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Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, working on issues of international economic development, Africa and public-private partnerships.[5] A former academic, diplomat, political and military strategist and policymaker, and former American government official, most recently, he served as president of the World Bank Group for two years. As U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense during the Presidency of George W. Bush, he was "a major architect of President Bush's Iraq policy and, within the Administration, its most passionate and compelling advocate" (Boyer 1).[6][7][8][9] He resigned as president of the World Bank Group as a result of an investigation by its board of executive directors, "ending a protracted and tumultuous battle over his stewardship, sparked by a promotion he arranged for his companion."[1][2] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...
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World Bank Group logo The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations responsible for providing finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic development and eliminating poverty. ...
June 1 is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
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James D. Wolfensohn (2003) James Wolfensohn KBE AO (born December 1, 1933) was the ninth president of the World Bank Group. ...
Robert B. Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (IPA: ) (born July 25, 1953) is an American politician and (effective July 1, 2007) the eleventh president of the World Bank. ...
December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
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Clare Selgin Wolfowitz is an expert on Indonesian anthropology and currently works for IRIS at the University of Maryland, College Park in the Governance Institutions Group, primarily on its projects in Indonesia and with the Programs and Policy Coordination office of USAID. She is the estranged wife of World Bank...
Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1968 Gregorian calendar. ...
Also see: 2002 (number). ...
Chevy Chase is the name of both a town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place in Montgomery County, Maryland (see Chevy Chase (CDP), Maryland). ...
Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area Ranked 42nd - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²) - Width 90 miles (145 km) - Length 249 miles (400 km) - % water 21 - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N - Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29...
December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) is a conservative think tank, founded in 1943, whose stated mission is to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism — limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies...
Economic development is a sustainable increase in living standards that implies increased per capita income, better education and health as well as environmental protection. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Public-private partnership (PPP) is a variation of privatization in which elements of a service previously run solely by the public sector are provided through a partnership between the government and one or more private sector companies. ...
This article describes the government of the United States. ...
World Bank Group logo The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations responsible for providing finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic development and eliminating poverty. ...
The United States Deputy Secretary of Defense is the second-highest ranking official in the United States Department of Defense. ...
The Presidency of George W. Bush, also known as the George W. Bush Administration, began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America. ...
The Presidency of George W. Bush, also known as the George W. Bush Administration, began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America. ...
Personal history The second child of Warsaw native Jacob "Jack" Wolfowitz (1910–1981) and Lillian Dundes, Paul Wolfowitz "was born in Brooklyn, New York, into a Polish Jewish immigrant family, and grew up mainly in the university town of Ithaca, New York, where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University."[10][11] "In addition to being prolific in research" and "very well read," his father's friend and colleague Shelemyahu Zacks writes in a tribute, Jacob Wolfowitz "fought at the time for the liberation of Soviet Jewry. He was a friend and strong supporter of the state of Israel and had many friends and admirers there."[12] Strongly influenced by his father, according to Eric Schmitt, Paul Wolfowitz became "A soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker … [whose] world views … were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress … [His father] … escaped Poland after World War I. The rest of his father's family perished in the Holocaust."[13] Such family trauma led, David Dudley observes, to Jack Wolfowitz "liv[ing] in a world haunted by atrocities" and deeply affecting his son's personal and intellectual development.[11][14] According to Peter J. Boyer, "Wolfowitz said that he had learned little about Warsaw life, or the fate of his lost relatives, from his father. 'He hated to talk about his childhood,' Wolfowitz said. As a boy, Wolfowitz devoured books ('probably too many') about the Holocaust and Hiroshima—what he calls 'the polar horrors'" (2).[6] Speaking more specifically of the influence of the Holocaust on his own later views to Eric Schmitt, Wolfowitz said: Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Masovia Powiat city county Gmina Warszawa Districts 18 boroughs City Rights turn of the 13th century Government - Mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (PO) Area - City 516. ...
Jacob Wolfowitz, Ph. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination...
The City of Ithaca (named for the Greek island of Ithaca) sits on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York State. ...
