NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Paul Kane

Paul Kane (September 3, 1810 – February 20, 1871) was an Irish-Canadian painter, famous for his paintings of First Nations peoples in the Canadian West and other Native Americans in the Oregon Country. Paul Kane (1973 - ) was born in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, U.K. He began his professional writing career in 1996, providing articles and reviews for news-stand publications, and started producing dark fantasy and science fiction stories in 1998. ... Image File history File links Kane_Selfportrait. ... Image File history File links Kane_Selfportrait. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Carved mask in Vancouver First Nations is a term for ethnicity used in Canada to replace the word Indian. It refers to the Indigenous peoples of North America located in what is now Canada, and their descendants, who are not Inuit or MÃ©tis. ... An Atsina named Assiniboin Boy Native Americans in the United States (also known as Indians, American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Peoples, Aboriginal Peoples, Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, or Original Americans) are the indigenous peoples within the territory that is now encompassed by the continental United States and their descendants in... Landscape in Oregon Country, by Charles Marion Russell Map of Oregon Country Oregon Country was a region of western North America that originally consisted of the land north of 42Â°N latitude, south of 54Â°40N latitude, and west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. ...

A largely self-educated artist, Kane grew up in Toronto (then known as York) and trained himself by copying European masters on a study trip through Europe. He undertook two voyages through the wild Canadian northwest in 1845 and from 1846 to 1848. The first trip took him from Toronto to Sault Ste. Marie and back. Having secured the support of the Hudson's Bay Company, he set out on a second, much longer voyage from Toronto across the Rocky Mountains to Fort Vancouver and Fort Victoria in the Columbia District, as the Canadians called the Oregon Country. Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is self-education or self-directed learning. ... Template:Hide = Motto: Template:Unhide = Diversity Our Strength Established: March 6, 1834 Area: East to West: 43 km North to South: 21 km629. ... York was the original name of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... Template:Hide = Motto: Template:Unhide = Naturally Gifted Established: {{{Established}}} Area: 715 kmÂ² Population: - Total (2001 Census) 74,566 Ranked 59th Population density: 110. ... The Hudsons Bay Company (HBC. TSX: HBC) is the oldest corporation in Canada (and the second oldest in North America) and is one of the oldest in the world still in existence. ... White Goat Wilderness Area, Alberta, Canada The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a broad mountain range in western North America. ... Fort Vancouver Fort Vancouver was a 19th century fur trading outpost along the Columbia River that served as the headquarters of the Hudsons Bay Company in the Oregon Country. ... The arms of Victoria. ... Columbia District was a regional department of the Hudsons Bay Company, and included all of the Columbia River basin, extending as far north as the Thompson River. ...

On both trips Kane sketched and painted Aboriginal peoples and documented their lives. Upon his return to Toronto, he produced more than one hundred oil paintings from these sketches. Kane's work, particularly his field sketches, are still a valuable resource for ethnologists. The oil paintings he completed in his studio are considered a part of the Canadian heritage, although he often embellished them considerably, departing from the accuracy of his field sketches in favour of more dramatic scenes. Mona Lisa, Oil on wood panel painting by Leonardo da Vinci La Donna Velata, painted in 1516, Oil on wood panel painting by Raphael Oil painting is done on surfaces with pigment ground into a medium of oil â€” especially in early modern Europe, linseed oil. ... Ethnology (greek ethnos: (non-greek, barbarian) people) is a genre of anthropological study, involving the systematic comparison of the folklore, beliefs and practices of different societies. ...

Early life and formative years

Kane was born in Mallow, County Cork¹ in Ireland, the fifth child of the eight children of Michael Kane and Frances Loach. His father, a soldier from Preston, Lancashire, England, served in the Royal Horse Artillery until his discharge in 1801. The family then settled in Ireland. Sometime between 1819 and 1822, they emigrated to Upper Canada and settled in York, which would later, in March 1834, become Toronto. There, Kane's father operated a shop as a spirits and wine merchant. Mallow (Mala, Magh Eala, and other variations in Irish) is the Crossroads of Munster and the administrative capital of north County Cork, in Ireland. ... Preston is a city and local government district in North West England. ... Lancashire is a county in the North of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population â€“ Total (mid-2004) â€“ Total (2001 Census) â€“ Density Ranked 1st... Map of Upper Canada (orange) Upper Canada was a British territory in the Canadian province of Ontario. ... Various distilled beverages in a Spanish bar A distilled beverage, also called spirits or liquor, is a preparation for consumption containing ethyl alcohol purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as wine, malt, or grain. ... The term vintner is applied to wine merchants as well as (erroneously) winemakers. ...

Not much is known about Paul Kane's youth in York, which at that time was a small settlement of a few thousand people. He went to school there and then received some training in painting by an art teacher named Thomas Drury at the Upper Canada College around 1830. In July 1834, he displayed some of his paintings in the first (and only) exhibition of The Society of Artists and Amateurs in Toronto, gaining a favourable review by a local newspaper, The Patriot.^[Jam1996] Image File history File links Kane_Mrs_Clench. ... Image File history File links Kane_Mrs_Clench. ... Upper Canada College (UCC) is an all-male elementary and secondary school in Toronto, Canada, the oldest independent school in the province of Ontario, and the third oldest school in Canada. ...

