Patrick J. Michaels, Ph.D., (born February 15, 1950) is a part-time research professor of Environmental Sciences on leave from University of Virginia^[1]. He is a former university Climatologist for Virginia, a position he held from 1980 ^{[2] [3]} until his resignation in 2007 ^[4]. His professional specialty was the influence of climate on agriculture. In interviews Michaels has said that he does not contest the basic scientific principles behind greenhouse warming and acknowledges that global mean temperature has increased in recent decades, though he is widely regarded in the media as a global warming skeptic ^{[5][6][7][8][9]} who contends that the changes will be minor, not catastrophic, and even beneficial in many cases. He has written extensive editorials on this topic for the mass media, and for think tanks and their publications such as Regulation^[10]. is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment; with a focus on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities; and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability from local and global development. ... The University of Virginia (also called U.Va. ... Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time,[1] and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Global warming skeptics are those who have reservations or even outright objections to one or more of the main tenets of the global warming theory. ... This article is about the institution. ...

According to his bio on the Cato Institute website, for whom he is a Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies: The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement...

He is a past president of the American Association of State Climatologists and was program chair for the Committee on Applied Climatology of the American Meteorological Society. Michaels is a contributing author and reviewer of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He was an author of the 2003 climate science "Paper of the Year" awarded by the Association of American Geographers, for the demonstration that urban heat-related mortality declined significantly as cities became warmer. His writing has been published in the major scientific journals, including Climate Research, Climatic Change, Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Climate, Nature, and Science; and his articles have appeared also in the Washington Post, the Washington Times, the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Wall Street Journal, the Los Angeles Times, USA Today, Houston Chronicle, and the Journal of Commerce. He has appeared on ABC, NPR's All Things Considered, PBS, Fox News Channel, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, BBC and Voice of America.

He is the author of several books including: Sound and Fury: The Science and Politics of Global Warming, 1992, Satanic Gases, as coauthor 2002, Meltdown: The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists, Politicians and the Media, published by the Cato Institute, 2004, and Shattered Consensus: The True State of Global Warming as editor and coauthor, 2005. Geophysical Research Letters is one of the scientific magazines dedicated to specialized aspects of geophysics, geology, climate science, and related disciplines. ... The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement...

He has received financial support in research funding and consulting fees from the fossil-fuel energy industry.^[11] He is a fellow of the Cato Institute and edits the World Climate Report, published and funded by the not-for-profit organization Greening Earth Society created by the Western Fuels Association. The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement... World Climate Report, a newsletter edited by Patrick Michaels, was produced by the Greening Earth Society. ... The Greening Earth Society is a public relations organization founded, funded, and controlled by the Western Fuels Association, an alliance of coal-burning utility companies. ...

View on climate change

Michaels maintains that current and future warming will occur at the low end of the range IPCC assessments: IPCC is science authority for the UNFCCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess the risk of human-induced climate change. The Panel is open to all...

[S]cientists know quite precisely how much the planet will warm in the foreseeable future, a modest three-quarters of a degree (C) [in 50 years]

All this has to do with basic physics, which isn't real hard to understand. It has been known since 1872 that as we emit more and more carbon dioxide into our atmosphere, each increment results in less and less warming. In other words, the first changes produce the most warming, and subsequent ones produce a bit less, and so on. But we also assume carbon dioxide continues to go into the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate. In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing. The effect of increasing the rate of carbon dioxide emissions, coupled with the fact that more and more carbon dioxide produces less and less warming compels our climate projections for the future warming to be pretty much a straight line. Translation: Once human beings start to warm the climate, they do so at a constant rate. ^[12]

Attempted betting on global warming

Like global warming skeptics Richard Lindzen and William M. Gray, Michaels' World Climate Report offered in late 1998 "to wager that the 10-year period beginning in January 1998 and extending through December 2007 will show a statistically significant downward trend in the monthly satellite record of global temperatures."^[13] After learning of the bet offer in 2005, climatologist James Annan attempted to accept World Climate Report's offer, but it was withdrawn. Richard Siegmund Lindzen, Ph. ... William M. Bill Gray, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University (CSU), and head of the Tropical Meteorology Project at CSUs Department of Atmospheric Sciences. ... James Annan is a climatologist. ...