Cornell University is a university located in Ithaca, New York, USA. Its two medical campuses are in New York City and Education City, Qatar. ...
The vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest Jewish population in the world. ...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
“Shoah†redirects here. ...
"That sense of what happened in Europe in World War II has shaped a lot of my views … It's a very bad thing when people exterminate other people, and people persecute minorities. It doesn't mean you can prevent every such incident in the world, but it's also a mistake to dismiss that sort of concern as merely humanitarian and not related to real interest."[13] World map showing the location of Europe. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Humanitarianism is the view that all people should be treated with the respect and dignity they deserve as human beings, and that advancing the well-being of humanity is a noble goal. ...
Before first moving to Ithaca, in the fall of academic year 1952–1953 for his father's new post, Wolfowitz told Sam Tanenhaus in their interview, the Wolfowitzes lived in Manhattan: "I was born in Brooklyn but we grew up in Manhattan, one block down on Morningside Drive in a house that no longer exists. One block down from the President of Columbia who for part of that time was Dwight Eisenhower. My sister tells me that she remembers seeing Eisenhower go to his car as we were roller-skating on that block, but it didn't make any impression on me. I was probably three or four."[15][16] After teaching at Cornell for that first year, his father "immediately had a sabbatical ... and '53–'54 we spent half in Los Angeles," while he was teaching at UCLA, "and half in Urbana, Illinois," while he was teaching at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Manhattan is a borough of New York City, New York, USA, coterminous with New York County. ...
Columbia University buildings across Morningside Drive, seen from a scenic overlook within Morningside Park Morningside Drive is a roughly north-south bi-directional street in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the New York City borough of Manhattan. ...
Dwight David Ike Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American General and politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953–1961). ...
d Los Angeles and L.A. redirect here. ...
The University of California, Los Angeles, generally known as UCLA, is a public university whose main campus is located in the affluent Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. ...
A snowy day in Carle Park west of the Urbana High School. ...
The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), is the largest campus in the University of Illinois system. ...
Paul Wolfowitz's friend and later fellow Tellurider "Fred Baumann [Cornell] '66 remembers a familiar parental refrain in the Jewish community of Ithaca in the 1950s: 'Why can't you be like the Wolfowitzes?' Jacob and Lillian Wolfowitz's two model kids were well known at Temple Beth-El, where Baumann attended Hebrew school and, at ten years old, first met Paul and his older sister, Laura."[11] According to Dudley, The Telluride Association is a non-profit organization in the United States that provides young people with free educational programs emphasizing intellectual curiosity, democratic self-governance, and social responsibility. ...
Paul was quick-witted and friendly, and a year older than the quiet and bookish Fred; he proved an irresistible role model. "I was his protégé," says Baumann. "Paul had tremendous charm, along with real goodness. You wanted to follow him." Now a political science professor at Kenyon College in Ohio, Baumann would follow Wolfowitz to Ithaca High School and then to Telluride. "There was a kind of gravity to him. He was more like a grown-up than the rest of us." It's a feeling that resonates with many Ithacans who grew up in Paul's shadow. "When you were with him, you felt a sort of benignness radiating from him," remembers Daniel Fogel '69, now president of the University of Vermont. "A masterly intelligence that had no malevolence."[11] Kenyon College is a private, highly selective liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio, founded in 1824 by Bishop Philander Chase of the The Episcopal Church, in parallel with the Bexley Hall seminary. ...
Ithaca High School (IHS) is a public high school in Ithaca, New York. ...
The Telluride Association is a non-profit organization in the United States that provides young people with free educational programs emphasizing intellectual curiosity, democratic self-governance, and social responsibility. ...
Daniel Fogel is the president of the University of Vermont. ...
UVM redirects here. ...
In 1957, when he was fourteen years old, Paul Wolfowitz also spent a year living in Israel, while his father was a visiting professor at the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion IIT), in Haifa; his elder sister, Laura, a biologist, later emigrated to Israel and married an Israeli.[12][7] Computer Science Faculty Building The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (‎; commonly abbreviated as Technion IIT) is a university in Haifa, Israel, founded 1924. ...
