Paul Kruger

Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (10 October 1825 – 14 July 1904), better known as Paul Kruger and fondly known as Oom Paul (Afrikaans for "Uncle Paul") was a prominent Boer resistance leader against British rule and president of the Transvaal Republic in South Africa. From [1], in the public domain This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... From [1], in the public domain This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in Leap years). ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Boer is the Afrikaans (and Dutch) word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of the Afrikaans-speaking migrating farmers of the expanding eastern Cape frontier. ... Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (1861-1865) The majority of this article is about heads of states. ... The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek), often informally known as the Transvaal Republic, not to be confused with the Republic of South Africa, occupied the area later known as the province of Transvaal, first from 1857 to 1877, and again, after a successful Afrikaner rebellion against British rule...

Youth

Kruger was born at Bulhoek, his grandfather's farm in the Steynsburg district, and grew up on the farm Vaalbank. He received only three months' formal education, his master being one Tielman Roos, but became knowledgeable from life on the veld. His father, Casper Kruger, joined the trek party of Hendrik Potgieter when the Great Trek started in 1836. Vaalbank is a small town some 95 kilometers northeast of Pretoria. ... Look up Veld on Wiktionary, the free dictionary For information on the town of Veldt, see Veldt Township, Minnesota Veld or Veldt, is a field, an open area of land, typically in South Africa or southern Africa, comparable to the Australian outback. ... Andries Hendrik Potgieter (19 December 1792 - 16 December 1852) was a Voortrekker leader. ... Trekboers on the Karoo. ... October 2, Charles Darwin returns from his voyage around the world. ...

The trekkers crossed the Vaal River in 1838, and at first stayed in the area that is known today as Potchefstroom. Kruger's father later decided to settle in the district now known as Rustenburg. At the age of 16, Kruger was entitled to choose a farm for himself at the foot of the Magaliesberg, where he settled in 1841. The Vaal River is the largest tributary of the Orange River in South Africa. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Potchefstroom Flag Potchefstroom is a large academic town with the North-West University, situated on the banks of the Mooi River (literally pretty river), 120 km west-southwest of Johannesburg in the North West Province of South Africa. ... Rustenburg (place of rest) is a large town situated in at the foot of the Magaliesberg mountain range in North West Province of South Africa. ... Hamerkop Kloof in the Magaliesberg Magaliesberg from Breedtsnek to Tonquani The Magaliesberg is a mountain range extending from Pretoria in the north-west of the Gauteng Province to a point south-east of Pilanesberg, in the North West Province, South Africa (see also Pilanesberg National Park). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The following year he married Maria du Plessis, and the young couple accompanied his father to live in the Eastern Transvaal for a while. After the family had returned to Rustenburg, Kruger's wife and infant son died, probably from malaria. He then married Gezina du Plessis, who was his constant and devoted companion until her death in 1901. Seven daughters and nine sons were born of the marriage, some dying in infancy. Malaria is an infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Leadership

In time, Kruger emerged as a leader. He started as a field cornet in the commandos, eventually becoming Commandant-General of the South African Republic. He was appointed member of a commission of the Volksraad, the republican parliament that was to draw up a constitution. People began to take notice of the young man and he played a prominent part in ending the quarrel between the Transvaal leader, Stephanus Schoeman, and M.W. Pretorius. A Field Cornet (Afrikaans: Veldkornet) was a South African term for either a local government official or a military officer. ... In military science, the term commando can refer to an individual, a military unit or a raiding style of military operation. ... Capital Pretoria Created 1857 - Independence 1881 - First Boer War Dissolved 1877 - 1st British Annexation 1900 - Formal Annexation Official language Dutch Spoken language Afrikaans This article is about the former country in Africa. ... The Volksraad was the parliament of the former South African Republic (ZAR) (also sometimes referred to as the Transvaal Republic), which existed from 1857 to 1902 in part of what is now the Republic of South Africa. ... Stephanus Schoeman was State President of Transvaal from 6 December, 1860 until 17 April, 1862. ... Statue of Marthinus Wessel Pretorius in Pretoria Son of Andries Pretorius, Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (17 September 1819 - 19 May 1901) was the first president of the South African Republic, and also compiled the constitution of the Republic. ...