See also: Global_warming_controversy#Betting.

The global warming controversy is a dispute regarding the nature and consequences of global warming. ...

CFCs and ozone

Michaels has also engaged in the controversy concerning whether CFCs are a cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere. In particular, he has criticised predictions of thinning of the ozone layer over the Arctic, and of increasing ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the earth, in the absence of a phaseout CFC emissions. The Montreal Protocol of 1989 required such a phaseout. For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). ... Global monthly average total ozone amount Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related observations: a slow, steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of ozone in Earths stratosphere since around 1980; and a much larger, but seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earths... Atmosphere diagram showing stratosphere. ... The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006 For other similarly-named agreements, see Montreal Convention (disambiguation). ...

Although scientists generally considered the basis for the relationship between CFCs and the ozone layer to be settled by 1995, when the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to Paul Crutzen , Mario Molina, and Sherwood Rowland for their work that demonstrated physical mechanisms for the effects of CFCs on ozone depletion, Michaels persisted in advocating against the CFC phaseout as late as 2001. ^[14][15][16] Image of the largest antarctic ozone hole ever recorded in September 2000. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... Paul J. Crutzen (December 3rd, 1933 - ) is a Dutch nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist. ... Mario J. Molina (born March 19, 1943) was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in elucidating the threat to the Earths ozone layer of chlorofluorocarbon gases (or CFCs). ... Franklin Sherwood Rowland (born June 28, 1927) is a Nobel laureate and a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine. ...

Intermountain Rural Electric Association controversy

In a July 27, 2006 ABC News report, it was revealed that a Colorado energy cooperative, the Intermountain Rural Electric Association, had given Michaels $100,000. The report noted that the cooperative has a vested interest in opposing mandatory carbon dioxide caps. The wider context of the report concerned entities within the fossil fuel industry giving money to scientists in an effort to create a perception that there is a lack of consensus in the scientific community regarding global warming. ^[17] But Michaels has long been a skeptic of what he sees as environmental alarmism. He does not, however, deny the existence of anthropogenic global warming. is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

TASSC

Michaels was a member of the Advisory board of The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition, an organization later shown to have been founded by PR firm APCO Worldwide and funded by the Phillip Morris corporation to criticise scientific research inimical to the interests of tobacco companies and other corporations [1]. The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC), is well documented in the Tobacco Documents entered in evidence and passed through due process of law of the largest civil suit in United States history which resulted in a Multistate Settlement Agreement of a record $240 billion dollars by the tobacco companies. ... Altria Group, Inc. ...

State climatologist

In 2006, the Governor of Virginia, Timothy M. Kaine clarified that Virginia does not have an official state climatologist. Former Gov. John Dalton had appointed Michaels to the position in 1980, but in 2000 the University of Virginia (rather than the state government) assumed responsibility for certification through the American Association of State Climatologists. A letter sent to the University of Virginia by Secretary of the Commonwealth Katherine Hanley clarified that the Code of Virginia "does not provide for the governor to appoint a state climatologist."^[18]. Hanley made it clear that Michaels works for the university, not the state government. Michaels was asked to "avoid any conflict of interest or appearance thereof by scrupulously avoiding the use of the title of 'state climatologist' in connection with any outside activities or private consulting endeavors."^[19]. The American Association of State Climatologists (AASC) lists Michaels as State Climatologist at the University of Virginia and its State Climatology Office.^[20] In late September 2007, Michaels and the head of the Environmental Sciences Department, Jay Zieman, confirmed that Michaels officially resigned as State Climatologist, but remains on the faculty of the University of Virginia as a part time research professor on leave. ^[21] Timothy M. Kaine, is an American politician and the current Democratic Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia and member of the Democratic party. ...

Critics

A number of prominent scientists have criticized Michaels' research conclusions. John Holdren of Harvard University told the U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee, "Michaels is another of the handful of U.S. climate-change contrarians... He has published little if anything of distinction in the professional literature, being noted rather for his shrill op-ed pieces and indiscriminate denunciations of virtually every finding of mainstream climate science." ^[22] John P. Holdren is the Teresa and John Heinz Professor of Environmental Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. ... Harvard redirects here. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ...