Hebrew חֵיפָה Arabic ØَيْÙَا Founded in 3rd century CE Government City District Haifa Population 267,000 1,039,000 (metropolitan area) Jurisdiction 63,666 dunams (63. ...
Wolfowitz began taking classes at Cornell University while still a student at Ithaca High School.[17] In the mid-1960s, while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell, he met Clare Selgin, who later became a well-known anthropologist. They married in 1968, had three children (Sara, David, and Rachel), lived in Chevy Chase, Maryland, separated in 1999, and, according to some sources, became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002, though, according to others, their marital status appears to be uncertain, and it is still not clear whether or not they have been divorced.[10][11][7][18][19][3] Cornell University is a university located in Ithaca, New York, USA. Its two medical campuses are in New York City and Education City, Qatar. ...
Ithaca High School (IHS) is a public high school in Ithaca, New York. ...
Clare Selgin Wolfowitz is an expert on Indonesian anthropology and currently works for IRIS at the University of Maryland, College Park in the Governance Institutions Group, primarily on its projects in Indonesia and with the Programs and Policy Coordination office of USAID. She is the estranged wife of World Bank...
See Anthropology. ...
Chevy Chase is the name of both a town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place in Montgomery County, Maryland (see Chevy Chase (CDP), Maryland). ...
- Further information: Clare Selgin Wolfowitz
After separating from his wife in late 1999, Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Ali Riza, according to "Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar, a friend of the couple" cited by Linton Weeks and Richard Leiby. Their relationship led to controversy later, during his presidency of the World Bank Group.[7][3] Clare Selgin Wolfowitz is an expert on Indonesian anthropology and currently works for IRIS at the University of Maryland, College Park in the Governance Institutions Group, primarily on its projects in Indonesia and with the Programs and Policy Coordination office of USAID. She is the estranged wife of World Bank...
Shaha Riza Shaha Ali Riza, (Arabic: ) (born 1953 or 1954), is a World Bank staffer who is currently on external assignment. ...
Cengiz Çandar (1948) is a renowned Turkish journalist and a former war correspondent. ...
World Bank Group logo The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations responsible for providing finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic development and eliminating poverty. ...
- Further information: #Wolfowitz's relationship with Shaha Riza.
Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English; according to John Cassidy's New Yorker profile, "Wolfowitz taught himself Arabic in the nineteen-eighties, when he was working at the State Department," and "He also speaks French, German, Hebrew, and Indonesian."[7] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The New Yorkers first cover, which is reprinted each year on the magazines anniversary. ...
Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ...
“Hebrew†redirects here. ...
He lives in Chevy Chase, Maryland.[2] Chevy Chase is the name of both a town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place in Montgomery County, Maryland (see Chevy Chase (CDP), Maryland). ...
Post-secondary education
Cornell University Wolfowitz won a full scholarship to Cornell University, where he matriculated in 1961 "to please his father," according to Goldenberg.[10]
At Cornell, Wolfowitz was a member of the Telluride Association, a non-profit organization founded in 1910, whose first female member was his elder sister, Laura.[11] "Promot[ing] no particular political or religious viewpoint ... [it] creates and fosters educational communities that rely upon democratic participation ... aim[ing] to foster an everyday synthesis of self-governance and intellectual inquiry that enables students to develop their potential for leadership and public service ... seek[ing] out young people with the desire and the ability to contribute to society, and help[ing] them develop intellectually and as community members."[20] Its members receive free room and board in the Telluride House on the Cornell campus and learn about democracy through the practice of running the house and organizing seminars.[21] Wolfowitz lived in the Telluride House through academic year 1962 to 1963.[11] The Telluride Association is a non-profit organization in the United States that provides young people with free educational programs emphasizing intellectual curiosity, democratic self-governance, and social responsibility. ...
That year philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a Cornell faculty mentor living in the house and had a major influence on Wolfowitz's political views with his assertion of the importance of political regimes in shaping peoples’ characters.[11] Schmitt observes that Wolfowitz first "became a protégé of the political philosopher Allan Bloom, and then of Albert Wohlstetter, the father of hard-line conservative strategic thinking at the University of Chicago."[13] In August 1963, "when he was nineteen, he and his mother attended the civil-rights march on Washington organized by Martin Luther King, Jr. and others" (3).[7][11] But his father did not take well to his son’s new interest in politics or his new mentor, Bloom.[7][11] Allan Blooms translation and interpretation, Second edition 1991. ...
