Patrick Henry Pearse Irish: Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais
10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916
Place of birth	Dublin City, Ireland
Place of death	Kilmainham Jail, Dublin City, Ireland
Allegiance	Irish Republican Brotherhood Irish Citizens Army Irish Volunteers Irish Republican Army [1]
Years of service	1913 – 1916
Rank	Commander-in-chief
Battles/wars	Easter Rising

Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig Pearse; Irish: Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was a teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist and political activist who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. He was declared "President of the Provisional Government" of the Irish Republic in one of the bulletins issued by the Rising's leaders, a status that was however disputed by others associated with the rebellion both then and subsequently. Following the collapse of the Rising and the execution of Pearse, along with his brother and fourteen other leaders, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion. is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Photo of Patrick Pearse claim fair use b/c of unreproducable historical nature of the photo This work is copyrighted. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Victorian Wing Kilmainham Gaol, also known as Kilmainham Jail, is a former prison located in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; Bráithreachas na Poblachta in Irish) was a secret fraternal organisation dedicated to fomenting armed revolt against the British state in Ireland in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. ... The Irish Citizen Army, or ICA, is a small band of trained members for the defense of worker’s rights. ... Irish Volunteers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article is about the historical army of the Irish Republic (1919–1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919–21, and the Irish Civil War 1922–23. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A 1907 engraving of William Butler Yeats, one of Irelands best-known poets. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ...

Early life and influences

27 Pearse Street, birthplace of Patrick and Willie Pearse

Patrick Henry Pearse was born at 27 Great Brunswick Street (now Pearse Street), Dublin. His father, James Pearse, was an English artisan/stonemason who moved to Ireland from Birmingham to take advantage of the boom in church building during the second half of the 19th century. He converted to Catholicism in 1870, probably for business reasons,^{[citation needed]} and held moderate home rule views. In 1877 he married his second wife, Margaret Brady. He had two children from his previous marriage, Emily and James (two other children from that marriage, Amy Kathleen and Agnes Maud, died in childbirth). Margaret was a native of Dublin, but her father's family were from County Meath and were native Irish speakers. The Irish-speaking influence of Pearse's great-aunt Margaret, together with his schooling at the CBS Westland Row, instilled in him an early love for the Irish language. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 799 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2934 × 2201 pixel, file size: 5. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 799 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2934 × 2201 pixel, file size: 5. ... Willie Pearse William Pearse (better known as Willie Pearse, Irish: ; November 15, 1891 – May 4, 1916) was an Irish nationalist and younger brother of Patrick Pearse. ... For other uses, see Dublin (disambiguation). ... Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Navan Code: MH Area: 2,342 km² Population (2006) 162,831 Website: www. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In 1896, at the age of only sixteen, he joined the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), and in 1903 at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis ("The Sword of Light"). Conradh na Gaeilge (The Gaelic League) is an organization for the purpose of keeping the Irish language spoken in Ireland. ... ...

Pearse's earlier heroes were the ancient Gaelic folk heroes such as Cúchulainn, though in his 30s he began to take a strong interest in the leaders of past republican movements, such as the United Irishmen Theobald Wolfe Tone and Robert Emmet, both were Protestant but much of nationalist Ireland was Protestant in the eighteenth century; it was from these men that those such as the fervently Catholic Pearse drew inspiration for the rebellion of 1916. Young Cúchulainn (as Sétanta), 1912 illustration by Stephen Reid. ... Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent republic, whether as a unitary state, a federal state or as a confederal arrangement. ... Theobald Wolfe Tone, commonly known as Wolfe Tone (June 20, 1763 – November 19, 1798) was a leading figure in the United Irishmen Irish independence movement and is regarded as the father of Irish republicans. ... Robert Emmet Robert Emmet (4 March 1778 – 20 September 1803) was an Irish nationalist rebel leader. ...

