Paul
Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias
Paul I of Russia
Reign	November 6, 1796 – March 23, 1801
Full name	Pavel Petrovich
Titles	Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp Count of Oldenburg Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
Born	October 1 [O.S. September 20] 1754
Birthplace	St Petersburg
Died	March 23 [O.S. March 11] 1801
Place of death	St Michael's Castle
Predecessor	Catherine II
Successor	Alexander I
Consort	i) Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt ii) Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg
Offspring	Alexander I Konstantin Pavlovich Alexandra Pavlovna Elena Pavlovna Maria Pavlovna Ekaterina Pavlovna Olga Pavlovna Anna Pavlovna Nikolai I Michael Pavlovich
Royal House	Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Father	Peter III of Russia
Mother	Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst

Pavel (Paul) I Petrovich of Russia (Russian: Па́вел I Петро́вич; Pavel Petrovich) (October 1 [O.S. September 20] 1754 – March 23 [O.S. March 11] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. Paul I of Russia This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp was a duchy consisting of areas within Schleswig and Holstein, in present-day Denmark and Germany. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Old Style redirects here. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Old Style redirects here. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... St Michaels Castle (Southern facade) St Michaels Castle (Western facade) St. ... Catherine the Great redirects here. ... Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich) (December 23, 1777 – December 1?, 1825) served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... The Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeievna of Russia (25 June 1755 - 15 April 1776) was the first wife of the future Tsar Paul I of Russia, the only son of the Empress Catherine II. She was born as Princess Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt in Brandenburg, Prussia as the fifth child of... Maria Feodorovna at the age of 18, by Swedish artist Alexander Roslin. ... Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich) (December 23, 1777 – December 1?, 1825) served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... Constantine was known for his repugnant physical features which resembled those of his father, Emperor Paul. ... Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna (1783-1801) was the eldest daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and his second wife Sophie Dorothea of Wurttemberg. ... Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia (in Russian Великая Княжна Елена Павловна)(24 December 1784 – 24 September 1803) was a daughter of Grand Duke, later Tsar Paul I of Russia and his second wife Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg. ... Portrait of Maria Pavlovna, by Vladimir Borovikovsky. ... Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna of Russia (Tsarskoe Selo, 10 May 1788 – Stuttgart, 9 January 1819) was the fourth daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. ... Portrait of Jan Baptist van der Hulst, 1837. ... Nicholas I (Russian: Николай I Павлович, Nikolaj I Pavlovič), July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796 – March 2 (18 February Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. ... Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia (Russian:Михаи́л Па́влович; Mikhail Pavlovich) (born St. ... The House of Romanov (Рома́нов, pronounced Ro-MAH-nof), the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled Muscovy and the Russian Empire for five generations from 1613 to 1762. ... Peter III (February 21, 1728 – July 17, 1762) (Russian: ) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. ... Catherine the Great redirects here. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Old Style redirects here. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Old Style redirects here. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ...

Childhood

Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elizabeth In St Petersburg. He was the son of the Grand Duchess, later Empress, Catherine II. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-62) Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та Петро́вна) (December 29, 1709 - January 5, 1762) was an Empress of Russia (1741 - 1762) who took the country into the War of Austrian succession (1740 - 1748) and the Seven Years War (1756-63). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Catherine the Great redirects here. ... Peter III (February 21, 1728 – July 17, 1762) (Russian: ) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. ... Sergei Saltykov (c. ...

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was at all times very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors. Charles van Loo. ... For the unrelated disease caused by Salmonella typhi, see Typhoid fever. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Ambassador (disambiguation). ... 1764 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (Russian: ) (September 18, 1718–March 31, 1783) was an influential Russian statesman and political mentor to Catherine the Great for the first eighteen years of her reign. ...