Climate scientist Tom Wigley, ^[23] a lead author of parts of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is quoted in Ross Gelbspan's book The Heat is On^[24]: "Michaels' statements on [the subject of computer models] are a catalog of misrepresentation and misinterpretation… Many of the supposedly factual statements made in Michaels' testimony are either inaccurate or are seriously misleading."^[25] IPCC is the science authority for the UNFCCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), to evaluate the risk of climate change brought on by humans, based mainly on... Ross Gelbspan is an author currently specializing in books relating to global warming. ...

Peter Gleick, a conservation analyst and president of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute, said: "Pat Michaels is not one of the nation's leading researchers on climate change. On the contrary, he is one of a very small minority of nay-sayers who continue to dispute the facts and science about climate change in the face of compelling, overwhelming, and growing evidence."^[26] The Pacific Institute is a non-profit research institute created in 1987 to provide independent research and policy analysis on issues at the intersection of development, environment, and security. ...

Selected publications

Science papers

• Davies, R.E.; Knappenberger, P.C.; Michaels, P.J. & Novicoff, W.M. (2003), "Changing Heat-Related Mortality in the United States", Environmental Health Perspectives 111, <http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HcpdyVcwTRZJMpLn3MGvnh0Lmj4W4XJcz11zwCyZnGvRZkCyxc5y!-249801798?docId=5002058308>

• Michaels, P.J.; Singer, S.F.; Knappenberger, P.C.; Kerr, J.B. & McElroy, C.T. (1994), "Analyzing ultraviolet-B radiation--is there a trend?", Science 264 (5163): 1341-1343, <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...264.1341M>
• Michaels, Patrick J. & Knappenberger, Paul C. (1996), "Human effect on global climate?", Nature 384 (6609): 522-523, doi:10.1038/384522b0, <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.384..522M>
• Davis, Robert E.; Knappenberger, Paul C.; Novicoff, Wendy M. & Michaels, Patrick J. (2002), "Decadal changes in heat-related human mortality in the eastern United States", Climate Research 22: 175-184, ISSN 0936-577X, <http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2002/22/c022p175.pdf>
• Michaels, Patrick J.; Balling Jr., Robert C. & Knappenberger, Paul C. (1998), "Analysis of trends in the variability of daily and monthly historical temperature measurements", Climate Research 10: 27-33, ISSN 0936-577X, <http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/10/c010p027.pdf>

Siegfried Frederick Singer (born September 27, 1924 in Vienna) is an electrical engineer and physicist. ... Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the worlds most prestigious scientific journals. ... Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Robert C. Balling, Jr. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ...

Books

• Michaels, Patrick J. (October 1992). Sound and Fury: The Science and Politics of Global Warming (in English). Cato Institute, 196. ISBN 0932790895. 
• Michaels, Patrick J. (May 15, 2000). The Satanic Gases (in English). Cato Institute, 224. ISBN 1882577922. 
• Michaels (October 25, 2005). Meltdown: The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists, Politicians, and the Media. Cato Institute, 280. ISBN 1930865791. 
• Michaels, Patrick J. (December 28, 2005). Shattered Consensus: The True State of Global Warming. Rowman & Littlefield, 304. ISBN 0742549232. 

The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. ...