Albert Wohlstetter (born 1913, died January 10, 1997) was a major intellectual force behind efforts to avoid the spread of nuclear weapons and the need to develop nonnuclear alternatives. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Martin Luther King redirects here. ...
According to Schmitt, though he "majored in mathematics and chemistry ... he was profoundly moved by John Hersey's Hiroshima and shifted his focus toward politics. 'One of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war,' he said."[13] His friends found that shift "unexpected," and his father opposed it.[11] John Hersey, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1958 John Richard Hersey (June 17, 1914 – March 24, 1993) was an American writer and journalist. ...
Hiroshima (ISBN 0-679-72103-7) is the title of a magazine article written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey that appeared in The New Yorker in August 1946, exactly one year after the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan, at 8:15 a. ...
During academic year 1964 to 1965, his senior year at Cornell, having moved from the Telluride House to an apartment, Wolfowitz was a member of Quill and Dagger, a prestigious senior honor society.[11] This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a Bachelor's degree degree in mathematics and chemistry, then worked as a management intern at the U.S. Bureau of the Budget.[citation needed] Against his father's expectations and wishes, Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study politics.[11] Although "Paul's choice" to pursue political science and a career in politics instead of mathematics "defied" his father's original expectations and wishes for him, Dudley concludes that, eventually, "as Paul's career took him from Yale to the Pentagon and the State Department ... Jack Wolfowitz seemed to make peace with his son's choice."[22] A bachelors degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ...
Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ...
Chemistry - the study of atoms, made of nuclei (conglomeration of center particles) and electrons (outer particles), and the structures they form. ...
This is the predecesor of the United States Office of Management and Budget ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
University of Chicago Wolfowitz chose the University of Chicago over Harvard University, according to James Mann, in Rise of the Vulcans, because he wanted to study under Bloom's mentor, Leo Strauss.[citations needed] Wolfowitz enrolled in Strauss' courses, on Plato and Montesquieu, but, according to Mann, they "did not become especially close" before Strauss retired; nevertheless, Mann points out, "in subsequent years colleagues both in government and academia came to view Wolfowitz as one of the heirs to Strauss's intellectual traditions."[citations needed] The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ...
Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ...
James Mann, senior writer-in-residence in the CSIS International Security Program, is the author of two books: Beijing Jeep (Simon & Schuster, 1989) and About Face: A History of Americas Curious Relationship With China From Nixon to Clinton (Knopf, 1999). ...
Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ...
PLATO was one of the first generalized Computer assisted instruction systems, originally built by the University of Illinois (U of I) and later taken over by Control Data Corporation (CDC), who provided the machines it ran on. ...
Montesquieu can refer to: Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu Several communes of France: Montesquieu, in the Hérault département Montesquieu, in the Lot-et-Garonne département Montesquieu, in the Tarn-et-Garonne département This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages...
According to Dudley, citing Wolfowitz's friend and fellow Tellurider Fred Baumann, however, though "Bloom helped him find the courage of his own convictions ... [and] To that extent, Strauss matters ... Baumann recalls that Wolfowitz kept a discreet distance from the true believers. 'All these discussions around the dinner table -- "Does the philosopher need friends?" That wasn't Paul. He didn't go through some deep Straussian conversion--this fit into where he already was.'"[11] The Telluride Association is a non-profit organization in the United States that provides young people with free educational programs emphasizing intellectual curiosity, democratic self-governance, and social responsibility. ...
Moreover, in May 2003, when Sam Tanenhaus asked Wolfowitz about "the question of ideas" in their telephone interview for Tanenhaus's article "Bush's Brain Trust" later published in the July 2003 Vanity Fair: "That is, is there anything at all ... to the Straussian Connection?" Wolfowitz replied: Sam Tanenhaus (born October 31, 1955) is an American author, historian and biographer. ...