St Enda's

As a cultural nationalist educated by the Irish Christian Brothers, like his younger brother Willie, Pearse believed that language was intrinsic to the identity of a nation. The Irish school system, he believed, raised Ireland's youth to be good Englishmen or obedient Irishmen, and an alternative was needed. Thus for him and other language revivalists, saving the Irish language from extinction was a cultural priority of the utmost importance. The key to saving the language, he felt, would be a sympathetic education system. To show the way, he started his own bilingual school, St. Enda's School (Scoil Éanna) in Ranelagh, County Dublin, in 1908. Here, the pupils were taught in both the Irish and English languages. The Congregation of Christian Brothers is a world-wide community of religious brothers of the Catholic church, founded by Blessed Edmund Rice. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the modern Goidelic language. ... St. ... Ranelagh (Irish Raghnallach) is a residential area and township on the southside of Dublin city, Ireland. ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Dublin Code: D Area: 921 km² Population (2006) 1,186,821 County Dublin (Irish: Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath), or more correctly today the Dublin Region[1] (Réigiúin Átha Cliath), is the area that contains the city of Dublin, the capital and largest city...

With the aid of Thomas MacDonagh, Pearse's younger brother Willie Pearse and other (often transient) academics, it soon proved a successful experiment. He did all he planned, and even brought students on fieldtrips to the Gaeltacht in the west of Ireland. Pearse's restless idealism led him in search of an even more idyllic home for his school. He found it in the Hermitage, Rathfarnham, where he moved St. Enda's in 1910. Pearse was also involved in the foundation of St. Ita's school for girls, a school with similar aims to St. Enda's. Thomas MacDonagh (Irish: Tomás Mac Donnchadha ; (1 February 1878 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, poet, playwright, and a leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. ... Willie Pearse William Pearse (better known as Willie Pearse, Irish: ; November 15, 1891 – May 4, 1916) was an Irish nationalist and younger brother of Patrick Pearse. ... Gaeltacht regions in Ireland Gaeltacht (pronounced ; plural Gaeltachtaí) is an Irish word for an Irish-speaking region. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Irish Grid Reference O144289 Statistics Province: Leinster County: Elevation: 54 m Population (2006) 17,333  Website: www. ...

However, the new home, while splendidly located in an 18th-century house surrounded by a park and woodlands, caused financial difficulties that almost brought him to disaster. He strove continually to keep ahead of his debts while doing his best to maintain the school. In February 1914 he travelled to the USA to raise money for his ailing school where he met John Devoy and Joseph McGarrity both of whom were impressed by his fervour and supported him in raising sufficient money to secure the continued existence of the school. John Devoy (1842-1928) was an Irish rebel leader and exile. ... Joseph McGarrity (1874-1940) was born in Carrickmore, County Tyrone. ...

The Volunteers and Home Rule

In April 1912 as the prospect of self-government for Ireland under a new Home Rule for Ireland Bill became reality, John Redmond leader of the Irish Party who held the balance of power in the House of Commons having committed the government of the United Kingdom to introduce the Bill, Pearse’s attitude towards the Bill was remarkably ambivalent. There were four Irish Home Rule Bills in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to reverse parts of the 1801 Act of Union. ... John Redmond, MP John Edward Redmond (September 1, 1856 – March 6, 1918) was the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party from 1900 to 1918. ... The Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) (commonly called the Irish Party) was formed in 1882 by Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at Westminster within the... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn Féin...

Pearse moved from welcoming the Bill, asking all sides to support Redmond’s praiseworthy achievement to demanding a better Bill with the public warning Let the Gall understand that if we are cheated this time there will be red war in Ireland ^[2]. Pearse was one of four speakers, including Redmond, Joseph Devlin MP. leader of the Northern Nationalists and Eoin MacNeill a prominent Gaelic Leaguer, who addressed a large Home Rule Rally in Dublin on a public platform at the end of March 1913. Speaking in Irish Pearse threatened revolution if the Bill were not enacted.^[3] Joseph (Joe) Devlin (1872-18 January 1934) was an influential Nationalist politician and Member of Parliament in Northern Ireland. ... Eoin MacNeill (May 15, 1867 - October 15, 1945) was an Irish scholar, nationalist and revolutionary. ...