Kane began a career as a sign and furniture painter at York, moving to Cobourg, Ontario, in 1834. At Cobourg, he took up a job in the furniture factory of Freeman Schermerhorn Clench, but also painted several portraits of the local personalities, including the sheriff and his employer's wife. In 1836 Kane moved to Detroit, Michigan, where the American artist James Bowman was living. The two had met earlier at York. Bowman had persuaded Kane that studying art in Europe was a necessity for an aspiring painter, and they had planned to travel to Europe together. But Kane had to postpone the trip, as he was short of money to pay for the passage to Europe and Bowman had married shortly before and was not inclined to leave his family. For the next five years, Kane toured the American Midwest, working as a itinerant portrait painter, travelling to New Orleans. Cobourg (2001 population 17,172) is a town on Lake Ontario some 75 km east of Toronto. ... Roman-Egyptian funeral portrait of a young boy A portrait is a painting, photograph, or other artistic representation of a person. ... Nickname: The Motor City, Motown Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (Latin for, We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) Official website: www. ... Official language(s) English de-facto Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 11th 96,716 miÂ² 250,494 kmÂ² 239 miles 385 km 491 miles 790 km 41. ... Americas first well-known school of paintingâ€”the Hudson River Schoolâ€”appeared in 1820. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Nickname: The Crescent City, The Big Easy, The City That Care Forgot, The Dirty Dirty Motto: Official website: http://www. ...

In June 1841, Kane left America, sailing from New Orleans aboard a ship bound for Marseilles in France, arriving there about three months later. Unable to afford formal art studies at an art school or with an established master, he toured Europe for the next two years, visiting art museums wherever he could and studying and copying the works of old masters. Until autumn 1842 he stayed in Italy, before trekking across the Great St. Bernard Pass, moving to Paris and from there on to London. In London he met George Catlin, an American painter who had painted Native Americans on the prairies and who now was on a promotion tour for his book, Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs and Conditions of the North American Indians. Catlin lectured at Egyptian Hall at Piccadilly, where he also exhibited some of his paintings. In his book Catlin argued that the culture of the Native Americans was disappearing and should be recorded before passing into oblivion. Kane found the argument compelling and decided to similarly document the Canadian Aboriginal peoples. Marseilles redirects here. ... Art school is a colloquial term for any educational institution (whether secondary, post-secondary/undergraduate, or graduate/postgraduate) with a primary focus on the visual arts, especially graphic design, illustration, painting, photography, and sculpture. ... An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art, and usually primarily paintings and sculpture. ... Hospice at the Great St Bernard, with ancient road in foreground. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world Paris is Frances capital and largest city, straddling the river Seine in the north central part of the country. ... The Houses of Parliament and the clock tower containing Big Ben Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London (see Wiktionary:London for the name in other languages) is the capital of the United Kingdom and England. ... George Catlin (1796 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania â€“ December 23, 1872 in Jersey City, New Jersey) was an American painter who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West. ... A prairie is an area of land of low topographic relief that principally supports grasses and herbs, with few trees, and is generally of a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. ... Piccadilly is a major London street, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. ...

Kane returned in early 1843 to Mobile, Alabama, where he set up a studio and worked as a portrait painter until he had paid back the money borrowed for his voyage to Europe. He returned to Toronto late 1844 or early 1845 and immediately began preparing for a trip to the west. Motto: Nickname: The Azalea City Map Political Statistics Founded 1702 Incorporated 1814 Mobile County Mayor Sam Jones Geographic Statistics Area - Total - Land - Water 412. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 30th 135,775 kmÂ² 306 km 531 km 3. ...

Travels in the Northwest

Kane set out on his own on June 17, 1845, travelling along the northern shores of the Great Lakes, visiting first the Saugeen reservation.^[Reid1988] After weeks of sketching, he reached Sault Ste. Marie between Lake Superior and Lake Huron in summer 1845. He had intended to travel further west, but John Ballenden, an experienced officer of the Hudson's Bay Company stationed at Sault Ste. Marie, told him of the many difficulties and perils of travelling alone through the western territories and advised Kane to attempt such a feat only with the support of the company. After the Hudson's Bay Company had taken over its competitor, the North West Company of Montreal, in 1821, the whole territory west of the Great Lakes until the Pacific Ocean and the Oregon Country was Hudson's Bay land, a largely uncharted wilderness with about a hundred isolated outposts of the company along the major fur trade routes. Kane returned to Toronto for the winter, elaborating his field sketches to oil canvases, and in spring of the next year, he went to the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company at Lachine (today part of Montreal) and asked company governor George Simpson for support for his travel plans. Simpson was impressed by Kane's artistic ability, but at the same time worried that Kane might not have the stamina needed to travel with the fur brigades of the company. He granted Kane passage on company canoes only as far as Lake Winnipeg, with the promise of full passage if the artist did well until then. At the same time, he commissioned Kane to do paintings of Indian lifestyle for him, with some very detailed instructions as to the subjects. Image File history File links Kane_Lake_Huron_Sketch. ... Image File history File links Kane_Lake_Huron_Sketch. ... The Ojibwa, Aanishanabe or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway, Anishinaabe, or Anishinabek) are the largest group of Native Americans/First Nations north of Mexico, including MÃ©tis. ... Georgian Bay is a large bay of Lake Huron, located in Ontario, Canada. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the group of North American lakes. ... The Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory are a First Nation located in Ontario, Canada. ... Template:Hide = Motto: Template:Unhide = Naturally Gifted Established: {{{Established}}} Area: 715 kmÂ² Population: - Total (2001 Census) 74,566 Ranked 59th Population density: 110. ... Lake Superior, viewed from Au Train Bay in Alger County, Michigan Lake Superior (known as Gichigami in an Ojibwe language), bounded by Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, is the largest of North Americas Great Lakes. ... The Great Lakes from space; Lake Huron is the third from the left. ... The Hudsons Bay Company (HBC. TSX: HBC) is the oldest corporation in Canada (and the second oldest in North America) and is one of the oldest in the world still in existence. ... Today, the North West Company is a grocery vendor in remote communities across northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland. ... City motto: Concordia Salus (Latin: Well-being through harmony) Province Quebec Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area - % water 366. ... Landscape in Oregon Country, by Charles Marion Russell Map of Oregon Country Oregon Country was a region of western North America that originally consisted of the land north of 42Â°N latitude, south of 54Â°40N latitude, and west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. ... // Indian trade The fur trade (also called the Indian trade) was a huge part of the early history of contact in North America between European-Americans and American Indians (now often called Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada). ... Lachine is a former city on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada. ... Sir George Simpson (c. ... Aluminum canoe, Upper Klamath Lake A canoe is a relatively small boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. ... Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba, on Lake Winnipeg Lake Winnipeg (52Â°30â€²N 97Â°47â€²W) is a very large (24,400 kmÂ²) lake in central North America, in the province of Manitoba, Canada, about 55 km north of the city of Winnipeg. ...