In 1873, Kruger resigned as Commandant-General, and for a time he held no office and retired to his farm, Boekenhoutfontein. However, in 1874 he was elected to the Executive Council and shortly after that became Vice-President of the Transvaal. 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Boekenhoutfontein was Paul Krugers farm. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Following the annexation of the Transvaal by Britain in 1877, Kruger became the leader of the resistance movement. During the same year, he visited Britain for the first time as leader of a deputation. In 1878, he was part of a second deputation. A highlight of his visit to Europe was when he ascended in a hot air balloon and saw Paris from the air. 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Hot air balloon in flight Hot air balloons are the oldest successful human flight technology, dating back to the Montgolfier brothers invention in Annonay, France in 1783. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region ÃŽle-de-France Department Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land area¹ 86. ...

The First Boer War, also known as the "War of Independence", started in 1880, and the British forces were defeated in the decisive battle at Majuba in 1881. Once again, Kruger played an important role in the negotiations with the British, which led to the restoration of the Transvaal's independence under British suzerainty. The First Boer War also known as the First Anglo-Boer War or the Transvaal War, was fought from December 16, 1880 until March 23, 1881. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The skirmish at Majuba Hill (near Volksrust, South Africa) on 27 February 1881 was a convincing victory for the Boers. ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

On 30 December 1880, at the age of 55, Kruger was elected President of the Transvaal. One of his first aims was the revision of the Pretoria Convention of 1881, the agreement between the Boers and the British that ended the First Boer War. Therefore, he again left for Britain in 1883, empowered to negotiate with Lord Derby. Kruger and his companions also visited the Continent and this visit became a triumph in countries such as Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Spain. In Germany, he attended an imperial banquet at which he was presented to the Emperor, Wilhelm I, and spoke at length with Bismarck. December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The peace treaty that ended the First Boer War (December 16, 1880 until March 23, 1881) between the Transvaal Boers and the United Kingdom, which was signed by the South African Republic forces and the British forces. ... The Rt Hon. ... Wilhelm I of Germany Wilhelm I, (March 22, 1797 - March 9, 1888), German Emperor (Kaiser), ruled January 18, 1871-1888 and king of Prussia, ruled 1861-1888. ... Bismarck redirects here. ...

In the Transvaal, things changed rapidly after the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand. This momentous discovery was to have far-reaching political repercussions and to give rise to the uitlander, or foreigner, problem, which was eventually to cause the fall of the Republic. Kruger is reputed to have predicted the events that were to follow afterwards, declaring that instead of rejoicing for the discovery of gold, they should be weeping because it will "cause our land to be soaked in blood." General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... Witwatersrand is a low mountain range which runs through Gauteng in South Africa. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ...

At the end of 1895, the failed Jameson raid took place; Jameson was forced to surrender, taken to Pretoria and handed over to his British countrymen for punishment. The Jameson Raid (December 29, 1895 - January 2, 1896) was a raid on Paul Krugers Transvaal Republic carried out by Sir Leander Starr Jameson and his Rhodesian and Bechuanaland policemen over the New Year weekend of 1895-96. ... An 1895 cartoon of Jameson from Vanity Fair Sir Leander Starr Jameson, 1st Baronet, KCMG (February 9, 1853 – November 26, 1917), also known as Doctor Jim, was a British colonial statesman who was best known for his involvement in the Jameson Raid. ...

In 1898, Kruger was elected President for the fourth and last time.