In November 1913 Pearse was invited to the inaugural meeting of the Irish Volunteers, formed to enforce the implementation of the Third Home Rule Act passed by the House of Commons in the face of opposition from the Ulster Volunteers. In an article entitled “The Coming Revolution” (Nov. 1913) Pearse wrote Irish Volunteers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Third Home Rule Act, more correctly known as the Home Rule Act, 1914 was an Act of the parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which allowed for the creation of a separate home rule parliament in Ireland. ... The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is a Northern Ireland loyalist paramilitary group. ...

The bill just failed to pass the House of Lords, but the Lord’s diminished power under the Parliament Act meant that the bill could only be delayed and was finally placed on the statute books with Royal Assent in September 1914, but suspended for the duration of World War I, which context set the backdrop for events to follow. This article is about the British House of Lords. ... The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament. ... // The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of lawmaking by formally assenting to an Act of Parliament. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

John Redmond leader of the IPP feared his “national authority” might be circumvented by the Volunteers and decided to control the new movement. Despite opposition from the I.R.B. members, the Volunteer Executive agreed to share leadership with Redmond and a joint committee was set up. Pearse was opposed to this and was to write: ^[5] John Redmond, MP John Edward Redmond (September 1, 1856 – March 6, 1918) was the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party from 1900 to 1918. ...

The Volunteers split one of the issues being support for the Allied and British war effort, a majority following Redmond in the National Volunteers in the belief that this would ensure Home Rule on their return. Pearse, exhilarated by the dramatic events of the European war wrote in an article written in December 1915 on patriotism: Map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Allies side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray. ... The National Volunteers is the name taken by the group of the Irish Volunteers that sided with Irish Parliamentary Party leader John Redmond after the group split in the wake of the question of the Volunteers role in World War I. While Redmond took no role in the creation of...

The IRB and the Irish Republic

Proclamation of the Irish Republic, read by Pádraig Pearse outside the GPO at the start of the Easter Rising, 1916.

Early in 1914, Pearse became a member of the secret Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), an organisation dedicated to the overthrow of British rule in Ireland and its replacement with an Irish Republic. Pearse was then one of many people who were members of both the IRB and the Volunteers. When he became the Volunteers' Director of Military Organisation ^[8] in 1914 he was the highest ranking Volunteer in the IRB membership, and instrumental in the latter's commandeering of the remaining minority of the Volunteers for the purpose of rebellion. By 1915 he was on the IRB's Supreme Council, and its secret Military Council, the core group that began planning for a rising while war raged on the European Western Front. The Easter Proclamation of 1916. ... The Easter Proclamation of 1916. ... The Proclamation of the Republic, also known as the 1916 Proclamation or Easter Proclamation, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising in Ireland, which began on 24 April 1916. ... General Post Office in 2006. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; Bráithreachas na Poblachta in Irish) was a secret fraternal organisation dedicated to fomenting armed revolt against the British state in Ireland in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. ... The phrase Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Irish: Acht an Aontais 1800) is used to describe two complementary Acts[2] whose official United Kingdom titles are the Union with Ireland Act 1800 (1800 c. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Combatants Belgium British Empire Australia[1] Canada[2] India[3] Newfoundland[4] New Zealand[5] South Africa[6] United Kingdom France and French Overseas Empire Portugal[7] United States Germany Commanders No unified command until 1918, then Ferdinand Foch Moltke → Falkenhayn → Hindenburg and Ludendorff → Hindenburg and Groener Casualties ~4,800...

On 1 August 1915, Pearse gave a now-famous graveside oration at the funeral of the Fenian Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa. It closed with the words: is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Ireland unfree shall never be at peace were the climactic closing words of the graveside oration of Patrick Pearse at the funeral of Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa on 1 August 1915. ... Fenian is a term used since the 1850s for Irish nationalists (who oppose British rule in Ireland). ... Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa. ...