Going west

On May 9, 1846, Kane departed by steamboat from Toronto with the intent to join a canoe brigade from Lachine at Sault Ste. Marie. After an overnight stop, he missed the boat, which had left in the morning earlier than advertised, and he had to race after it by canoe. Arriving at the Sault, he learned that the canoe brigade had already left, so he sailed aboard a freight schooner to Fort William on Thunder Bay. He finally caught up with the canoes about 35 miles beyond Fort William on the Kaministiquia River on May 24. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (873x522, 147 KB) Encampment, Winnipeg River, field sketch done by Paul Kane (1810 - 1871) on June 10, 1846, showing the canoe brigade with which he was travelling westward preparing their camp for the night while being visited by some Saulteaux. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (873x522, 147 KB) Encampment, Winnipeg River, field sketch done by Paul Kane (1810 - 1871) on June 10, 1846, showing the canoe brigade with which he was travelling westward preparing their camp for the night while being visited by some Saulteaux. ... The Winnipeg River is a Canadian river which flows from Lake of the Woods in the province of Ontario to Lake Winnipeg in the province of Manitoba and eventually empties into Hudson Bay via the Nelson River. ... The Saulteaux are a First Nation in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... It has been suggested that paddle steamers be merged into this article or section. ... Two-masted fishing schooner A schooner (IPA: ) is a type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts. ... Fort William was a city in Northern Ontario, located on the Kaministiquia River, at its entrance to Lake Superior. ... Thunder Bay is a large bay at the western end of Lake Superior. ... The Kaministiquia River is a Canadian river which empties into western Lake Superior at the city of Thunder Bay. ...

By June 4 Kane reached Fort Frances, where a pass from Simpson for travelling further was awaiting him. His next stop was the Red River Settlement (near modern-day Winnipeg). There, he embarked on a three-week excursion by horse, joining a large Métis hunting band that went buffalo hunting in Sioux lands in Dakota. On June 26 Kane witnessed and participated in one of the last great buffalo hunts that within a few decades decimated the animals to near-extinction. Upon his return he continued by canoe and sailing boats by way of Norway House, Grand Rapids, and The Pas up the Saskatchewan River to Fort Carlton. For variety, he continued from there on horseback to Fort Edmonton, witnessing a Cree buffalo pound hunt along the way. Fort Frances, Ontario is a town, located in the northwestern part of Ontario, Canada. ... The Red River Colony was a colonization project set up by Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk in 1811 on 300 000 km² of land granted to him by the Hudsons Bay Company under what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession. ... Motto: Unum Cum Virtute Multorum (One With the Strength of Many) Area: 465. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mestizo. ... The Sioux (also Dakota) are a Native American tribe. ... Dakota (borrowed from the autonym of the Sioux people) may refer to: A group of Amerindian tribes (see Sioux), or lands named after them: The related tribes in Minnesota known as the Santee or Dakota Oyate (Nation), including the Prairie Island (Mdewakanton and Wahpekute) Indian Community, the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux... Binomial name Bison bison Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies B. b. ... Grand Rapids is a town in Manitoba, Canada located on the northwestern shore of Lake Winnipeg where the Saskatchewan River enters the lake. ... The Pas is a town in Manitoba, Canada, located at 54 N 101 W, some 630 km north of the provincial capital, Winnipeg. ... The Saskatchewan River is a major river in Canada, approximately 550 km (340 mi) long, flowing roughly eastward across Saskatchewan and Manitoba to drain into Lake Winnipeg. ... Fort Edmonton, circa 1900 Piper and NWMP lead a parade for costumed interpreters. ... This article is about the indigenous people; for the American corporation, see Cree Inc. ...

On October 6, 1846, Kane left Edmonton for Fort Assiniboine, where he again embarked with a canoe brigade up the Athabasca River to Jasper's House, arriving on November 3. Here he joined a large horse troop bound west, but the party soon had to send the horses back to Jasper's House and continue on snowshoes, taking only the essentials with them, because Athabasca Pass was already too deeply snowed in that late in the year. They crossed the pass on November 12 and three days later joined a canoe brigade that had been waiting to take them down the Columbia River. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (874x512, 112 KB) Jaspers House, field sketch 1847 by Paul Kane (1810 - 1871). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (874x512, 112 KB) Jaspers House, field sketch 1847 by Paul Kane (1810 - 1871). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in Leap years). ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Fort Assinniboine, a fort in the U.S. state of Montana, was built in the aftermath of the disastrous defeat of U.S. Army forces led by General Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn on June 25, 1876. ... Hudsons Bay Companys scow in Athabasca River, circa 1910 The Athabasca River originates from the Athabasca Glacier of the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park in Alberta. ... Jasper, Alberta Jasper is a town within Jasper National Park in the Canadian province of Alberta. ... A pair of modern showshoes Snowshoes, sometimes colloquially referred to as webs, are footwear for walking over snow. ... The Athabasca Pass (1753 metres) is a pass through the Canadian Rockies. ... Columbia River Gorge, Washington or North side The Columbia River (French: fleuve Columbia) is a river situated in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. ...

