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The invasion of the Russian Empire led by Napoleon in 1812 was a critical turning point in the Napoleonic wars. (The invasion route crossed, besides what is still in Russia, what are now parts of Lithuania and Belarus.) The campaign reduced the French and allied invasion forces to less than two percent of their initial strength. Its sustained role in Russian culture may be seen in Tolstoy's War and Peace and the Soviet identification between it and the invasion of 1941-1945. Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start...
1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1804 until 1815. ...
The Republic of Lithuania (in Lithuanian, Lietuva) is a republic in Northeastern Europe. ...
Belarus (Belarusian: Белару́сь or Biełaruś, Russian: Белару́сь (formerly: Белору́ссия), Polish: Białoruś) is a landlocked nation of Eastern Europe with the capital Minsk. ...
The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ...
Most Russian historians divide the Russian culture into several periods: Contents // Categories: Russian culture | European culture | Russia-related stubs ...
Leo Nikolayevitch Tolstoy (Russian: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й) (September 9 (August 28, O.S.), 1828 - November 20 (November 7, O.S.), 1910) was a Russian novelist, reformer, and moral thinker, notable for his influence on Russian literature and politics. ...
See also War and Peace (album) War and Peace (Война и мир [Voyna i mir]) is an epic novel of Russian history and society by Leo Tolstoy, first published from 1865 to 1869, which tells the story of Russia during the Napoleonic Era. ...
The Eastern Front was the theatre of combat between Nazi Germany and its allies against the Soviet Union during World War II. It was somewhat separate from the other theatres of the war, not only geographically, but also for its scale and ferocity. ...
Nomenclature
Napoleon called this warfare the Second Polish War. Bonaparte as general Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français...
Until 1941 it was known in Russia as the Patriotic War (Russian Отечественная война, Otechestvennaya Voyna); the Russian term Patriotic War of 1812 distinguishes it from the Great Patriotic War, the term the Soviets applied to their front in World War II. Russian (русский язык listen?) is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ...
The Eastern Front1 was the theatre of combat between Nazi Germany and its allies against the Soviet Union during World War II. It was somewhat separate from the other theatres of the war, not only geographically, but also for its scale and ferocity. ...
Soviet Union - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
Also in Russian, it is occasionally referred to as the "War of 1812", offering some opportunity for confusion since in English that invariably refers to the war, overlapping it in time, between Britain and the United States. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The War of 1812 was a conflict fought in North America between the United States and Great Britain. ...
Great Britain - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...
The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America, the States, or (archaically) Columbia—is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii). ...
The Invasion Charles Minard's graph showing the strength of the Grande Armée as it marches to Moscow and back, with temperature (in Réaumur) plotted on the lower graph for the return journey. -30° Réaumur = -37.5° Celsius In June 1812, Napoleon's Grande Armée of 610,000 men, the largest army assembled up to that point in European history, crossed the river Neman and headed towards Moscow. The initially 280,000-strong harassed the French flanks with attacks from small battalions of Russian troops and local Cossacks. Though the Russian army suffered defeats on the approaches to Moscow in the battles of Smolensk (August 4–6) and Borodino (August 26), it was not decisively destroyed, and inflicted almost as many casualties as it suffered. By the end of August, Napoleon had lost two-thirds of his army but kept marching on towards Moscow. On September 1, Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, in command of the Russian Army since early August, ordered the evacuation of the city. The widely held belief that the Russians used a scorched earth policy, whereby they burned the crops to keep the French from living off the land is false. The degree Réaumur is a unit of temperature named after René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, who first proposed it in 1731. ...
link title Headline text Bold textItalic textItalic textInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here--220. ...
External links Wikimedia Commons has multimedia related to: Neman Categories: Belarus-related stubs | Rivers of Belarus | Rivers of Lithuania | Russian rivers ...
Saint Basils Cathedral Moscow listen? ( Russian/Cyrillic: Москва́, pronunciation: Moskva), capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva, and encompassing 1097. ...
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The First Battle of Smolensk took place on August 17, 1812, between 175,000 French under Napoleon Bonaparte and 130,000 Russians under Prince Bagration, of whom about 50,000 and 60,000 respectively were actually engaged. ...
August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ...
August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ...
The Battle of Borodino ( September 7, 1812 ( August 26 in the Old Style Russian calendar)), also called the Battle of the Moskova, was the largest single-day battle of the Napoleonic Wars and arguably the greatest battle in human history up to that date, involving nearly quarter a million soldiers. ...
August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). ...
September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ...
Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (September 16, 1745 – April 28, 1813 (n. ...
This article is about the military strategy. ...
By this point the Russians had managed to draft large numbers of reinforcements into the army bringing total Russian land forces to a strength of around 904,000 with perhaps 100,000 in the immediate viccinity of Moscow - the remnants of Kutuzov's shattered army from Borodino partially reinforced. The ability of the Russians to so quickly replenish their numbers was the critical advanatge that would bring them ultimate victory by the end of the campaign.