"Our foes are strong and wise and wary; but, strong and wise and wary as they are, they cannot undo the miracles of God Who ripens in the hearts of young men the seeds sown by the young men of a former generation. And the seeds sown by the young men of '65 and '67 are coming to their miraculous ripening today. Rulers and Defenders of the Realm had need to be wary if they would guard against such processes. Life springs from death; and from the graves of patriot men and women spring living nations. The Defenders of this Realm have worked well in secret and in the open. They think that they have pacified Ireland. They think that they have purchased half of us and intimidated the other half. They think that they have foreseen everything, think that they have provided against everything; but, the fools, the fools, the fools! — They have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree shall never be at peace." (Full text of Speech) The Fenian Rising of 1867 was a rebellion against British rule in Ireland, organized by the Irish Republican Brotherhood. ...

The Easter Rising and his execution

Pearse, given his speaking and writing skills, was chosen by the leading IRB man Thomas Clarke to be the spokesman for the Rising that he hoped would soon occur. It was Pearse who on behalf of the IRB, shortly before Easter in 1916, issued the orders to all Volunteer units throughout the country for three days of manoeuvres beginning Easter Sunday, which was the signal for a general uprising. When Eoin MacNeill, the Chief of Staff of the Volunteers, learned what was being planned without the promised arms from Germany, he countermanded the orders via newspaper, causing the IRB to issue a last minute order to go through with the plan the following day, greatly limiting the numbers who turned out for the rising. Without MacNeill on board as their figurehead, the Military Council needed someone else to take the title of President of the Irish Republic and Commander-in-Chief. Thomas James (Tom) Clarke (Irish name: Tomás Ó Cléirigh; 11 March 1857 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish revolutionary leader and arguably the person most responsible for the 1916 Easter Rising. ... Eoin MacNeill (May 15, 1867 - October 15, 1945) was an Irish scholar, nationalist and revolutionary. ... This article is about the president of the 1919-1922 Irish Republic Republic of Ireland see: President of Ireland. ...

When the highly symbolic Easter Rising eventually erupted on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, there never was any likelihood of a milatary success in the minds of the Leaders. This was due in part to the interception by the British Navy of weapons arriving from Germany aboard the vessel Aud, and the publication of MacNeill's countermanding order. It was Pearse who proclaimed a Republic from the steps of the General Post Office and headquarters of the insurgents, to a bemused crowd. After several days fighting, heavy civilian casualties and great destruction of property, Pearse issued the order to surrender along with the remaining leaders. Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Proclamation of the Republic, also known as the 1916 Proclamation or Easter Proclamation, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising in Ireland, which began on 24 April 1916. ... General Post Office in 2006. ...

Pearse and fourteen other leaders, including his brother Willie, were court-martialled and executed by firing squad. Sir Roger Casement, an IRB leader who had tried unsuccessfully to recruit an insurgent force among Irish-born prisoners of war from the Irish Brigade in Germany and had tried to prevent the Rising due to insufficient German support^[9], was hanged in London the following August. Thomas Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh and Pearse himself were the first of the rebels to be executed, on the morning of 3 May 1916. Pearse was 36 years old at the time of his death. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ... The Third of May by Francisco Goya Execution by firing squad is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in times of war. ... Roger David Casement (Irish: ;[1] 1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916), known as Sir Roger Casement, CMG between 1905 and July 1916, was an Irish patriot, poet, revolutionary and nationalist by inclination. ... (Redirected from 16th (Irish) Division) The British 16th (Irish) Division was a New Army division formed in Ireland in September 1914 as part of the K2 Army Group. ... Thomas James (Tom) Clarke (Irish name: Tomás Ó Cléirigh; 11 March 1857 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish revolutionary leader and arguably the person most responsible for the 1916 Easter Rising. ... Thomas MacDonagh (Irish: Tomás Mac Donnchadha ; (1 February 1878 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, poet, playwright, and a leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Sir John Maxwell, the General Officer commanding the British forces in Ireland, sent a telegram to Asquith, then Prime Minister, advising him not to return the bodies of Pádraig and Willie Pearse to their family saying: General Sir John Maxwell (d. ...

