scleritis is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, known as the sclera. ...
A corneal ulcer is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. ...
For other meanings see Snowblind. ...
Thygesons superficial punctate keratopathy (TSPK) is a disease of the eyes. ...
Fuchs dystrophy is a slowly progressing corneal disease that usually affects both eyes and is slightly more common in women than in men. ...
Keratoconus (from Greek: kerato- horn, cornea; and konos cone), is a degenerative non-inflammatory disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than its normal gradual curve. ...
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also called keratitis sicca,[1] sicca syndrome,[1] xerophthalmia,[1] dry eye syndrome (DES),[1] or simply dry eyes,[1] is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in humans and some animals[2]. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is Latin and...
Arc eye, also known as arc flash, welders flash, corneal flash burns, or flash burns, is a painful ocular condition sometimes experienced by welders who have failed to use adequate eye protection. ...
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in people and small animals. ...
Corneal neovascularization is the excessive ingrowth of blood vessels from the limbal vascular plexus into the cornea. ...
Kayser-Fleischer rings are pigmented rings in the peripheral cornea, resulting from copper deposition in Descemets membrane. ...
Arcus senilis (or Arcus senilis corneae. ...
Band keratopathy is a corneal disease derived from the appearance of calcium on the central cornea. ...
In anatomy, the iris (plural irises or irides) is the most visible part of the eye of vertebrates, including humans. ...
Schematic diagram of the human eye The ciliary body is the part of the eye containing the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. ...
Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. ...
Uveitis specifically refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, termed the uvea but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye. ...
Iridocyclitis, also known as anterior uveitis, is a condition in which the uvea of the eye suffers inflammation. ...
Caused by a blunt blow to the eye. ...
Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil. ...
Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ...
The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ...
Aphakia is the absence of the lens of the eye, due to surgical removal, perforating wound or ulcer, or congenital anomaly; causes a loss of accommodation, hyperopia, and a deep anterior chamber. ...
The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view. ...
In medicine, Chorioretinitis is an inflammation of the choroid and retina of the eye. ...
Choroideremia is an X-linked recessive retinal degenerative disease that leads to the degeneration of the choriocapillaris, the retinal pigment epithelium, and the photoreceptor of the eye. ...
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. ...
Retinoschisis is an uncommon eye disease characterized by the abnormal splitting of the retinas sensory layers, usually in the outer plexiform layer, with resulting loss of visual function [1]. The retina, which consists of multiple layers of interconnected nerve and pigment cells, separates into separate layers resulting in a...
Retinopathy is a general term that refers to some form of non-inflammatory damage to the retina of the eye. ...
Hypertension, or high blood pressure that does not respond to treatment, has several ocular manifestations. ...
Diabetic retinopathy is retinopathy (damage to the retina) caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness. ...
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye that affects prematurely born babies. ...
Listen to this article ( info) in media player in browser This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2005-07-19, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...
Normal vision. ...
Retinal haemorrhage is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs into the retina. ...
Central serous retinopathy or CSR is a visual impairment, often temporary, usually in one eye, affecting males in the age group 20 to 50. ...
Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula, causing it to thicken and swell. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view. ...
This article is about the anatomical structure. ...
The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see. ...
Optic neuritis, sometimes called retrobulbar neuritis, is the inflammation of the optic nerve that may cause a complete or partial loss of vision. ...
Papilledema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. ...
Optic atrophy is a pathological term and somewhat misleading. ...
MRI scan showing lateral and medial rectus muscles. ...
Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used together. ...
Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ...
The straw seems to be broken, due to refraction of light as it emerges into the air. ...
Ophthalmoparesis is a physical finding in certain neurologic illnesses. ...
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a disorder of the mitochondria. ...
Damage to the oculomotor nerve, termed oculomotor nerve palsy is known by the down n out symptoms. ...
Fourth nerve palsy is a condition present at birth characterized by a vertical misalignment of the eyes due to a weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. ...
Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve) which is responsible for contracting the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i. ...
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (abbreviated KSS) is a disease caused by a 5,000 base deletion in the mitochondrial DNA. As such, it is a rare genetic disease in that it can be heteroplasmic, that is, more than one genome can be in a cell at any given time. ...
Strabismus (from Greek: στÏαβισμός strabismos, from στÏαβίζειν strabizein to squint, from στÏαβός strabos squinting, squint-eyed[1]) is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. ...
Person exhibiting esotropia of the right eye Esotropia is a form of strabismus where one or both of the eyes turn inward. ...
Person exhibiting exotropia of the right eye Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward. ...
Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye. ...
Heterophoria is a type of eye condition where the motion of the eyes is not parallel to each other. ...
Esophoria is characterised by inward deviation of the eye usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Browns syndrome is due to fibrous adhesions in the upper medial quadrant of the orbit. ...