The Capture of Moscow Napoleon moved into an empty city that was stripped of all supplies. Relying on classical rules of warfare aiming at capturing the enemy's capital (even though St. Petersburg had been the capital since the early 18th century, not Moscow), he had expected tsar Alexander I to offer his capitulation, but Russian command did not surrender. Instead, fires broke out in Moscow, and raged in the city from 2 to 6 September. Moscow, constructed mainly of wooden buildings, burnt down almost completely, effectively depriving the French of shelter in the city. It is assumed that the fires were due to Russian sabotage. Tsar ( Bulgarian цар, Russian царь, listen?; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to...
Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov or Tsar Alexander I (The Blessed), (Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), Russia (reigned March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825), son of the Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, afterwards Paul I of Russia, and Maria Fedorovna, daughter of Frederick Eugene of Würtemberg. ...
This article is about Sabotage sabotage can also refer to: an early Black Sabbath album (Sabotage), the Alfred Hitchcock films (Sabotage or Saboteur), a Beastie Boys song, or a type of shock site. ...
Retreat
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, painted by Adolph Northern in the 19th century Sitting in the ashes of a ruined city without having received the Russian capitulation, and facing a Russian maneuver forcing him out of Moscow, Napoleon started his long retreat. At the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, Kutuzov was able to force the French army into using the very same scorched Smolensk road on which they had earlier moved East; continuing to block the southern flank to prevent the French from returning by a different route, Kutuzov again deployed partisan tactics to constantly strike at the French trail where it was weakest. Light Russian cavalry, including mounted Cossacks, assaulted and shattered isolated French units. Supply of the army grew increasingly difficult, and the desertion rate increased. Starting in November 1812, the Russian winter caused additional hardship to the French army, as soldiers and horses started to die from hunger, frostbite and exhaustion on the march. The crossing of the river Berezina brought about another major defeat, as Kutuzov, deciding that the time was right for an open battle, attacked and crushed the part of the French army that had not yet made it across the bridge. In the following weeks, the remnants of the Grand Army were further diminished, and on December 14, 1812 they were expelled from Russian territory. Only about 10,000 of Napoleon's men survived the Russian campaign. Russian casualties in the few open battles are comparable to the French losses, but civilian losses along the devastated war path were much higher than the military casualties. In total, despite earlier estimates giving figures of several million dead, around one million were killed - fairly evenly split between the French and Russians. Military losses amounted to 300,000 French, 70,000 Poles, 50,000 Italians, 80,000 Germans and perhaps 450,000 Russians. 19th century art. ...
19th century art. ...
The Battle of Maloyaroslavets took place on October 24, 1812, between the Russians, under Marshal Kutuzov, and part of the corps of Eugène de Beauharnais, Napoleons son_in_law, under General Delzons with numbered about 20,000 strong. ...
Partisan may refer to: A member of a lightly-equipped irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation. ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
Categories: Rivers of Belarus | Belarus-related stubs ...
December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Historical Assessment The Russian victory over the French army in 1812 marked the first blow to Napoleon's ambitions of European dominance, and was the turning-point of the Napoleonic Wars that led to Napoleon's ultimate defeat. For Russia the term Patriotic War (an English rendition of the Russian "Отечественная война", better translated as War of the Fatherland) formed a symbol for a strengthened national identity that would have a great impact on Russian patriotism in the 19th century. The indirect result of the patriotic movement of Russians was a strong desire for the modernisation of the country that would result in a series of revolutions, starting from the Decembrist revolt and ending with the February Revolution of 1917. The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1804 until 1815. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the failed Russian revolt. ...
The February Revolution of 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. ...
1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
List of Russian commanders Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (September 16, 1745 – April 28, 1813 (n. ...
Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, called by the Russians Mikhail Bogdanovich, Prince Barclay de Tolly (Михаил Богданович Барклай-де-Толли) (1761 - 1818), Russian field marshal, was born in Livonia, a descendant of a Scottish family which had settled in Russia in the 17th century. ...
Petr Ivanovich Bagration Prince Petr Ivanovich Bagration (Пётр Иванович Багратион) (1765 - September 12, 1812), a descendant of the Georgian Royal family of the Bagratids, served as a Russian general. ...
Count Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (October 1 (O.S.), 1771 - December 14 (O.S.), 1825) was a Russian general prominent during the Napoleonic wars. ...
Coat of arms of Count Leo Tolstoy Tolstoy, or Tolstoi (Russian: Толсто́й) is a prominent family of Russian nobility, descending from one Andrey Kharitonovich Tolstoy (i. ...
Prince Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov (1782–1856), was a Russian prince and field-marshal, renowned for his success in the Napoleonic wars, and most famous for leading the Russian invasion of the Caucasus from 1844 to 1853. ...
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References - 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March on Moscow, Adam Zamoyski, HarperCollins, 644 Pages. ISBN 0027123752
- Blundering to Glory:Napoleon's Military Campaigns (2nd edition) Owen Connelly. 254 pages. ISBN: 0842027807
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