Maxwell also suppressed the letter from Pease to his mother [1], and two poems dated 1 May 1916, he submitted copies of them also to the British Prime Minister saying that some of the content was "objectionable."^[11]

Was Pearse "President of the Irish Republic” ?

The ten shilling coin featured Pearse in place of the harp

In the December 1918 general election held at the end of the war, as a result of the April 1918 Conscription Crisis and the 1916 executions, Sinn Féin , in a first past the post ballot won the majority of seats (73 out of 105, a third uncontested) and in January 1919 formed an unilaterally independent Irish parliament, Dáil Éireann. The first paragraph of the Democratic Programme, read out at the first meeting of the First Dáil, mentions "ár gceud Uachtarán Pádraig Mac Phiarais" ["our first President, Pádraig Mac Phiarais"], thus giving Pearse posthumously recognition as President. Image File history File links own image File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links own image File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Irish ten shilling coin featured Cúchulainn, the mythical Irish hero, the coin was produced for the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising and commenced circulation on April 12 1966 and was designed by T Hugh Paget. ... The Irish general election of 1918 was that part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election that took place in Ireland. ... The Conscription Crisis of 1918 stemmed from a move by the Government of the United Kingdom to impose conscription in Ireland, and contributed to pivotal events in early 20th century politics in Ireland, galvanising popular support for parties favouring separation from the United Kingdom. ... For pre-Arthur Griffith use of the political name, see Sinn Féin (19th century). ... Irish stamp comemorating the first meeting of Dáil Éireann in 1919. ... The Democratic Programme was a declaration of economic and social principles adopted by the First Dáil at its first meeting on 21st January, 1919. ... The First Dáil (Irish: ) was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 1919–1921. ...

However, the claim that Pearse was designated President of the Republic was widely disputed in the aftermath of the Rising. The Dail-government described itself as 'provisional'. Clarke's wife stated in her autobiography that the Rising leaders understood that Clarke was to be president, hence his position as the first name on the list of signatories of the proclamation. Emmet Clarke, son of Tom Clarke, then a child, recounted meeting surviving figures of the Rising in the presence of his mother when they were released. One leading figure asked Mrs Clarke and her son "Who in the hell made Pearse president?"^[12] Opponents of Pearse accused him of using his role as chief propagandist for the rebellion to draft statements referring to himself as president. The claim that Pearse held such a role featured only in a secondary document issued, one drafted by Pearse himself, not in the actual Proclamation.^[13]

In addition that document used the term "President of the Provisional Government", not "President of the Republic". A "President of a government" is akin to a prime minister, not a president of a state.^[14] Pearse and his colleagues also discussed proclaiming Prince Joachim (the Kaiser's youngest son) as an Irish constitutional monarch, if the Central Powers won the First World War, which suggests that their ideas for the political future of the country had to await the war's outcome.^[15] A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Prince Joachim Franz Humbert of Prussia (17 December 1890-18 July 1920) was the youngest son of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, by his first wife, Augusta of Schleswig-Holstein-Augustenburg. ... European military alliances in 1914. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...

Others considerations

Writing subsequently, Michael Collins was critical of Pearse. Comparing him to James Connolly, Collins wrote: Michael John (Mick) Collins (Irish: ; 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander... For the Olympic athlete, see James Connolly (athletics). ...

Ruth Dudley Edwards a noted revisionist historian and Unionist^[17] made the following conclusions about Pearse and the Rising: Pearse and his colleagues had no mandate, merely a belief that because their judgement was superior to those of the population at large, they were entitled to use violence.^[18] Eoin Neeson, ^[19] has described such opinions as having “no mandate” as inapt, pointing to the fact that the leaders repeatedly stated aim was to revive a sense of separate national identity in the people as a whole. ^[20] Ruth Dudley-Edwards is an Irish historian, crime novelist, journalist and broadcaster. ...