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection. The Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeievna of Russia (25 June 1755 - 15 April 1776) was the first wife of the future Tsar Paul I of Russia, the only son of the Empress Catherine II. She was born as Princess Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt in Brandenburg, Prussia as the fifth child... Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (December 15, 1719 – May 13, 1742) was a son of Ludwig VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Charlotte of Hanau-Lictenberg and Müntzenberg. ... Capital Darmstadt Government Monarchy Landgrave  - 1567 - 1596 George I  - 1790 - 1806 Louis X History  - Established 1567  - Disestablished 1806 The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt (German: ) was a member state of the Holy Roman Empire. ... Year 1773 (MDCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Early life

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on October 7, 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food. is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... Roslins portrait of Maria Feodorovna at the age of 18, with the Pavlovsk Palace in the background. ... Coat of Arms of the (formerly royal) Württemberg family, on a gate of the familys current residence, Schloss Altshausen in Altshausen, Germany // Counts of Württemberg Conrad I 1089-1122 Conrad II 1100-1130 John d. ...

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781-1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model. Yemelian Ivanovich Pugachev (Russian: Емелья́н Ива́нович Пугачёв, best transliterated as Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachov), born in 1740 or 1742 and executed in 1775, as a pretender to the Russian throne led a Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II. Background Pugachev, the son of a small Don Cossack landowner... Year 1777 (MDCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Pavlovsk (Russian: Павловск) is a town situated in the Leningrad oblast, Russia, 30 km from St. ... Gatchina is the city of 84900 inhabitants in the Leningrad oblast of the Russian Federation, 45 km south of St Petersburg by the road leading to Pskov. ...

Ascension to the throne

A statue of Emperor Paul in front of the Pavlovsk Palace.

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on November 5, 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumoured that she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 × 3008 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 × 3008 pixel, file size: 1. ... Pavlovsk (Russian: ) is a town situated in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, 30 km from and under jurisdiction of St. ... For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Russian law of succession was signed by Paul I of Russia - it established strict order of succession by proclaiming that the eldest son shall inherit the throne. ... Primogeniture is the common law right of the first born son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings. ... The House of Romanov (Рома́нов, pronounced ) was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country for five generations from 1613 to 1761. ...

During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His father Peter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious mockery of Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the pompous dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg. In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794), but even at that time, the term Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of extreme revolutionary opinions: for example, Jacobin democracy is synonymous with totalitarian democracy. ... Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radishchev (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Ради́щев) (1749 – 1802) was a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... The Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great, alongside the Persian Expedition of Peter the Great, was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for both belligerents. ... The Peter and Paul Cathedral is located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. ... Peter the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр I Алексеевич Pyotr I Alekse`yevich, Пётр Великий Pyotr Veli`kiy) (9 June 1672 – 8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.][1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his... The Monument to Peter I in front of St. ... St Michaels Castle (Southern façade) St Michaels Castle (Northern façade) St. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... The Bronze Horseman is a poem by Aleksandr Pushkin which is widely considered to be one of the most significant works of Russian literature. ...

Purported eccentricities

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz Kościuszko, yet both liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling a medieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category. Portrait of Nikolay Novikov, by Dmitry Levitzky. ... Shlisselburg (Russian: ) is a town in western Russia (Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast) located at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga, 45 km east of Saint Petersburg, which lies at the mouth of the Neva on the Gulf of Finland. ... KoÅ›ciuszko redirects here. ... Color photograph taken by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii of a Russian noblewoman in 1905. ... Chivalric Orders were created by European monarchs after the failure of the Crusades. ... Dawes portrait of Arkacheev from the Military Gallery of the Winter Palace. ... Count Fyodor Vasilievich Rostopchin (Фёдор Васильевич Ростопчин in Russian) (3. ...

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood. This is a list of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller. ... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... 19th-Century Commanders Badge, Russian Grand Priory Brother Gerard created the Order of St John of Jerusalem as a distinctive Order from the previous Benedictine establishment of Hospitallers (Госпитальеры). It provided medical care and protection for pilgrims visiting Jerusalem. ... Chivalric Orders were created by European monarchs after the failure of the Crusades. ... For other uses, see Castle (disambiguation). ... Court of Love in Provence in the 14th Century (after a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). ... Anna Lopukhina-Gagarina, as painted by Jean-Louis Voille. ...