An individual diagnosed with Duane syndrome in the left eye. ...
Conjugate gaze palsy refers to an inability of both eyes to move in the same direction at the same time. ...
Convergence insufficiency is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by an inability to converge the eyes or sustain convergence. ...
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is a physical finding, or sign, that is a particular form of [[[ophthalmoparesis]]. It can affect either the right or left eye. ...
Schematic representation of most common extra-ocular movement abnormality in one and a half syndrome. ...
Refractive error: Hyperopia/Myopia - Astigmatism - Anisometropia/Aniseikonia - Presbyopia | | Visual disturbances and blindness | Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma) - Diplopia - Scotoma - Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia) - Color blindness (Achromatopsia) - Nyctalopia - Blindness/Low vision | | Pupil | Anisocoria - Argyll Robertson pupil - Marcus Gunn pupil/Marcus Gunn phenomenon - Adie syndrome | | Infectious diseases | Trachoma - Onchocerciasis | | Other | Nystagmus - Miosis - Mydriasis - Glaucoma - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Aniridia | | Circulatory system pathology (I, 390-459) | | Hypertension | Hypertensive heart disease - Hypertensive nephropathy - Secondary hypertension (Renovascular hypertension) | | Ischaemic heart disease | Angina pectoris - Prinzmetal's angina - Myocardial infarction - Dressler's syndrome | | Pulmonary circulation | Pulmonary embolism - Cor pulmonale | | Pericardium | Pericarditis - Pericardial effusion - Cardiac tamponade | | Endocardium/heart valves | Endocarditis - Mitral regurgitation - Mitral valve prolapse - Mitral stenosis - Aortic valve stenosis - Aortic insufficiency - Pulmonary valve stenosis | | Myocardium | Myocarditis - Cardiomyopathy (Dilated cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Loeffler endocarditis, Restrictive cardiomyopathy) - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia | Electrical conduction system
of the heart | Heart block: AV block (First degree, Second degree, Third degree) - Bundle branch block (Left, Right) - Bifascicular block - Trifascicular block
Pre-excitation syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White, Lown-Ganong-Levine) - Long QT syndrome - Adams-Stokes syndrome - Cardiac arrest
Arrhythmia: Paroxysmal tachycardia (Supraventricular, AV nodal reentrant, Ventricular) - Atrial flutter - Atrial fibrillation - Ventricular fibrillation - Premature contraction (Atrial, Ventricular) - Sick sinus syndrome | | Other heart conditions | Heart failure - Cardiomegaly - Ventricular hypertrophy (Left, Right) | | Cerebrovascular diseases | Intracranial hemorrhage/cerebral hemorrhage: Extra-axial hemorrhage (Epidural hemorrhage, Subdural hemorrhage, Subarachnoid hemorrhage) - Intra-axial hematoma (Intraventricular hemorrhages, Intraparenchymal hemorrhage) - Anterior spinal artery syndrome - Binswanger's disease - Moyamoya disease | Arteries, arterioles
and capillaries | Atherosclerosis (Renal artery stenosis) - Aortic dissection/Aortic aneurysm (Abdominal aortic aneurysm) - Aneurysm - Raynaud's phenomenon/Raynaud's disease - Buerger's disease - Arteritis (Aortitis) - Intermittent claudication - Arteriovenous fistula - Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - Spider angioma | Veins, lymphatic vessels
and lymph nodes | Thrombosis/Phlebitis/Thrombophlebitis (Deep vein thrombosis, May-Thurner syndrome, Portal vein thrombosis, Venous thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Renal vein thrombosis, Paget-Schroetter disease) - Varicose veins (Hemorrhoid, Esophageal varices, Varicocele, Gastric varices, Caput medusae) - Superior vena cava syndrome - Lymph(Lymphadenitis, Lymphedema, Lymphangitis) | | See also congenital (Q20-Q28, 745-747) | | Pathology of respiratory system (J, 460-519) | | Acute upper respiratory infections | Upper respiratory tract infection · Common cold · Rhinitis · Sinusitis · Pharyngitis (Strep throat) · Tonsillitis · Laryngitis · Tracheitis · Croup · Epiglottitis | | Influenza and Pneumonia | Influenza · Pneumonia (Viral, Bacterial, Bronchopneumonia) | | Other acute lower respiratory infections | Bronchitis · Bronchiolitis | | Other diseases of upper respiratory tract | Vasomotor rhinitis · Hay fever · Atrophic rhinitis · Nasal polyp · Adenoid hypertrophy · Peritonsillar abscess · Vocal fold nodule · Laryngospasm | | Chronic lower respiratory diseases | Emphysema · COPD · Asthma · Status asthmaticus · Bronchiectasis | | Lung diseases due to external agents | Pneumoconiosis (Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, Asbestosis, Silicosis, Bauxite fibrosis, Berylliosis, Siderosis) · Byssinosis · Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Farmer's lung, Bird fancier's lung) | Other, principally affecting