Exile

On 11 October 1899, the Second Boer War broke out. On 7 May the following year, Kruger attended the last session of the Volksraad, and left Pretoria on 29 May as Lord Roberts was advancing on the town. For weeks he either stayed in a house at Waterval Onder or in his railway carriage at Machadodorp in the then Eastern Transvaal, now Mpumalanga. In October, he left South Africa on the Dutch warship De Gelderland, sent by the Queen of the Netherlands Wilhelmina, which had simply ignored the British naval blockade of South Africa. His wife was too ill to travel and remained in South Africa; she died on 20 July 1901. October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand Orange Free State, South African Republic Commanders Frederick Roberts, Lord Kitchener Christiaan Rudolf de Wet, Paul Kruger Casualties 22,000 6,500 Civilians killed [mainly Boers]: 24,000+ The Second Boer War also known as the South African War (outside of South Africa... May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts of Kandahar, Pretoria and Waterford, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC (September 30, 1832 - November 14, 1914) was a distinguished British soldier and one of the most successful commanders of the Victorian era. ... Waterval Onder is a small village situated at the base of the escarpment on the banks of the Elands River below a 228m waterfall in Mpumalanga, South Africa. ... Machadodorp is a small town situated above the escarpment in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa with the Elands River running through the town. ... Mpumalanga, (name changed from Eastern Transvaal on 24 August 1995), is a province in South Africa. ... De Gelderland was a Dutch warship. ... The Netherlands have been an independent monarchy since 1815, and have been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau since. ... Queen Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Orange-Nassau (August 31, 1880 - November 28, 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948 and Queen Mother (with the title of Princess) from 1948 to 1962. ... A blockade is an effort usually (but not always, see below) at sea, to prevent supplies from reaching the enemy. ... July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Kruger went to Marseille and stayed for a while in The Netherlands, before moving to Clarens, Switzerland, where he died on 14 July 1904. He was buried on 16 December 1904 in the Church Street cemetery, Pretoria. City flag Coat of arms Motto: By her great deeds, Marseille shines in the world Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Department Bouches-du-Rhône (13) Subdivisions 16 arrondissements (in 8 secteurs) Intercommunality Urban Community of Marseille Provence... Clarens is a small village in the municipality of Montreux, in the canton of Vaud, in Switzerland. ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... City motto: Praestantia Praevaleat Pretoria (May Pretoria Be Pre-eminent In Excellence) Province Gauteng Area  - % water 1,644 km² 0. ...

Physical appearance

Kruger was a large squarely built man, with dark brown hair and brown eyes. It later years his hair went snowy white. He wore a beard, but never a moustache. He went mostly dressed in a black frock coat with a top hat. Never far from his pipe, he was a chain smoker. The image of Kruger in his top hat and frock coat, smoking his pipe was used to great effect in the Anglo-Boer war by British cartoonists. Formal black frock coat with silk faced lapels, light grey waistcoat, striped trousers, button boots, gloves, cravat in ascot knot and tie pin; April 1904. ... Duke Ellington wearing a top hat. ... Look up pipe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A chain smoker is, properly, a person who lights each new cigarette from the one he is just finishing. ... Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War There were two Boer wars, one in 1880-81 and the second from October 11, 1899-1902 both between the British and the settlers of Dutch origin (called Boere, Afrikaners or Voortrekkers) in South Africa that put an end to the two independent... A cartoonist at work. ...

According to legend, he was named Mamelodi'a Tshwane (Tswana for "whistler of the Apies River") by the inhabitants of the surrounding area for his ability to whistle and imitate bird calls. Tswana (Motswana, plural Batswana) is the name of a Southern African people. ...

Legacy

A gold Krugerrand coin

His former Pretoria residence is now the Kruger House Museum. Krugerrand File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Krugerrand File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Kruger House is the historical Pretoria residence of the Boer leader and President of the South African Republic, Paul Kruger. ...

On Church square, Pretoria, stand a statue of Kruger in formal dress

The Kruger National Park is named after him, as is the Krugerrand coin, which features his face on the obverse. A zebra in the Kruger National Park Kruger National Park is the largest game reserve in South Africa. ... The face of Paul Kruger, shown on the obverse side of the coin. ...

In 2004 he was voted 27th in the SABC3's Great South Africans poll conducted by the South African Broadcasting Corporation. 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Great South Africans was a South African television series that aired on SABC3 and hosted by Noeleen Maholwana Sangqu and Denis Beckett. ... SABC logo The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) is the state owned broadcaster in South Africa, and was for many years the monopoly, controlled by the white minority National Party government. ...

The Nazis used his biography for one of their most vicious anti-British propaganda films, the lavish adventure Ohm Krüger shot by director Hans Steinhoff in 1940–41.

See also

• List of South Africans

This is a list of notable South Africans with Wikipedia articles. ...

External links

• Brief biography on the Kruger National Park web page
• Longer biography at the Kruger House Museum web site