In the Oregon country

Finally, Kane arrived on December 8, 1846, at Fort Vancouver, the main trading post and headquarter of the Hudson's Bay Company in the Oregon Territory. He stayed there over winter, sketching among and studying the Chinookan and other tribes in the vicinity and making several excursions, including a longer one of three weeks through the Willamette Valley. He enjoyed the social life at Fort Vancouver, which at that time was being visited by the British ship Modeste, and became friends with Peter Skene Ogden. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (870x690, 263 KB) Interior of a Ceremonial Lodge in the Columbia River region. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (870x690, 263 KB) Interior of a Ceremonial Lodge in the Columbia River region. ... December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Fort Vancouver Fort Vancouver was a 19th century fur trading outpost along the Columbia River that served as the headquarters of the Hudsons Bay Company in the Oregon Country. ... The Oregon Territory is the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain, as well as to the organized U.S. territory formed from it that existed between 1848 and 1859. ... Interior of a Chinookan plankhouse in the 1850s Chinookan refers to several groups of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. ... The Willamette Valley The Willamette Valley The Willamette Valley is the region in northwest Oregon in the United States that surrounds the Willamette River as it proceeds northward from its emergence from mountains near Eugene to its confluence with the Columbia River. ... Peter Skene Ogden, alternately Skeene, Skein or Skeen (baptised 12 February 1790 â€“ September 27, 1854) was a Canadian explorer of the American West. ...

On May 25, 1847, Kane set out by canoe to Fort Victoria, which had been founded shortly before to become the new company headquarter, as the operations at Fort Vancouver were to be wound down and relocated following the conclusion of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which fixed the continental border between Canada and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel north. Kane went up the Cowlitz River and stayed for a week among the tribes living there in the vicinity of Mount Saint Helens before continuing on horseback to Nisqually (today Tacoma) and then by canoe again to Fort Victoria. He stayed for two months in that area, travelling and sketching among the Native Americans on Vancouver Island and around the Juan de Fuca Strait and the Strait of Georgia. He returned to Fort Vancouver in mid-June, from where he departed to return back east on July 1, 1847. May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty with Great Britain, in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains (known as the Oregon Treaty or Treaty of Washington) was a bilateral treaty signed between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States in 1846, and brought an end to the longstanding... White Goat Wilderness Area, Alberta, Canada The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a broad mountain range in western North America. ... The 49th parallel of north latitude forms part of the international boundary between Canada and the United States from Manitoba to British Columbia on the Canadian side and from Minnesota to Washington on the U.S. side. ... The Cowlitz River is a river in the state of Washington in the United States, a tributary of the Columbia River. ... Mount St. ... Nisqually can mean either: Nisqually River, or Nisqually (tribe) Native American tribe This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Tacoma, with Mount Rainier in background You may be looking for Takoma or Tacoma class frigate. ... Vancouver Island is separated from mainland British Columbia by the Strait of Georgia and the Queen Charlotte Strait, and from Washington State by the Juan De Fuca Strait. ... The Strait of Juan de Fuca separates Vancouver Island from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state. ... Strait of Georgia at sunset The Straight of Georgia (also known as Georgia Strait and the Gulf of Georgia) is a 240 km (150 mi)-long strait between Vancouver Island (as well as its nearby Gulf Islands) and the mainland Pacific coast of British Columbia, Canada. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Crossing the Rockies again

By mid-July Kane had reached Fort Walla Walla², where he made a minor detour to visit the Whitman Mission that a few months later would be the site of the Whitman massacre. He went with Marcus Whitman to visit the Cayuse living in the area and even drew a portrait of Tomahas (Kane gives the name as "To-ma-kus"), the man who would later be named as Whitman's murderer. According to Kane's travel report, the relations between the Cayuse and the settlers at the mission were already strained by the time of his visit in July. This site commemorates the courage of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, the role the Whitmans played in establishing the Oregon Trail, and the challenges encountered when two different cultures meet. ... Marcus Whitman The Whitman massacre (also known as the Walla Walla massacre) was the murder in the Oregon Country on November 29, 1847 of U.S. missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa, along with 15 others, by Cayuse and Umatilla Indians. ... Marcus Whitman Narcissa Whitman Marcus Whitman (September 4, 1802â€“November 29, 1847) was an American physician and missionary in the Oregon Country. ... Cayuse & Sahaptin Tribal Representatives to Washington D.C. (1890) Cayuse Umapine (Wakonkonwelasonmi), a Cayuse chief, September, 1909 The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in the state of Oregon in the United States. ...