American actress Demi Moore, on a typical Vanity Fair cover (August, 1991) Vanity Fair is a glossy American glamour magazine monthly that offers a mixture of articles based on sensational exaggerations, jet-set and entertainment-business personalities, politics, and lies. ...
It's a product of fevered minds who seem incapable of understanding that September 11th changed a lot of things and changed the way we need to approach the world. Since they refused to confront that, they looked for some kind of conspiracy theory to explain it.
I mean I took two terrific courses from Leo Strauss as a graduate student. One was on Montesquieu's spirit of the laws, which did help me understand our Constitution better. And one was on Plato's laws. The idea that this has anything to do with U.S. foreign policy is just laughable.[15][16] The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks carried out in the United States on September 11, 2001. ...
A conspiracy theory attempts to attribute the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually political, social, or historical events), or the concealment of such causes from public knowledge, to a secret, and often deceptive plot by a covert alliance of powerful or influential people or organizations. ...
Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ...
Montesquieu in 1728. ...
PLATO was one of the first generalized Computer assisted instruction systems, originally built by the University of Illinois (U of I) and later taken over by Control Data Corporation (CDC), who provided the machines it ran on. ...
For a history, see Timeline of United States diplomatic history For the published diplomatic papers, see The Foreign Relations of the United States For Foreign relations under George W. Bush, see Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration. ...
A few years later, in 2006, in a scholarly article published in the academic journal Comparative American Studies, Richard H. King cites and contextualizes the opinion expressed on March 8, 2005 in his weblog Altercation by Eric Alterman ––who had spoken with Wolfowitz informally during a book launch "cocktail party" hosted by Tina Brown and her husband Harold Evans––that "'Wolfowitz does not consider himself to be a Straussian.'"[23][24] In developing his own argument, King also cites the views of Clifford Orwin, who states that "'Wolfowitz is no ideologue, and neither 'Straussian' nor 'conservative' begins to describe him.'"[25] Ultimately, however, King qualifies the emphases of both Alterman and Orwin and also qualifies the emphases of those who exaggerate the "Straussian" influence on Bush administration foreign and defense policy-makers like Wolfowitz.[26] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Eric Alterman is a liberal American journalist, author, media critic, blogger, and educator, possibly best known for the political weblog named Altercation, which was hosted by MSNBC.com from 2002 until 2006, and now is hosted by Media Matters for America. ...
Tina Brown (born Christina Hambley Brown on November 21, 1953, in Maidenhead, England) is a British-born American magazine editor, columnist, and talk-show host. ...
Harold Evans Sir Harold Matthew Evans (born June 28 1928) is a British-born journalist and writer who was editor of The Sunday Times from 1967 to 1981. ...
Clifford Orwin is a Canadian scholar of ancient, modern, contemporary and Jewish political thought. ...
Professor Albert Wohlstetter, who had studied mathematics with Wolfowitz's father at Columbia, and who ("Significantly") directed Paul Wolfowitz's research at the University of Chicago,[11][23] instilled in his students the importance of maintaining the supremacy of the United States through advanced weaponry.[27] Wohlstetter feared that plutonium produced as a by-product of U.S.-sponsored nuclear-powered desalination plants to be built near the Israeli-Egyptian border could be used in a nuclear weapons program. He returned from a trip to Israel with a number of Hebrew language documents on the program that he handed over to Wolfowitz (who is fluent in Hebrew); these later became a basis of Wolfowitz's doctoral dissertation on "water desalination in the Middle East".[citations needed] Albert Wohlstetter (born 1913, died January 10, 1997) was a major intellectual force behind efforts to avoid the spread of nuclear weapons and the need to develop nonnuclear alternatives. ...
Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number plutonium, Pu, 94 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight (244) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Rn] 5f6 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ...
“Hebrew†redirects here. ...
