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Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Flag of Pattani Raya, a symbol of Pattani separatism The South Thailand insurgency is a separatist campaign centered in the three southern provinces of Thailand, with violence increasingly spilling over into neighbouring provinces and threatening to extend up to the national capital in Bangkok. ...

Early History

Main article: Patani kingdom

Pattani (Patani refers to the town of Patani, whereas Pattani refers to the province of Pattani - Changwat Pattani in Thai)is the post 15th century rendition of Langkasuka, the oldest Malay Kingdom of the Malay Peninsula. Pattani is the true cradle of Malay civilisation, with culture and artforms emulated to this day in other Malay states of modern day Malaysia. Pattani was already a bustling entrepot with diplomatic ties to China, Japan and Srivijaya at a time when Malacca was still an uninhabited jungle-clad estuary. Ironically, Pattani today lies under the jurisdiction of Thailand, a sober reflection of the Kingdom's turbulent relationship with old Siam and present-day Thailand. The Kingdom of Patani (Pattani) was a Malay state approximately covering the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. ... Patani or Patani Raya is a region in Southern Thailand known in the history as thePatani kingdom. ... Mueang Pattani is a city in the far south of Thailand, near the boundary to Malaysia. ... Srivijaya (-sri meaning glitters or radiant, -jaya meaning success or excellence) was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. ... Sultanate of Malacca was a Malay sultanate founded by Parameswara in 1402. ... For the country formerly called Siam see Thailand SIAM is an acronym for Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ...

According to many historical sources, the ancient Hindu-Malay empire of Langkasuka was centered in Pattani, today's southern Thailand, which encompasses of modern Malaysia states Kelantan, Terengganu and northern Kedah, as well as modern Thai provinces of Pattani (Patani in Malay), Yala (Jala), Narathiwat (Menara), Songkhla (Singgora) and Satun (Setul). A Hindu is an adherent of Hinduism, the predominant religious, philosophical and cultural systems of Bharat (India) and Nepal. ... Malays (Dutch, Malayo, ultimately from Malay: Melayu) are a diverse group of people living in the Malay archipelago and Malay peninsula in South East Asia. ... Langkasuka (-langkha Sanskrit for resplendent land -sukkha of bliss) was apparently the oldest kingdom on the Malay peninsula. ... Mueang Pattani is a city in the far south of Thailand, near the boundary to Malaysia. ... State Motto: Capital Kota Bharu Sultan Tuanku Ismail ibni al-Marhum Sultan Yahya Petra Chief minister Tuan Guru Dato Haji Nik Aziz Nik Mat Area 14,922 km² Population 1. ... State motto: no State motto Capital Kuala Terengganu Sultan Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Chief Minister Dato Idris Jusoh Area 12,955 km2 Population  - Est year 2000 879,691 State anthem Terengganu State Anthem Terengganu (Jawi: ترڠڬانو, formerly spelled Trengganu) is a state of Malaysia. ... State motto: no State motto Capital Alor Star Royal Capital Anak Bukit Sultan Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Chief Minister Syed Razak Syed Zain Barakbah Area 9,426 km2 Population  - Est year 2000 1 572 107 State anthem Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota Kedah (Jawi:قدح, pop. ... Pattani (Thai ปัตตานี) is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. ... Yala (Thai ยะลา) is the southernmost province (changwat) of Thailand. ... Narathiwat (Thai นราธิวาส) is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. ... Songkhla (Thai สงขลา) is the one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. ... á Satun (Thai สตูล) is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. ...

While when exactly Pattani was Islamized is in debate; it was certainly one of the earliest Malay kingdoms to adopt the Middle Eastern religion around mid-13th century. The kingdom adopted the name "Patani" under the rule of Sultan Ismail Shah. According to local folklore, he was finding a spot for the kingdom's new capital, and when he arrived to the place he liked best, he shouted “Pantai Ini!” which means in Malay, "This beach!" According to most accounts, this capital is thought to be today's modern Kru Se (Kampung Grisek). The Kingdom of Pattani was a Malay state approximately covering the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. ... Not to be confused with the Malayalam language, spoken in India. ...

It is widely believed that Pattani was one of the oldest kingdoms on the Malay peninsula. Pattani was known to the Western world, especially in 1516 when Portuguese explorer Godinho de Eredia landed on its port. The fall of Malacca five years before that increased Pattani's popularity with Indian-Muslim traders; competing viciously with northern Sumatra kingdom of Aceh. The Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu) is a major peninsula located in Southeast Asia. ... // Events March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I. July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria. ... Sultanate of Malacca was a Malay sultanate founded by Parameswara in 1402. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest part of Indonesia. ... Aceh (pronounced Ah-chay) is a special territory (daerah istimewa, or special area) of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. ...