Kane continued with one guide by horseback through the Grande Coulée to Fort Colville, where he stayed for six weeks, sketching and painting the natives who had set up a fishing camp below Kettle Falls at this time of the Salmon run. On September 22, 1847, Kane assumed command of a canoe brigade up the Columbia river and arrived on October 10 at Boat Encampment³. There, the party had to wait for three weeks until a badly delayed horse trek from Jasper arrived. Then they switched, the horse team taking over the canoes and going down the Columbia river again and Kane's group loading their cargo on the horses and taking them back over Athabasca Pass. They managed to bring all 56 horses safe and without loss to Jasper's House despite the heavy snow and intense cold. As the canoes that should have been awaiting them had already left, they were forced to set out on snowshoes and with a dog sled to Fort Assiniboine, where they arrived after much hardship and without food two weeks later. After a few days' rest, they continued to Fort Edmonton, where they spent the winter. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (875x507, 117 KB) A Winter Scene in the Rockies, field sketch 1846 by Paul Kane (1810 - 1871). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (875x507, 117 KB) A Winter Scene in the Rockies, field sketch 1846 by Paul Kane (1810 - 1871). ... The Grand Coulee The Grand Coulee is an ancient river bed in the U.S. state of Washington. ... The Hudsons Bay Company established Fort Colville in 1825. ... Kettle Falls is a city located in Stevens County, Washington. ... The salmon run is the time at which salmon swim back up the rivers in which they were born to spawn and die. ... September 22 is the 265th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (266th in leap years). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Kane passed the time at the fort with Buffalo hunting and also sketched among the Cree living in the vicinity. In January he undertook an excursion to Fort Pitt, some 200 miles down the Saskatchewan River, and then returned to Edmonton. In April he visited Rocky Mountain House, where he wanted to meet Blackfoot. When these did not turn up, he returned to Edmonton. Fort Pitt refers to two forts: Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania, and Fort Pitt, Kent. ... The Saskatchewan River is a major river in Canada, approximately 550 km (340 mi) long, flowing roughly eastward across Saskatchewan and Manitoba to drain into Lake Winnipeg. ... // General Information Rocky Mountain House is a town of 6 584 people in west central Alberta, Canada at the confluence of the Clearwater River and the North Saskatchewan Rivers. ... Bear Bull The Blackfoot Confederacy is the collective name of three First Nations in Alberta and one Native American tribe in Montana. ...

Return back east

On May 25, 1848, Kane left Fort Edmonton, travelling with a large party of 23 boats and 130 people bound for York Factory, led by John Edward Harriott. On June 1 they met with a large war party of some 1,500 warriors of Blackfoot and other tribes who were planning a raid against the Cree and Assiniboine. On that occasion Kane met the Blackfoot chief Big Snake (Omoxesisixany). The canoe brigade stayed as briefly as possible and then continued hastily down the river. On June 18 they arrived at Norway House, where Kane stayed for a month, waiting for the annual meeting of the chief factors of the Hudson's Bay Company and the arrival of the party with which he was bound to travel further. On July 24 he departed with the party of one Major McKenzie; they travelled along the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg to Fort Alexander. From there on Kane followed the same route he had taken two years earlier going west: by the Lake of the Woods, Fort Frances, and Rainy Lake, he travelled by canoe to Fort William and then along the northern shore of Lake Superior until he reached Sault Ste. Marie on October 1, 1848. From there he returned by steamboat to Toronto, where he landed on October 13. He noted in his book on this last leg of his journey: "the greatest hardship that I had to endure [now] was the difficulty in trying to sleep in a civilized bed". Image File history File links Download high resolution version (950x600, 160 KB) Fort Edmonton; painting by Paul Kane (1810 - 1871), 1849â€“56. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (950x600, 160 KB) Fort Edmonton; painting by Paul Kane (1810 - 1871), 1849â€“56. ... The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river flowing east from the Canadian Rockies to Lake Winnipeg. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ruperts Land, showing the location of York Factory York Factory was a historic settlement and longtime headquarters of the Hudsons Bay Company in North America, located on the southwestern shore of Hudson Bay in present-day northeastern Manitoba, Canada. ... Bear Bull The Blackfoot Confederacy is the collective name of three First Nations in Alberta and one Native American tribe in Montana. ... The Assiniboine, also known as the Assnipwan or sometimes the Stone Sioux, are a Native American people, originally from the Northern Great Plains area of North America, specifically in present-day Montana and parts of Canada around the US/Canadian border. ... Fort Alexander is a community in Manitoba, located on the Sagkeeng First Nation. ... Lake of the Woods from space, May 1998 Lake of the Woods. ... Fort Frances, Ontario is a town, located in the northwestern part of Ontario, Canada. ... The Rainy River is a river, approximately 85 mi (140 km), that forms part of the U.S.-Canada border separating northern Minnesota and northwestern Ontario. ... Lake Superior, viewed from Au Train Bay in Alger County, Michigan Lake Superior (known as Gichigami in an Ojibwe language), bounded by Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, is the largest of North Americas Great Lakes. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Life in Toronto

Kane now permanently settled in Toronto; he went west only once more when he was hired by a British party in 1849 as a guide and interpreter, but they only went as far as the Red River Settlement. An exhibition of 240 of his sketches in November 1848 in Toronto met with great success, and a second exhibition in September 1852 showing eight oil canvases was also received favourably.^[ROM2005] George William Allan took note of the artist and became his most important patron, commissioning one hundred oil paintings for the price of C$20,000 in 1852, which effectively enabled Kane to live a life as a professional artist. Kane also succeeded in 1851 to convince the Canadian Parliament to commission twelve paintings for the sum of 500£, which he delivered in late 1856. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (569x640, 80 KB)Paul Kane (1810 â€“ 1871), c. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (569x640, 80 KB)Paul Kane (1810 â€“ 1871), c. ... The Red River Colony was a colonization project set up by Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk in 1811 on 300 000 km² of land granted to him by the Hudsons Bay Company under what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession. ... George Allan For the Canadian Member of Parliament born in 1860, see George William Allan (Canadian MP). ... The dollar (currency code CAD) has been the currency of Canada since 1858. ... The Parliament of Canada (in French: le Parlement du Canada) is Canadas legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. ... The pound as a unit of currency, may mean: British Pound sterling or GBP (Great Britain Pound, represented by the pound sign: Â£), issued by the Bank of England for use in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. ...