Foreign affairs

Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. The name Second Coalition (1798 - 1800) designates the second major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain Revolutionary France. ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Monument to Suvorov as youthful Mars, the Roman god of war (1801). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov (1744 – October 2, 1817) was the most illustrious Russian naval commander and admiral of the 18th century. ... Lord Nelson Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (September 29, 1758 – October 21, 1805) was a British admiral who won fame as a leading naval commander. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... This article is about the historical state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927). ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ...

In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides the previously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March of Paul). For other uses, see Cossack (disambiguation). ... Indian March of Paul, Russian Indiyskiy Pokhod Pavla, thats how the Russians call the Cossack cavalry deployment as the first stage of the allied Russo-French expedition against the British forces in India. ...

Assassination

St. Michael's palace, where Emperor Paul was murdered within weeks after the housewarming.

Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2484x1720, 798 KB) St Michaels Castle in Saint Petersburg, May 2005. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2484x1720, 798 KB) St Michaels Castle in Saint Petersburg, May 2005. ... St Michaels Castle (Southern façade) St Michaels Castle (Northern façade) St. ...

A conspiracy was organized—some months before it was executed—by Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. On the night of the March 23 [O.S. March 11] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and General Yashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.^[1] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the Emperor Alexander I, who was actually in the palace, and to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession. Count Peter Alekseyevich Pahlen Count Peter Alekseyevich Pahlen (Russian: Пётр Алексеевич Пален; German: Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen) (1745—1826) was a Russian courtier who played a signal role in the assassination of Emperor Paul. ... Count Nikita Petrovich Panin (Russian: Ники́та Петро́вич Па́нин) (1770 - 1837), a famous Russian diplomat, vice-chancellor, State Chancellor 6 Oct 1799 - 18 Nov 1800 (acting). ... José de Ribas (June 6, 1749 in Naples — December 14 [O.S. December 2] 1800 in Saint Petersburg) known in Russia as Osip (Iosif) Mikhailovich Deribas (Осип (Иосиф) Михайлович Дерибас) was a Russian admiral of Spanish Jewish converso origin. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Old Style redirects here. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... St Michaels Castle (Southern facade) St Michaels Castle (Western facade) St. ... Levin August Gottlieb Theophil (Russian: Leonty Leontyevich), count von Bennigsen (February 10, 1745 - December 3, 1826) was a Russian general. ... , Hanover(i) (German: , IPA: ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ... Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich) (December 23, 1777 – December 1?, 1825) served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... Coat of arms of the Zubov family Zubov (Зу́бов) was a Russian noble family which rised to the highest offices of state in the 1790s, when Platon Zubov succeeded Count Orlov and Prince Potemkin as the official favourite of Catherine II of Russia. ...

Legacy

The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters, and has become accepted wisdom mainly by repetition. 19th-Century Commanders Badge, Russian Grand Priory Brother Gerard created the Order of St John of Jerusalem as a distinctive Order from the previous Benedictine establishment of Hospitallers (Госпитальеры). It provided medical care and protection for pilgrims visiting Jerusalem. ... The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the , Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta; French: Ordre des Hospitaliers) is a Christian organization that began as an Amalfitan hospital founded in Jerusalem in 1080 to provide...

Military Parade of Emperor Paul in front of Mikhailovsky Castle painting by Alexandre Benois, taken from the art book World of Art.