During the massive Burmese attack from the north against the ancient Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya, Pattani's Sultan Muzaffar Shah took this advantage and launched an attack on Ayutthaya in 1563. He however mysteriously died during battle. The kingdom of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed from the 1350 to 1767. ... Events February 1 - Sarsa Dengel succeeds his father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia February 18 - The Duke of Guise is assassinated while besieging Orléans March - Peace of Amboise. ...

Pattani's golden age was during the reign of its four successive queens from 1584, known as Raja Hijau (The Green Queen), Raja Biru (The Blue Queen), Raja Ungu (The Purple Queen) and Raja Kuning (The Yellow Queen), where the kingdom's economic and military strength was greatly increased and managed to fight off at least four Siamese invasions with the help of the eastern Malay kingdom of Pahang and the southern Malay Sultanate of Johore. 1584 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... State motto: no State motto Capital Kuantan Royal Capital Pekan Sultan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Chief Minister Dato Seri Adnan Yaakob Area 35,964 km2 Population  - Est year 2005 1,372,500 State anthem Pahang State Anthem Pahang (Jawi: Ú¨Ù‡Ú ) is the largest state in Peninsular Malaysia, occupying the huge Sungai... The Sultanate of Johor was founded by Malaccan Sultan Mahmud Shahs son, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah in 1528. ...

Thai Annexation

During the reign of Pattani's last Queens in the 17th Century, the kingdom fell into disarray and went into gradual decline. A Siamese leader, Phraya Taksin, drove off the Burmese invaders out of Siam in a war of independence. His successor, Rama I, established the Chakri Dynasty, which still rules Thailand till today. The reunited and stronger Siamese army was to face another Burmese raid and demanded troops from a reluctant Pattani. Statue in Wat Welurachin, Thonburi Taksin the Great (鄭昭; pinyin: Zhèng Chāo; April 17, 1734 - April 7, 1782) was king of Thailand from 1767-1782. ... His Majesty King Rama I of Siam (portrait in the National History Museum, Bangkok) Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke or Rama I the Great, was king of Thailand from 1782 to 1809. ... The Chakri dynasty have ruled Thailand since king Taksin was declared mad in 1782. ...

Prince Surasi, Rama I's son, invaded Pattani. Its Sultan Muhammad was killed in battle and his capital razed to the ground. According to local sources, 4,000 Malay men were enslaved and made to work on Bangkok's system of khlongs (canals). To further humiliate the Pattanese, the symbol of Pattani's military strength – the Seri Patani and Seri Negara cannons, were brought to Bangkok and it is today displayed in front of the Ministry of Defense. Floating market of Damnoen Saduak, Ratchaburi province A khlong (also commonly but less correctly called a klong; Thai คลอง) is a canal in the central plain of Thailand spawned by the Chao Phraya, the Ta Chi and the Mae Klong rivers. ...

On 1791 and 1808, there were several unsuccessful rebellions within Pattani against their Thai conquerors. Following which, Pattani was divided into 7 largely autonomous states – Pattani, Nongchik, Saiburi (Teluban), Yala (Jala), Yaring (Jambu), Ra-ngae (Legeh) and Reman. All these was ruled by the Raja Ligor. For several months, there was a period of independence when along with Kedah Malays, Pattanese drove the Thais out. This however was short-lived.

In 1902, Pattani was formally annexed by Siam. Seven years later, Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was signed between British and Siam. With that agreement, British recognized Siam sovereignty over Pattani. Later, all seven provinces were reunited into a monthon and incorporated into the kingdom. Later on the central government in Bangkok renamed certain localities with Thai-sounding names, as well as merging together some of the provinces. When the monthon was dissolved in 1933 three provinces remained - Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a treaty between the British and Siam. ... A monthon (English circle, Thai มณฑล) was a subdivision of Thailand in the beginning of the 20th century. ...

Greater Malay Patani State

During World War II, Thailand was an unofficial ally¹ with Japan and allowed its southern territory to invade British dependencies and colonies on the Malay peninsula. Tengku Mahmud Mahyuddin, a prominent Pattani leader who was the son of the last Raja of Pattani, allied himself with the British in promises that after the war should they win, Pattani would be granted independence.

Flag of Patani Raya

The major source of support came from the Malay people frustrated with the Rathaniyom policy during the reign of Phibul Songkhram where Malays were subjected to assimilation and forced to abandon large amounts of their indigenous culture. Flag of Patani Raya File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Flag of Patani Raya File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Patani Raya (The Greater Patani) is the name of the region in southern Thaíland which was under the Patani Kingdom. ... Field Marshall Phibunsongkhram (July 14, 1887 - June 11, 1964) (also sometimes spelled Phibul Songkhram or Pibul Songgram) was prime minister and military dictator in Thailand from 1938-1944 and 1948-1957. ...