In 1853, Kane married Harriet Clench (1823–92), the daughter of his former employer at Cobourg. David Wilson, a contemporary historian of the University of Toronto, reported that she was a skilled painter and writer herself. They had four children, two sons and two daughters. The University of Toronto (U of T), in Toronto, Ontario, is the largest university in Canada. ...

Until 1857, Kane fulfilled his commissions: more than 120 oil canvases for Allan, the Parliament, and Simpson. His works were shown at the World's Fair at Paris in 1855, where they were reviewed very positively, and some of them were even sent to Buckingham Palace in 1858 for consideration by the Queen. By that time Kane had also prepared a manuscript derived from his travel notes and sent to a publishing house in London for publication. When he did not hear back from them, he travelled to London himself, and with the support of Simpson got the book published the next year. It had the title Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America from Canada to Vancouver's Island and Oregon through the Hudson's Bay Company's Territory and Back Again and was originally published by Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts in London in 1859, beautifully illustrated with many lithographies of his own sketches and paintings. Kane had dedicated the book to Allan, which upset Simpson considerably such that he broke off his relations with Kane. The book was an immediate success and had appeared by 1863 in French, Danish, and German editions. Images of the Palais dIndustrie The Exposition Universelle of 1855 was a Worlds Fair held in Paris, France. ... Buckingham Palace and the Victoria Memorial. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819 â€“ 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and Empress of India from 1 January 1877, until her death. ... Lithography is a method for printing on a smooth surface. ...

Kane's eyesight was failing rapidly in the 1860s and forced him to abandon painting altogether. Frederick Arthur Verner, who had been inspired by Kane and himself an artist of "western" scenes, became an acquaintance and friend. Verner did three portraits of the ageing Paul Kane, one of which is today also at the Royal Ontario Museum. Kane died unexpectedly one winter morning in his home, just having gotten back from his daily walk. He is buried at the St. James Cemetery in Toronto.^[ROM2005] Frederick Arthur Verner (February 26, 1836 â€“ May 16, 1928) was a Canadian painter, famous for his landscape and scenery paintings from the Canadian plains in the west. ...

Works

The bulk of Kane's oeuvre are the more than 700 sketches he made during his two voyages to the west and the more than one hundred oil canvases he later elaborated from them in his studio in Toronto. Of his early portraits done at York or Cobourg before his travels, Harper writes, "[they] are primitive in approach but have a direct appeal and a warm colouring that make them attractive".^[Harp1971] The rest are an unknown number of paintings from his time as an itinerant portraitist in the United States, plus a number of copies of classic paintings he did while in Europe. Image File history File links Kane_Flathead_Child. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1066x1567, 190 KB) Caw Wacham. Field sketch of Paul Kane (1810 - 1871), 1847. ... Image File history File links Kane_Caw_Wacham. ... Image File history File links Kane_Caw_Wacham. ...

Kane's fame rests in his depictions of Native American life. His field sketches were done in pencil, watercolour, or oil on paper. He also brought back from his trips a collection of various artefacts such as masks, pipe stems, and other handicrafts. Together, these formed the basis for his later studio work. He drew on this pool of impressions for his large oil canvases, in which he typically combined or reinterpreted them to create new compositions. The field sketches are a valuable resource for ethnologists, but the oil paintings, while still truthful in the individual details of Native American lifestyle, are often unfaithful to geographic, historic, or ethnographic settings in their overall compositions.

One well-known example of this process is Kane's painting Flathead woman and child, in which he combined a sketch of a Chinookan baby having its head flattened by being strapped to a cradle board with a later field portrait of a Cowlitz woman living in a different region. Another example of how Kane elaborated his sketches can be seen in his painting Indian encampment on Lake Huron, which is based on a sketch taken in summer 1845 during his first trip to Sault Ste. Marie. The painting has a distinct romantic flair accentuated by the lighting and the dramatic clouds, while the scene of the camp life depicted is reminiscent of a European idealized rural peasant scene. Interior of a Chinookan plankhouse in the 1850s Chinookan refers to several groups of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. ... Painting from 1847 by Paul Kane, showing a Chinookan child in the process of having its head flattened. ... A cradle board is a typical North American baby carrier used to keep babies secure and comfortable and at the same time allowing the mothers freedom to work and travel. ... Romanticism was a secular and intellectual movement in the history of ideas that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. ...

Indeed, Kane often created completely fictitious scenes from several sketches for his oil paintings. His oil canvas of Mount St. Helens erupting shows a major and dramatic volcanic eruption, but from his travel diary and the field sketches he made, it is evident that the mountain had only been smoking gently at the time of Kane's visit. (It had, however, erupted three years earlier.) In other paintings he combined river sketches taken at different times and places into one painting, creating an artificial landscape that does not exist in reality. His painting of The Death of Big Snake shows an entirely imaginary scene: the Blackfoot chief Omoxesisixany died only in 1858, more than two years after the painting was completed. Image File history File links Kane_Lake_Huron_Oil. ... Image File history File links Kane_Lake_Huron_Oil. ... â€¹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... Bear Bull The Blackfoot Confederacy is the collective name of three First Nations in Alberta and one Native American tribe in Montana. ...