Comparatively recent research has reconsidered and rehabilitated the character of Paul I. In the 1970s, two academic panels provided the assessments of new research into Paul I: one at Montreal in 1973 and the other at St. Louis in 1976. Some of the findings were presented in 1979: Paul I: A reassessment of His Life and Reign, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979. The reappraisal of Paul I has demonstrated his character as someone of high morals, who followed his conscience. His infidelity is dismissed as unlikely, and the involvement with the Order of St. John is understood against a background of his idealising their history as a lesson in high chivalric ideals which he wished the Russian nobility would adopt. Paul saw in the Russian nobles an element of degeneracy, and introducing the high ideals of the Knights of Malta was his method of reform. Paul suffered a lonely and strict upbringing, and whilst he was eccentric and neurotic, he was not mentally unbalanced. Though an analysis of his biography reveals an obsessive-compulsive personality, he had "characteristics fairly common in the population at large". Where Paul differed was that, by 1796, he had to manage the whole of the Russian Empire. In some Orthodox Christian churches Paul I is even venerated as a saint^{[citation needed]}, although he has not been officially canonized. Image File history File links Paulparade. ... Image File history File links Paulparade. ... Alexandre Nikolayevich Benois (May 4, 1870, St Petersburg - February 9, 1960, Paris) was probably the most important member of the artistic Benois family. ... World of Art is a well-known and long established series of art books from the publisher Thames & Hudson. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Year 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the , Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta; French: Ordre des Hospitaliers) is a Christian organization that began as an Amalfitan hospital founded in Jerusalem in 1080 to provide... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("Бедный, бедный Павел") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003. Kinostudiya Lenfilm (Ленфи́льм) was a production unit of the Soviet film industry), with its own film studio, located in Leningrad, R.S.F.S.R.. After the fall of Communism and the foundation of the Russian Republic, it became a quasi-private film production company, retaining its name in spite of... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Oleg I. Yankovsky Oleg Ivanovich Yankovsky (Russian: ; born February 23, 1944, Dzhezkazgan, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR) is a Soviet/Russian actor who has excelled in psychologically sophisticated roles of modern intellectuals. ... Kinotaur {Russian: ), also known as Sochi Open Russian Film Festival is an open film festival carried out in the resort city of Sochi, Russia annually in June since 1991. ...

Gallery

Pavel Petrovich as a Child (1761), by Fedor Rokotov Image File history File links Download high resolution version (497x623, 16 KB) Fedor Rokotov. ... Lady in a pink dress, 1770s Fedor Stepanovich Rokotov (Федор Степанович Рокотов 1736-1809) - was Russian painter. ...

The rooms of Gatchina palace where Grand Duke Paul spent his youth Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Gatchina is the city of 84900 inhabitants in the Leningrad oblast of the Russian Federation, 45 km south of St Petersburg by the road leading to Pskov. ...

State Arms under Emperor Paul, incorporating the cross of the Order of Malta, circa 1800

Ancestry

Duke Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp (3 February 1641, Gottorp – 6 January 1695, Gottorp) was a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and bishop of Lübeck. ... Duke Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702) was Duke of Schleswig. ... Frederika Amalia of Denmark (11 April 1649 – 30 October 1704) was duchess of Holstein-Gottorp as a wife of Duke Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp. ... Duke Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp (German: ), (1700-1739) was the son of Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp and his wife, Hedvig Sophia of Sweden. ... Charles XI (Karl XI) (November 24, 1655 – April 5, 1697) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death. ... Hedvig Sofia Augusta, Princess of Sweden (26 June 1681-22 December 1708), Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, was the eldest child of King Charles XI of Sweden, and his wife Ulrike Eleonore of Denmark. ... Ulrike Eleonora by David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl Ulrike Eleonora (1656 - 1693) (the name Ulrike is a Danish version of the name, in Swedish she is called Ulrika Eleonora the Elder), was the daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark and his wife Queen Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg. ... Peter III (February 21, 1728 – July 17, 1762) (Russian: ) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. ... Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov (In Russian Алексей Михаилович Романов) (March 9, 1629 (O.S.) - January 29, 1676 (O.S.)) was a Tsar of Russia during some of the most eventful decades of the mid-17th century. ... Peter the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр I Алексеевич Pyotr I Alekse`yevich, Пётр Великий Pyotr Veli`kiy) (9 June 1672 – 8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.][1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his... Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina (September 1, 1651 - February 4, 1694) was the Tsaritsa of Russia from 1645 to 1676. ... Portrait by Ivan Nikitin Anna Petrovna, Tsesarevna of Russia (Russian: ; 27 January 1708, Moscow – 4 March 1728, Kiel) was the eldest daughter of Emperor Peter I of Russia and Catherine I of Russia. ... Yekaterina (Catherine) I Alexeyevna (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна) (born Martha Scowronska, Latvian: , later Marfa Samuilovna Skavronskaya) (April 15, 1684 – May 17, 1727) (April 5, 1684–May 6, 1727 O.S.), the second wife of Peter the Great, reigned as Empress of Russia from 1725 until her death. ... Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst (November 29, 1690 - March 16, 1747) married, on November 8, 1727, Johanna Elisabeth von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (October 24, 1712 - May 30, 1760). ... Catherine the Great redirects here. ... Duke Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp (3 February 1641, Gottorp – 6 January 1695, Gottorp) was a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and bishop of Lübeck. ... Prince Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp (1673 - 1726) was Duke of Slesvig-Holstein, prince regent of Eutin, prince-bishop of Lubeck and regent of the duchy of Holstein-Gottorp. ... Frederika Amalia of Denmark (11 April 1649 – 30 October 1704) was duchess of Holstein-Gottorp as a wife of Duke Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp. ...