The Malay leader collaborated with the British in launching guerrilla attacks against the Japanese. In 1945, a petition of Malay leaders lead by Tengku Abdul Jalal demanded from the British independence of the 4 southern provinces from Thailand, which itself had collaborated with the Japanese and declared war on the Allies in 1941. After the war, there was a period where the Greater Malay Pattani State (Negara Melayu Patani Raya) flag rose in Pattani. However, the British soon broke its war promises by reestablishing Thai presence in Pattani and the hopes of an independent Pattani was shattered.

This immediately gave rise to many insurgency groups seeking independence. British reasoning behind this move however is to keep Thailand stable, because they are seen as a strategic counterweight to the communist insurgency in China, Indochina and Malaya.

• ¹ After the war finished, however, it was found that the Thai government in charge at that time which declared an ally with Japan was no longer a valid government. Therefore, any agreement it made was invalid. From Free Thai Movement contributions to the Allies intelligence during war time, Thailand was recognized as a non-ally of Japan.

The Free Thai Movement or Khabuankan Seri Thai (Thai ขบวนการเสรีไทย) was a secret underground movement of a group of Thai people against Japan during World War II. This movement was one of the important sources to the Allies for intelligence in this region. ... When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries that fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis Powers in World War II. For more information, see the related articles: Allies of World War I and Allies of World War II. Other...

Resistance Movements In Patani

During the World War II, along with the Greater Patani Malay Movement lead by Tengku Mahmud Mahyuddin, another resistance force under the leadership of Islamic scholar Haji Sulong Tokmina fought alongside against the Japanese. Their stated goal is to create a Islamic republic in Patani, which frequently put it at odds with Tengku Mahmud who wants to reestablish the Pattanese Sultanate (being a prince himself). Patani or Patani Raya is a region in Southern Thailand known in the history as thePatani kingdom. ...

Today, the goals and ideas of Haji Sulong Tokmina is still carried on by minor resistance groups interested in creating a Islamic republic. After the war though, hopes of any independent republic in Pattani was quickly dashed by the British and the Thais.

Patani United Liberation Organization

Patani United Liberation Organization (PULO) is the most well-known Pattani resistance group in southern Thailand. Its platform is highlighted by its Islamic nationalist goals, calling the Thai presence in Pattani as a colonisation and an illegal occupation. Its stated aims are to secede from the Bangkok administration through military and political means and create a state named Patani Darussalam (Patani, Land of Peace). Their zeal is further enflamed when petroleum is found off-shore of Pattani's coast. The Patani United Liberation Organization (PULO), founded in 1968, is one of the active terrorist groups that calls for free Patani. ...

Their flag has four red and white stripes and a black rectangular on the upper left with a crescent and a star. In 2003 and 2004, the unrest started by an arms theft in a Thai military installation was quickly blamed by the media on PULO, though Thaksin's administration blames bandits in what many say an effort to maintain warming relations with Malaysia.

PULO is widely seen to have connections with other regional resistance groups, including Aceh's Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) or Free Aceh Movement. In 2004, Thaksin's administration admitted that weapons from southern Thailand made it across the straits to Aceh. In 2003 too, Thailand had demanded that several Thai clerics seen as PULO leaders be arrested by the Malaysian police. ASNLF Flag The Free Aceh Movement (Indonesian: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM), also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front (ASNLF), is an armed separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region on Sumatra from Indonesia. ... Aceh (pronounced Ah-chay) is a special territory (daerah istimewa, or special area) of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. ...

The population is particularly disaffected by the perceived heavy-handed crackdown on these activities by the central government, which has portrayed the security problems in the region as a non-issue.

Current Development

Pattani along with Yala and Narathiwat has been placed under martial law since January 2004.

On October 26, 2004, 78 people were suffocated after being put in police trucks, having been suspected of taking part in riots around the region. On November 7, 2004, the Defence Minister of Thailand said that there had been more than 700 casualties in south Thailand since the unrest began in January. October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A defence minister (Commonwealth English) or defense minister (American English) is a cabinet portfolio (position) which regulates the armed forces in a sovereign nation. ...

On July 19 2005, the Thai Prime Minister has been granted "emergency powers law" in order to manage the three troubled states. Several human rights organizations and local press however have expressed their concerns that these new powers might be used to violate civil liberty rights. July 19 is the 200th day (201st in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 165 days remaining. ...

On September 1 2005, three bombs exploded almost simultaneously. [1] Fearing Thai military action against the locals, as many as 131 Thais crossed into Malaysia to seek refuge. [2] Thailand has asked Malaysia to return the Thai citizens but Malaysia refused on humanitarian grounds. [3] September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ...

External links

• PULO website
• "78 killed following riot" - news article by MSNBC