Pearse in his address to his court martial and his prediction of future events in history would no doubt contrast Edwards assertion:

This point she herself conceded when in her biography of Pearse quoted the words of the poet AE (George Russell) who himself would have been a critic of Pearse:^[22] George William Russell, a. ...

In addition, Edwards in her introduction to her biography of Pearse, and as to how his actions would be viewed by later generations quoted a verse from W. B. Yeats' Three songs to the one burden,: William Butler Yeats, 1933. ...

Seán MacBride, in his Foreword to Quotations from P. H. Pearse said: Seán MacBride (26 January 1904 – 15 January 1988) was a prominent international politician. ...

Pearse's writings

Bust of Pádraig Pearse in Tralee, County Kerry.

Pearse wrote stories and poems in both Irish and English, his best-known English poem being "The Wayfarer". He also penned several allegorical plays in the (Irish language, including The King, The Master, and The Singer. His short stories in Irish include Eoghainín na nÉan ("Eoineen of the Birds"), Íosagán, Na Bóithre ("The Roads"), and An Bhean Chaointe ("The Keening Woman"). Most of his ideas on education are contained in his famous essay The Murder Machine. He also authored many essays on politics and language, notably "The Coming Revolution" and "Ghosts". Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 391 KB) Statue, Padraig Pearse Park, Tralee, Co Kerry, Ireland Created by Kglavin Feb 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Patrick Pearse ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 391 KB) Statue, Padraig Pearse Park, Tralee, Co Kerry, Ireland Created by Kglavin Feb 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Patrick Pearse ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Irish Grid Reference Q828141 Statistics Province: Munster County: Elevation: 37 m Population (2006)  - Town:  - Rural:   20,258  1,932 Website: www. ... Statistics Province: Munster County Town: Tralee Code: KY Area: 4,746 km² Population (2006) 139,616 Website: www. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article is about the modern Goidelic language. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ...

Largely because of a series of political pamphlets Pearse wrote in the months leading up to the 1916 Rising, he soon became recognised as the voice of the 1916 Rising. In the middle decades of the twentieth century, Pearse was idolised by Irish nationalists as the supreme idealist of their cause. An Irish nationalist is generally one who seeks (greater) independence of Ireland from Great Britain, including since 1921 the goal of a United Ireland. ...

However, with the outbreak of conflict in Northern Ireland in 1969, Pearse's legacy soon became associated with the Provisional IRA. Pearse's reputation and writings were subject to criticism by some historians who saw him as a dangerous, fanatical, psychologically unsound individual under ultra-religious influences. As Conor Cruise O'Brien, onetime Labour TD and former unionist politician, put it in writing: "Pearse saw the Rising as a Passion Play with real blood." In his 1972 book States of Ireland Cruise O Brien was to reveal a deeper, more personal reason for his opposition to Pearse and indeed the Easter Rising. The Rising, he said, resulted in his family's "rightful" position, as leading members of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Irish society being denied them. Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) is a paramilitary group which aimed, through the use of violence, to achieve three goals: (i) British withdrawal from Ireland, (ii) the political unification of Ireland through the merger of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland , and (iii) the creation of an all... Conor Cruise OBrien (Irish: ; born 3 November 1917) is an Irish politician, writer and academic. ... Logo of the Irish Labour Party The Irish Labour Party (Irish: Páirti an Lucht Oibre) is the third largest political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... TD or td may stand for: Touchdown Chad, ISO 2-letter country code Tank destroyer Tardive dyskinesia, serious adverse effects usually caused by older antipsychotic drugs <td> (table cell delimiter tag), see HTML Teachta Dála, Member of lower house of Irish Parliament, Dáil Éireann Technical Director, cinematography and... In the Irish context, Unionists form a group of largely (though not exclusively) Protestant people in Ireland, of all social classes, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which the Northern Ireland provincial state created in... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... The Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) (commonly called the Irish Party) was formed in 1882 by Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at Westminster within the...