His models were the classic European paintings, but Kane also had plain economic reasons for composing his oil paintings in the more mannered style of the European art tradition. He wanted and had to sell his paintings to make a living, and he knew his clientele well enough: his patrons were unlikely to decorate their homes with unadorned copies in oil of his field sketches; they demanded something more presentable and closer to the generally Eurocentric expectations of the time.^[EU1995]

Kane's embellishment is evident in his painting Assiniboine hunting buffalo, one of the twelve done for the parliament. The painting has been criticized for its horses, which look more like Arabians than any Indian breed. The composition has even been found to be a based on an 1816 engraving from Italy showing two Romans hunting a bull. Already in 1877, Nicholas Flood Davin commented on this discrepancy, stating that "the Indian horses are Greek horses, the hills have much of the colour and form of those of [...] the early European landscape painters, ..." And Lawrence J. Burpee added in his introduction to the 1925 reprint of Kane's travel book that the sketches were "truer interpretations of the wild western life" and had "in some respects a higher value as art".^[Garv1925] Twentieth century and later art theory is less judging than Burpee but agrees insofar as Kane's field sketches are generally considered more accurate and authentic. "Kane was the recorder in the field and the artist in the studio", write Davis and Thacker.^[DT1986] Image File history File links Kane_Assiniboine_hunting_buffalo. ... Image File history File links Kane_Assiniboine_hunting_buffalo. ... An Arabian mare The Arabian horse first appeared in the Arabian Peninsula at least 2,500 years B.C. They were carefully bred to maintain desirable features (e. ... Lawrence Johnston Burpee (March 5, 1873 â€“ October 13, 1946) was a Canadian librarian and author. ...

Kane is generally considered a classic and one of the most important Canadian painters. The eleven surviving paintings done for the parliament⁴ were transferred in 1955 to the National Gallery of Canada. The large Allan collection was bought by Edmund Boyd Osler in 1903 and donated to the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto in 1912. A collection of 229 sketches was sold by Kane's grandson Paul Kane III for about US$100,000 to the Stark Museum of Art in Orange, Texas, in 1957.^[MacL1997] National Gallery of Canada on Canada Day. ... Edmund Boyd Osler (1845 â€“ August 4, 1924) was a Canadian banker and politician. ... The mosaic ceiling of the rotunda entrance to the museum. ... The Stark Museum of Art is an establishment located in the City of Orange, Texas. ... Orange is a city located in Orange County, Texas. ...

A rare painting of his showing British surveyor John Henry Lefroy, which had been in possession of the Lefroy family in England, garnered a record price at an auction at Sotheby's in Toronto on February 25, 2002, when Canadian billionaire Kenneth Thomson^[CTV2002] won the bid at C$5,062,500 including the buyer's premium (US$3,172,567.50 at the time).^[MAD2002] Thomson subsequently donated the painting as part of his Thomson Collection to the Art Gallery of Ontario. The Glenbow Museum in Calgary has a copy of this painting that is thought to have been done by Kane's wife Harriet Clench.^[Stof2002] Another auction at Sotheby's on November 22, 2004, for Kane's oil painting Encampment, Winnipeg River (after the field sketch shown above) failed when bidding stopped at C$1.7 million, less than the expected sale price of C$2–2.5 million.^[CTV2004] Image File history File links Kane_The_Surveyor. ... Image File history File links Kane_The_Surveyor. ... The dollar (currency code CAD) has been the currency of Canada since 1858. ... Surveying is concerned with the application of mathematics and physics in obtaining accurate measurements for the determination of the position of points on the Earths surface. ... John Henry Lefroy, ca. ... PR shot of Sothebys New York, from auditions for The Apprentice 2 Sothebys is a noted auction house. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Cusco album, see 2002 (album). ... The Right Honourable Kenneth Roy Thomson, born September 1, 1923 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is the 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet and a businessman and art collector. ... The main entrance to the AGO The Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) is an art museum on the eastern edge of Torontos downtown Chinatown district, on Dundas Street West between McCaul Street and Beverley Street. ... The Glenbow Museum is Western Canadas largest museum, with over 93,000 square feet of exhibition space in more than 20 galleries, showcasing a selection of the Glenbows collection of over a million objects. ... Motto: Heart of the new west Area: 712. ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) 2004 World Health Day topic was Road Safety (by World Health Organization) Year of the Monkey (by the Chinese calendar) See the world in...

Kane's travel report, published originally in London in 1859, was a great success already in its time and has been reprinted several times in the twentieth century. In 1986 Dawkins criticized Kane's work based mainly on this travel account, but also on the "European" nature of his oil paintings, as showing the imperialistic or even racist tendencies of the artist.^[Daw1986] This view remains rather singular among art historians. Kane's travel diary, which formed the basis for the 1859 book, does not contain any pejorative judgements. MacLaren reported that Kane's travel notes were written in a style very different from the published text, such that it must be considered highly likely that the book was heavily edited by others or even ghostwritten to turn Kane's notes into a Victorian travel account, and that it was thus difficult at best to ascribe any perceived racism to the artist himself.^[MacL1988]