References

1. ^ Gibson, Bob (September 26, 2007). Former climatologist will pursue research work. The Daily Progress. Retrieved on not found 4/18/08.
2. ^ Kessler, Aaron. "State: Climatologist appointed by university", The Daily Progress (Charlottesville, VA), August 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. "“The Code of Virginia does not provide for the governor to appoint a state climatologist,” [Secretary of the Commonwealth] Hanley wrote. “My office has been unable to find evidence that any governor since 1980 has made such an appointment."" 
3. ^ Santos, Carlos. "Climatologist request made", Richmond (VA) Times-Dispatch, August 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. ""Michaels, who has been the [University's] state climatologist since 1980, has come under fire after news reports last month said a Colorado utility raised at least $150,000 in donations and pledges to help him analyze other scientists' global-warming research."" 
4. ^ Gibson, Bob (September 26, 2007). Former climatologist will pursue research work. The Daily Progress. Retrieved on not found 4/18/08.
5. ^ Shnayerson, Michael (May 2007). A Convenient Untruth. Vanity Fair. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
6. ^ Global Warming – Responding to Global Warming Skeptics – Prominent Skeptics Organizations. Union of Concerned Scientists (2005-10-20). Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
7. ^ DeWeese, Tom (2006-12-19). The Real Inconvenient Truth About Global Warming: Skeptics Have Valid Arguments. Capitalism Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
8. ^ Doughton, Sandi (2005-10-11). The truth about global warming. The Seattle Times. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
9. ^ Sandell, Clayton; Bill Blakemore (2006-08-03). ABC News Reporting Cited As Evidence In Congressional Hearing On Global Warming. ABC News. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
10. ^ Michaels, Patrick; Paul C. Knappenberger, and Robert E. Davis (Fall 2000). The Way of Warming. Regulation. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
11. ^ Gelbspan, Ross (December 1995). The Heat is On: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial. Harpers Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
12. ^ Michaels, Patrick. "Posturing and reality on warming", Washington Times, 2003-10-16. Retrieved on 2008-04-19. 
13. ^ Logic Goes Extinct As Press Overplays Overpeck. World Climate Report (December 28, 1998). Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
14. ^ Michaels, Patrick J. (2000-06-01). The Environmentalists of Summer. Heartland Institute. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
15. ^ Michaels, Patrick J. (2000-09-29). An October Environmental Surprise?. Cato Institute. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
16. ^ Michaels, Patrick J. (2001-03-01). Global warming: Watson indulges in scare tactics . . . again. Heartland Institute. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
17. ^ Sandell, Clayton; Bill Blakemore. "ABC News Reporting Cited As Evidence In Congressional Hearing On Global Warming", ABC News, July 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. 
18. ^ Kessler, Aaron. "State: Climatologist appointed by university Michaels no longer Virginia official", The Daily Progress, August 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. 
19. ^ Szkotak, Steve. "Virginia asks state climatologist to limit use of title", Associated Press, WVEC, August 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. 
20. ^ American Association of State Climatologists: Virginia. See also Michaels's UVA Dept. of Environmental Sciencesfaculty bio and the Virginia State Climatology Office.
21. ^ Gibson, Bob (September 26, 2007). Former climatologist will pursue research work. The Daily Progress. Retrieved on not found 4/18/08.
22. ^ John P. Holdren (June 9, 2003). Comments by John P. Holdren on “The Shaky Science Behind the Climate Change Sense of the Congress Resolution” - US Senate Republican Policy Committee. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
23. ^ American Geophysical Union (2003-07-07). "Leading Climate Scientists Reaffirm View that Late 20th Century Warming Was Unusual and Resulted From Human Activity". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-05-27.
24. ^ Gelbspan, Ross (August 1997). The Heat is On. Perseus Books. ISBN 0201132958. 
25. ^ Pacific Institute. "Science, Climate Change, and Censorship: The Pacific Institute, Patrick Michaels, and the science of climate change". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
26. ^ Seth Slabaugh (November 18, 2003). Global warming speaker under fire. The Star Press. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.

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Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Heartland Institute is a free-market oriented public policy think tank based in Chicago. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ABC News logo ABC News Special Report ident, circa 2006 ABC News is a division of American television and radio network ABC, owned by The Walt Disney Company. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 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External links

• World Climate Report, Patrick Michaels, Chief Editor
• U. of Virginia bio
• Cato Institute bio
• "Our Climate Numbers Are a Big Old Mess", commentary by Michaels from Wall Street Journal
• Science, Climate Change, and Censorship, commentary by Michaels published by the Pacific Institute
• Posturing and reality on warming, Washington Times commentary by Michaels
• Making Money and Feeding Confusion About Global Warming ABC News
• Associated Press: "Utilities Give Warming Skeptic Big Bucks" 27 July 2006
• On The Environmental Science and Policy Institute website, Justin Lancaster claims that Michaels participated with Fred Singer in crafting and executing a strategy to discredit Al Gore through the use of Roger Revelle's name and reputation. No evidence appears to be provided that Michaels participated knowingly, however. Fred Singer has denied the allegations.