Others defended Pearse, suggesting that to blame him for what was happening in Northern Ireland was unhistorical and a distortion of the real spirit of his writings. Though the passion of those arguments has waned with the continuing peace in Northern Ireland following the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, his complex personality still remains a subject of controversy for those who wish to debate the evolving meaning of Irish nationalism. The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 by the British and Irish Governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties. ...

His former school, St. Enda's, Rathfarnham, on the south side of Dublin, is now the Pearse Museum dedicated to his memory. The Pearse Museum is dedicated to the memory of Patrick Pearse, educationalist and nationalist who was executed for his part in the 1916 Rising. ...

Personal life

Pearse never wrote his first name as 'Pádraig', using 'Patrick' or P.H.' instead. After his death 'Pádraig' was adopted by supporters in recognition of his love of the Irish language. This article is about the modern Goidelic language. ...

His apparent lack of any romantic involvement with women, has led to the suggestion by revisionist historian^[23] Ruth Dudley Edwards that Pearse was an “unconscious homosexual". ^[22] Edwards rejects the suggestion that Pearse was romantically involved with a young lady by the name of Eveleen Nicholls. Despite Eveleen’s brother saying that Pearse had proposed to her, and that Eveleen had declined as “she did not want to abandon her mother to the problems…in her home.” ^[22] Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ...

Eveleen was a young girl, recently elected to the Coiste Gnotha, who had a reputation in Gaelic League for her academic achievements and devotion to the Irish language. She died in tragic circumstances, while swimming in the seas off the Blasket Islands. Conradh na Gaeilge (The Gaelic League) is an organization for the purpose of keeping the Irish language spoken in Ireland. ... Location map of the Blasket Islands The Blasket Islands (Na Blascaoidí in Irish - etymology uncertain: it may come from the Norse word brasker, meaning a dangerous place) are a group of islands off the west coast of Ireland, forming part of County Kerry. ...

Edwards, in her biography of Pearse, says that Pearse “was marred by a personal blow,” referring to the death of Eveleen, whom she described as his "admired friend," and that “the only basis for marriage with Eveleen would have been mutual respect, not sexual attraction.” ^[22]

Pearse in an editorial, “…showed his distress,” on her death :

Desmond Ryan, Pearse’s young protégé, was convinced of Pearse’s emotional involvement by his tears at Eveleen’s funeral but Edwards comments that "there were many others crying," and in addition Edwards contends "Pearse’s grief for Eveleen was not great enough to affect his work in any way." ^[22]

Pearse was later to write a lament, entitled "A Chinn Aluinn," (O Lovely Head):

Edwards again rejects this as proof of Pearse’s love for Eveleen, saying "It was apparently not written until nearly five years after her death, and Pearse, where his poetry dealt with specific episodes…wrote during or immediately after the occasion concerned… the poem was an exercise in a common romantic convention, by which the death of the beloved provided a vehicle for morbid reflections." ^[22]

"As Mary Hayden’s evidence suggested," writes Edwards, "he tended to put women on a pedestal. He knew nothing of homosexuality." Edwards writes "it is inconceivable that a man of Pearse’s conventional mores and high code of chivalry could have lived with conscious homosexual inclinations. Certainly, with such knowledge, he could not have gone on writing as he did…"^[22] "Pearse was an innocent," she suggests "but there can be little doubt about his unconscious inclinations."