Legacy and influence

As one of the first Canadian painters who could earn a living from his artwork alone, Kane prepared the ground for many later artists. His travels inspired others to similar journeys, and a very direct artistic influence is evident in the case of F. A. Verner, whose mentor Kane became in his later years. According to Harper, the early Lucius O'Brien was also influenced by Kane's work.^[Harp1971] Kane's 1848 exhibition of his sketches, which included 155 watercolour and 85 oil on paper paintings, helped establish the genre in the minds of the public and cleared the way for artists like William Cresswell or Daniel Fowler, who both were able to make a living from their watercolour paintings.^[MacL1997] Frederick Arthur Verner (February 26, 1836 â€“ May 16, 1928) was a Canadian painter, famous for his landscape and scenery paintings from the Canadian plains in the west. ... Lucius OBrien Lucius Richard OBrien (15 August 1832 â€“ 13 December 1899) was born in Shanty Bay, Ontario and practiced as a civil engineer until he became a professional painter. ... The homecoming, oil painting from 1864 William Nichol Cresswell (March 12, 1818 â€“ June 19, 1888; his middle name is sometimes also given as Nicol[l]) was a British painter who emigrated to Canada in 1848. ...

Both his 1848 exhibition of the sketches and the later 1852 show of some of his oil paintings were great success and lauded by several newspapers.^[ROM2005] Kane was the most prominent painter in Upper Canada in his time. He frequently entered his paintings at art exhibitions and won numerous prizes for his works. He dominated the scene throughout the 1850s, even to the point where an art jury all but presented their excuses when they did not award him the prize in the category for historical paintings at the annual exhibition of the Upper Canada Agricultural Society in 1852. (Kane won that prize consecutively in all years until 1859, though.)^[Harp1963]

Kane was one of the first, if not the first, tourist to travel across the Canadian west and the Pacific north-west. Through his sketches and paintings, and later also his book, the public at large in Upper and Lower Canada for the first time caught a glimpse of the peoples and their lifestyles in this vast and barely known territory. Kane had set out with a sincere desire to accurately portray his experiences—the landscape, the people, their tools. Yet it was primarily his embellished studio work that gained public appeal and made him famous. His idealized oil paintings and the similarly transformed travel notes that became his book were both a factor in the establishment and spreading of the perception of the North American indigenous people as Noble savages, contrary to what the artist had intended.^[Bessai] The more truthful field sketches were "rediscovered" and valued by a wider audience only in the twentieth century. A tourist boat travels the River Seine in Paris, France Tourism can be defined as the act of travel for the purpose of recreation, and the provision of services for this act. ... Map of Upper Canada (orange) Upper Canada was a British territory in the Canadian province of Ontario. ... Lower Canada was a British colony in North America, at the downstream end of the Saint Lawrence River in the southern portion of the modern-day province of Quebec. ... A noble savage is a person who belongs to an uncivilized group or tribe and is considered to be, consequently, more worthy than people who live within civilization. ...

Footnotes

Note 1: Kane's birthplace is proven by a prayer book from Mallow that was in possession of the family and that originally had been presented to a sister of Paul Kane in 1816. The parish register of Mallow has entries for the Kane family, including Paul, with the last name spelled as "Keane". When this prayer book turned up in 1916, it caused quite some astonishment because until then, Paul had been believed to have been a native Torontonian.^[Rob1885]

Note 2: This Fort Walla Walla was founded by the North West Company in 1818 as Fort Nez Percé at the mouth of the Walla Walla River, where it meets the Columbia river on the area of today's Wallula, Washington. It is unrelated to Fort Walla Walla, located at Walla Walla, Washington.^[Top2005] The Walla Walla River is a tributary of the Columbia River located in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington in the United States. ... Wallula is a census-designated place located in Walla Walla County, Washington. ... Fort Walla Walla is a fort located in Walla Walla, Washington. ... Walla Walla is the both the county seat of Walla Walla County, Washington, USA, and the countys largest city. ...

Note 3: The site of Boat Encampment is inundated since the construction of Mica Dam with the ensuing flooding of Wood River and Kinbasket Lake.^[NN2003] Mica Dam is a hydroelectric dam spanning the Columbia River, 135 kilometres (84 miles) north of Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada. ... Wood River may refer to: Wood River, Illinois Wood River, Burnett County, Wisconsin Wood River, Nebraska This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Kinbasket Lake (or Kinbasket Reservoir) is a reservoir on the Columbia River in southeast British Columbia, north of the town of Revelstoke and Golden. ...

Note 4: One painting was lost in the fire on Parliament Hill of 1916. Centre Block, Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada Parliament Hill, officially known in French as Colline du Parlement, is a scenic location on the banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Canada. ...

References

Sources

Other sources: John William Garvin (1872â€“1934) was a Canadian publisher and teacher in Toronto. ... Lawrence Johnston Burpee (March 5, 1873 â€“ October 13, 1946) was a Canadian librarian and author. ... John Russell Harper (April 13, 1914 â€“ November 17, 1983) was an eminent Canadian art historian who is considered to have pioneered the field of art history in Canada. ...

id="Further_reading"> January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... CTV is Canadas largest privately owned English language television network. ... July 13 is the 194th day (195th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 171 days remaining. ... For the Cusco album, see 2002 (album). ... January 5 is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) 2004 World Health Day topic was Road Safety (by World Health Organization) Year of the Monkey (by the Chinese calendar) See the world in... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The mosaic ceiling of the rotunda entrance to the museum. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

Early life and formative years

Travels in the Northwest

Going west

In the Oregon country

Crossing the Rockies again

Return back east

Life in Toronto

Works

Legacy and influence

Footnotes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Contents

Early life and formative years GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Travels in the Northwest

Going west

In the Oregon country

Crossing the Rockies again

Return back east

Life in Toronto

Works

Legacy and influence

Footnotes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Early life and formative years