the interstitium | Acute respiratory distress syndrome · Pulmonary edema · Hamman-Rich syndrome · Interstitial lung disease | Suppurative and necrotic conditions
of lower respiratory tract | Lung abscess · Pleural effusion · Empyema | | Other | Pneumothorax · Hemothorax · Hemopneumothorax · Mendelson's syndrome · Respiratory failure · Atelectasis · Mediastinal emphysema · Mediastinitis | | see also congenital (Q30-Q34, 748) | | Oral Pathology: Oral pathology (K00-K14, 520-529) | | Developmental Anomalies | Anodontia/Hypodontia - Hyperdontia - abnormalities of size and form of teeth (Concrescence, Fusion, Gemination, Dens evaginatus/Talon cusp, Dens invaginatus, Enamel pearl, Macrodontia, Microdontia, Taurodontism) - disturbances in tooth formation (Dilaceration, Regional odontodysplasia, Turner's hypoplasia) - other hereditary disturbances in tooth structure (Amelogenesis imperfecta, Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Dentin dysplasia) | | Hard, Soft and Periapical Tissues | Attrition - Abrasion - Ankylosis - Dental caries - Denticles - Erosion - External resorption - Fluorosis - Gingivitis - Hypercementosis - Impaction - Internal resorption - Periodontitis - Pulpitis - Pulp stones - Ulcer | | Dentofacial Anomalies | Malocclusion - Micrognathism - Prognathism - Retrognathism - Temporomandibular joint disorder | | Maxillomandibular anomalies | Odontogenic keratocyst - Torus mandibularis - Torus palatinus - Cherubism - Ameloblastoma | | Salivary glands | Drooling - Benign lymphoepithelial lesion - Frey's syndrome - Mikulicz's disease - Mucus retention cyst - Mumps -
Necrotizing sialometaplasia - Ranula - Sialadenitis - Sialolithiasis - Sjogren's syndrome - Stomatitis - Xerostomia | | Lip and Oral mucosa | Angular cheilitis - Erythroplakia - Hairy leukoplakia - Leukoplakia | | Tongue | Geographic tongue - Fissured tongue - Glossitis - Glossodynia - Black hairy tongue | | Health science - Medicine - Digestive system - Gastroenterology (primarily K20-K93, 530-579) | | Esophagus | GERD - Achalasia - Boerhaave syndrome - Zenker's diverticulum - Mallory-Weiss syndrome - Barrett's esophagus - Esophageal cancer - Esophageal varices | | Stomach | Gastric ulcer - Non-ulcer dyspepsia - Gastroparesis - Pyloric stenosis - Malabsorption (e.g. celiac disease, giardiasis) - Stomach cancer | | Small intestine | Duodenal ulcer - Intussusception - Malabsorption (e.g. celiac, lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption, Whipple's) - Abdominal angina | | Colon | Diarrhea - Appendicitis - Bowel obstruction - Diverticulitis - Diverticulosis - IBD (Crohn's, Ulcerative colitis) - IBS - Constipation - Megacolon (Toxic megacolon) - Anal fissure - Anal fistula - Anal abscess - Rectal prolapse | | Hernia | Inguinal (Indirect, Direct) - Femoral - Umbilical - Incisional - Diaphragmatic - Hiatus | | Liver | Alcoholic liver disease - Cholestasis - Liver failure - Cirrhosis - Hepatitis - PBC - NASH - Fatty liver - Peliosis hepatis - Portal hypertension - Hepatorenal syndrome - Budd-Chiari - Hepatocellular carcinoma | | Accessory digestive | Gallbladder/Biliary tree (Gallstones, Choledocholithiasis, Cholecystitis, Cholangitis, PSC, Biliary fistula, Ascending cholangitis) - Pancreas (Acute pancreatitis, Chronic pancreatitis, Pancreatic pseudocyst, Hereditary pancreatitis, Pancreatic cancer) | | Other | Tropical sprue - Hematemesis - Melena - Gastrointestinal bleeding (Upper, Lower) - Peritonitis | | See also congenital | | Pathology: chromosome abnormalities (Q90-Q99, 758) | | Autosomal trisomies | Down syndrome (21), Edwards syndrome (18), Patau syndrome (13), Trisomy 9, Warkany syndrome 2 (8), Cat eye syndrome (22) | | Autosomal monosomies/deletions | Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (4), Cri du chat (5), Angelman syndrome/Prader-Willi syndrome (15), Miller-Dieker syndrome/Smith-Magenis syndrome (17), 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22) | | X/Y linked | Turner syndrome, Triple X syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, XYY syndrome | | Translocations | Philadelphia chromosome, Burkitt's lymphoma | |
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