Mary Hayden, who described Pearse’s writing, said "when he wrote of beauty, he was inspired by the descriptions, so frequent and so elaborate, of characters in the old Irish sagas… of course, any respectable man would have been careful not to write too eloquently of the female form…," and Edwards says Pearse did not speak from "personal experience of the kisses of a little boy being sweeter than the kisses of women," or the "honey of their bodies," and no more can it be supposed that "when he wrote of his love in the tomb he was thinking of a particular woman," again alluding to Eveleen. ^[22]

In 1909 Pearse published a poem entitled "A Mhic Bhig na gCleas" (Little Lad of the Tricks), in the second edition of Macaomh. It was well received at the time and was later republished in Claidheamh Soluis (The Sword of Light). When it was published in the English language, it caused some alarm among more worldly people. Pearse’s friends Thomas MacDonagh and Joseph Mary Plunkett, when they explained to him the construction which might be placed on it, Pearse was both "bewildered and hurt." Though Edwards again suggested that his "lifetime quest for purity, chastity, and perfection had blinded him to the instincts reflected in his poetry…" and concludes "he never again offered such ammunition as in "Little Lad of the Tricks."^[22] Thomas MacDonagh (Irish: Tomás Mac Donnchadha ; (1 February 1878 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, poet, playwright, and a leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. ... Joseph Mary Plunkett (21 November 1887 – 4 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, poet, journalist, and leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. ...

His mother Margaret Pearse served as a TD in Dáil Éireann in the 1920s. His sister Margaret M. Pearse also served as a TD and Senator. Margaret Pearse née Brady, (1857 – 1 January 1932) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ... A Teachta Dála (Irish for Dáil Deputy, pronounced chock-ta dawla) is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower chamber of the Irish Oireachtas or National Parliament. ... This article is about the current Irish body. ... Margaret Mary Pearse (1878 – 7 November 1968) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ... Type Upper house of Oireachtas Cathaoirleach Pat Moylan, Fianna Fáil since 13 September 2007 Members 60 Political groups Fianna Fáil Fine Gael Labour Party Independents Progressive Democrats Green Party Sinn Féin Last elections 2007 Meeting place Leinster House Web site www. ...

Current Taoiseach Bertie Ahern describes Pearse as one of his heroes and displays a picture of Pearse over his desk in the Department of the Taoiseach.^[24] The Taoiseach (IPA: or ) — plural: Taoisigh ( or ), also referred to as An Taoiseach[1], is the head of government of Ireland or prime minister. ... Bartholomew Bertie Ahern (Irish: ;[1] born 12 September 1951) is an Irish politician who, since 26 June 1997, has served as the tenth Taoiseach of Ireland. ... Government Buildings, Dublin, is the location of the Department of the Taoiseach The Department of the Taoiseach (Irish: Roinn an Taoisigh) is the government department of the prime minister of the Republic of Ireland, An Taoiseach (in the Irish language, the leader). ...

Footnotes

National Library of Ireland is a national library located in Dublin, Ireland. ... Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ; Irish for Radio and Television of Ireland) is the national publicly-funded broadcaster of Ireland. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the prior state. ... The President of the Executive Council (Irish: Uachtaráin na hArd-Chomhairle) was the head of government or prime minister of the 1922-1937 Irish Free State, and the leader of the Executive Council (cabinet). ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ; Irish for Radio and Television of Ireland) is the national publicly-funded broadcaster of Ireland. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sources

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Author:Patrick Pearse

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Patrick Pearse

• Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins, Hutchinson, 1990.
• Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: the Triumph of Failure London: Gollancz, 1977.
• F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine, Collins/Fontana, 1973.
• Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic, Corgi, 1968.
• Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Irish Political Documents 1916-1949, Irish Academic Press 1985.
• Mary Pearse, The Home Life of Pádraig Pearse. Cork, Mercies 1971.

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Timothy Patrick Coogan is an Irish historian, broadcaster, newspaper columnist and was appointed editor of the Irish Press newspaper in 1968. ... Ruth Dudley-Edwards is an Irish historian, crime novelist, journalist and broadcaster. ... F. S. L. Lyons (1923 - 1983) was one of Irelands premier historians. ... Dorothy Macardle (1899 — 1958) was an Irish author and historian. ...

External links

• The Murder Machine - Pearse's groundbreaking article on Montessori education
• 1916 Walking Tour piece on Pearse
• The Poetry of Pádraig Pearse
• Music Video for the song Pádraig Pearse by the Wolfe Tones