See also

• Tsars of Russia family tree

References

Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Further reading

• A reasonable and balanced picture of Paul I, can be gained from: Hugh (Ed) Paul I: A reassessment of His Life and Reign, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979
• For Paul's early life: K. Waliszewski, Autour d'un trone (Paris, 1894), or the English translation, The Story of a Throne (London, 1895), and P. Morane, Paul I. de Russie avant l'avenement (Paris, 1907)
• For Paul's reign: T. Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands unter Nikolaus I (Berlin, 1904), vol. i. and Die Ermordung Pauls, by the same author (Berlin, 1902)
• Other readings: (in Russian) V.V.Uzdenikov. Monety Rossiyi XVIII-nachala XX veka (Russian coinage from XVIII to the beginning of XX century). Moscow - 1994. ISBN 5-87613-001-X

The House of Romanov (Рома́нов, pronounced ) was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country for five generations from 1613 to 1761. ... The House of Oldenburg is a North German noble family and one of Europes most influential Royal Houses. ... Catherine the Great redirects here. ... Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ... Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich) (December 23, 1777 – December 1?, 1825) served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... Adel redirects here. ... Peter III (February 21, 1728 – July 17, 1762) (Russian: ) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. ... Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp was a duchy consisting of areas within Schleswig and Holstein, in present-day Denmark and Germany. ... The Kingdom of Denmark is geographically the smallest Nordic country and is part of the European Union. ... King Christian VII Christian VII (January 29, 1749–March 13, 1808), King of Denmark and Norway, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein. ... This is a list of Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Oldenburg. ... Friedrich August, Duke of Holstein-Oldenburg was born at Gottorp on 20 September 1711 and died at Oldenburg on 6 July 1785, the son of Christian August, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and Albertine Friederike of Baden-Durlach. ... Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim (9 November 1744 in Bolheim (Württemberg, Germany) – 12 May 1805 in (Montpellier, France) He was the 71st Grand Master of the Order of Saint John, the first German to be elected to the office. ... This is a list of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller. ... Count Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (31 October, 1736 - ) was a Russian Field Marshal and imperial courtier. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Paul I of Russia

• http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/Paul.html
• (Russian) Pavel I - Prince of Gatchina. Digest & "Bednyy, bednyy Pavel". Film Vitaliy Melnikov about Paul I of Russia
• Tsar Paul and the Question of Madness by Hugh Ragsdale
• Godunov to Nicholas II by Saul Zaklad

v • d • e Sovereign monarchs of Russia Tsars Ivan IV · Feodor I · Boris Godunov · Feodor II · False Dmitriy I · Vasili IV · Władysław IV (formally) · Michael I · Alexis I · Feodor III · Ivan V and Peter I (co-rulers) · Peter I Emperors Peter I · Catherine I · Peter II · Anna I · Ivan VI · Elizabeth · Peter III · Catherine II · Paul I · Alexander I · Nicholas I · Alexander II · Alexander III · Nicholas II

v • d • e Russian Tsareviches and Tsesareviches Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)/ Russian Empire (1721–1917) Alexei (1690 – 1718)  · Paul (1762 – 1796)  · Alexander (1796 - 1801)  · Constantine (1801 - 1825) Alexander (1825 - 1855) · Nicholas (1855 - 1865)  · Alexander (1865 - 1881)  · Nicholas (1881 - 1894) George (1894 - 1899)  · Michael (1899 - 1904)  · Alexei (1904 - 1917)