Patrick Colquhoun

Patrick Colquhoun (14 March 1745-25 April 1820) was a merchant, statistician, magistrate, and founder of the first regular preventive police force in England, the Thames River Police. For the Lebanese political coalition, see March 14 Alliance. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... A magistrate is a judicial officer. ... The Thames (pronounced //) is a river flowing through southern England, in its lower reaches flowing through London into the sea. ...

Early Life

Patrick Colquhoun, a descendent of the Scottish Clan Colquhoun of Luss, was born in Dumbarton in 1745. Orphaned at age 16, he was sent to Virginia by relatives, who set him up in the lucrative commercial trade. In 1766, the 21-year old Colquhoun returned to Scotland, settling in Glasgow and going into business on his own in the linen trade. Ten years later, with the outbreak of the American Revolution, Colquhoun sided against the rebels and, along with 13 other local businessmen, funded a Glasgow regiment to contribute to the government’s war effort.^[1] Motto: (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - UK Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I 843  Area    - Total 78,772 km... Clan Colquhoun is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Luss is a village in the Argyll & Bute region of Scotland, on the west bank of Loch Lomond, Scotlands largest freshwater loch. ... Dumbarton (Dùn Breatainn in Scottish Gaelic) is a burgh in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution was a political movement during the last half of the 18th century that ended British control of the...

He built an estate in the West End (now part of Kelvingrove Park) and on 22 July 1775, married his cousin Janet, the daughter of James Colquhoun, the Provost of Dumbarton. Between 1782 and 1784, Patrick Colquhoun himself served as the Lord Provost of Glasgow. He also founded the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce and Manufacturing during that time, and made himself the first chairman. He was awarded an honorary LL.D. by the University of Glasgow in 1797.^[2] The West End of Glasgow is an area in Glasgow. ... Kelvingrove Park is one of the most popular parks in the city of Glasgow. ... July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... ... The Lord Provost of Glasgow is the convener of the City of Glasgow council. ... Chambers of commerce are business advocacy groups which are usually not associated with government. ...

Colquhoun was an avid statistician, and collected economic data. He used this information to lobby the government on behalf of the country’s industries, particularly cotton and muslin. His findings formed the basis of numerous pamphlets and treatise that he wrote promoting legal reform and business generally. On one occasion, he traveled to Manchester and compiled statistics on the cotton trade. He presented his findings to Prime Minister William Pitt in 1789, but they were not acted upon because of the war with France. These activities brought Colquhoun increasingly into contact with the political sphere and to the attention of government and in 1785 he moved to London to seek a government position, and was appointed Magistrate in the East End.^[3] Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough, in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, North West England. ... William Pitt could refer to: William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham; Prime Minister of Great Britain 1766-1768; often known as William Pitt the Elder William Pitt the Younger; his son; Prime Minister of Great Britain (1783-1801) and (1804-1806) William Pitt, Comptroller of the Household to King James... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The East End of London, known locally as the East End, is an area, with no formal authority or boundaries, that spans a number of administative districts of London in England. ...

River Police

Merchants were losing an estimated £500,000 worth of stolen cargo annually from the Pool of London on the River Thames.^[4] A plan was devised to curb the problem in 1797 by an Essex Justice of the Peace and master mariner, John Harriot, who joined forces with Patrick Colquhoun and utilitarian philosopher, Jeremy Bentham. Armed with Harriot’s proposal and Bentham’s insights, Colquhoun was able to persuade the West India Planters Committees and the West India Merchants to fund the new force. They agreed to a one year trial and on 2 July 1798, after receiving government permission, the Thames River Police began operating with Colquhoun as Superintending Magistrate and Harriot the Resident Magistrate.^[4] View of the Pool of London from London Bridge, 1841 Originally, the Pool of London was the stretch of the River Thames forming the south side of the City of London. ... Essex is a county in the East of England. ... A Justice of the Peace (JP) is a puisne judicial officer appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. ... Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is the ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility. ... Jeremy Bentham (IPA: or ) (February 15, 1748 O.S. (February 26, 1749 N.S.) – June 6, 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new force began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and “on the game.” The river police received a hostile reception by riverfront workers not wishing to lose their supplementary income. A mob of 2000 attempted to burn down the police office with the police inside. The skirmish that followed resulted in the first line of duty death for the new force with the killing of Gabriel Franks.

Nevertheless, Colquhoun reported to his backers that his force was a success after its first year, and his men had “established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives.” Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other countries, notably, New York, Dublin, and Sydney.^[4] July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... NY redirects here. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ...

Significance for "modern" policing

Historians of policing credit Colquhoun’s innovation as a critical development leading up to Robert Peel’s “new” police three decades later. Along with the Bow Street Runners, the Marine Police Force was eventually absorbed by the Metropolitan Police in the 19th century. Colquhoun’s utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit analysis to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking fees.^[5] This article is about the British Prime Minister. ... The Bow Street Runners have been called Londons first professional constables. ... Metropolitan Police redirects here. ... Cost-benefit analysis is an important technique for project appraisal: the process of weighing the total expected costs against the total expected benefits of one or more actions in order to choose the best or most profitable option. ... Henry Fielding (April 22, 1707 – October 8, 1754) was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humor and satirical prowess and as the author of the novel Tom Jones. ... Sir John Fielding (1721 – 4 September 1780) was a notable English magistrate and social reformer of the 18th century. ...

The idea of a police, as it existed in France, was considered an affront to the liberal English, particularly during this period of upheaval. For the government then, it was not only a matter of saving money, but that there was significant opposition and little support from political constituencies. Colquhoun made an economic rather than political case to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was “perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution.” Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached “the greatest degree of perfection.”^[6]

As impressive as Colquhoun’s ability to sell the idea of a publicly funded police force was, his main contribution is recognized as the introduction of crime prevention, or preventive police, as a fundamental principle to the English police system. His police were to be a deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. He arrived at this conclusion by viewing as a science, and in utilitarian fashion, attempted to press that science into the service of the national political economy. He published two dozen treatises on a variety of social problems, but the most significant is his 1797 A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis.^[6]

The Marine Police Force continues to operate at the same Wapping High Street address. In 1839 it merged with the Metropolitan Police Force to become Thames Division; and is now the Marine Support Unit of the Metropolitan Police Service. Wapping Old Stairs, one of many points of access to the foreshore in the area. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Main Street. ... The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) (usually just referred to as the Metropolitan Police, its former official name, or the Met) is the territorial police force in Greater London, England, with the exception of the square mile of the City of London, which has its own police force, the City of... The Thames Division was formed in 1839 when the Marine Police Force was amalgamated with the Metropolitan Police Force. ... A Fast Response Targa 31 boat of the Marine Support Unit of the Metropolitan Police, on the River Thames in London The Marine Support Unit (MSU, commonly known by its prior name of Thames Division) is a Central Operations unit of the Metropolitan Police, that polices the River Thames in...

References

1. ^ Significant Scots: Patrick Colquhoun, Electric Scotland. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
2. ^ George Stewart, Patrick Colquhoun, Curiosities of Glasgow citizenship, as exhibited chiefly in the business career of its old commercial aristocracy. Glasgow: James Maclehose, 1881. Retrieved on 7 February 2007.
3. ^ “Patrick Colquhoun: Statistics of Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, 1771-1789; Significant Scots: Patrick Colquhoun, Electric Scotland. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Dick Paterson, Origins of the Thames Police, Thames Police Museum. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
5. ^ “Police: The formation of the English Police,” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
6. ^ ^{a b} T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales, 2nd edition. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 38-39.