Shevchenko BN350 desalination unit situated on the shore of the Caspian Sea. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
In the summer of 1969, Wohlstetter arranged for his students Wolfowitz and Wilson, as well as Richard Perle to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson to maintain support in the U.S. Congress for the Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system.[citations needed] The opposition to the ABM system in the U.S. Congress employed scientific experts to argue against the ABM system, so Nitze and Acheson turned to Wohlstetter and his young protégés to counter these arguments. Together they wrote research papers and drafted testimony for U.S. Senator Henry M. Jackson. Nitze later wrote: "The papers they helped us produce ran rings around the misinformed papers produced by polemical and pompous scientists."[citation needed] The U.S. Senate eventually approved the ABM system by 51 votes to 50, but U.S. President Richard Nixon later signed the ABM Treaty, restricting the extent of deployment of such systems.[citations needed] Richard Norman Perle (born 16 September 1941 in New York City) is an American political advisor and lobbyist who worked for the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. ...
For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...
Paul Nitze Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 – October 19, 2004) was a high-ranking United States government official who helped shape Cold War defense policy over the course of numerous presidential administrations. ...
Dean Acheson Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer; as United States Secretary of State in the late 1940s he played the central role in defining American foreign policy for the Cold War. ...
The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ...
An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a missile designed to counter ballistic missiles. ...
Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political...
The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ...
Henry Martin Scoop Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was a U.S. Congressman and Senator for Washington State from 1941 until his death. ...
Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Politics Portal The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the...
The presidential seal is a well-known symbol of the presidency. ...
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ...
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (or ABM treaty) was a treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons. ...
Yale University From 1970 to 1972, Wolfowitz taught in the Department of Political Science at Yale University, where one of his students was I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby.[28] In 1972 Wolfowitz earned a Ph.D. in political science, writing his doctoral dissertation on "water desalination in the Middle East".[29][30] “Yale†redirects here. ...
I. Lewis Scooter Libby Irve Lewis Scooter Libby, Jr. ...
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ...
The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ...
Shevchenko BN350 desalination unit situated on the shore of the Caspian Sea. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
Career
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency -
In the 1970s Wolfowitz served as an aide to Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, whose political philosophies and positions have been cited as an influence on a number of key figures associated with neoconservatism, including Wolfowitz and Richard Perle; Jackson "was the quintessential 'Cold War liberal.' He was an outspoken and influential advocate of increased military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union, while supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and the labor movement."[31] Team B was part of a competitive analysis exercise initiated by U.S. government officials in the 1970s to analyze intelligence on the Soviet Union. ...
Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic...
Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Politics Portal The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the...
Henry Martin Scoop Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was a U.S. Congressman and Senator for Washington State from 1941 until his death. ...
Neoconservatism refers to the political movement, ideology, and public policy goals of new conservatives in the United States, who are mainly characterized by their relatively interventionist and hawkish views on foreign policy, and their lack of support for the small government principles and restrictions on social spending, when compared with...
Richard Norman Perle (born 16 September 1941 in New York City) is an American political advisor and lobbyist who worked for the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. ...
Cold War liberal was a term most commonly used in the United States during the Cold War to describe politicians who, despite their generally liberal outlook on domestic issues, were supportive of hard-line anti-Soviet policies. ...
In 1972 U.S. President Richard Nixon, under pressure from Senator Jackson, who was unhappy with the SALT I strategic arms limitations talks and the policy of détente, dismissed the head of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and replaced him with Fred Ikle. Ikle brought in a completely new team including Wolfowitz, who had been recommended by his old tutor Albert Wohlstetter. Wolfowitz once again set to work writing and distributing research papers and drafting testimony, as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy. He also traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities. His greatest success was in dissuading South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program, a situation that would re-occur north of the border during the George W. Bush administration. For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ...
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ...
SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. ...
Scud Missile The U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) was established as an independent agency by the Arms Control and Disarmament Act (75 Stat. ...
Dr. Fred Charles Ikle is a Distinguished Scholar with the Center for Strategic and International Studies. ...
Albert Wohlstetter (born 1913, died January 10, 1997) was a major intellectual force behind efforts to avoid the spread of nuclear weapons and the need to develop nonnuclear alternatives. ...
City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ...
A European is primarily a person who was born into one of the countries within the continent of Europe. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number plutonium, Pu, 94 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight (244) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Rn] 5f6 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ...
Under President Gerald Ford, the American intelligence agencies had come under attack from Wohlstetter, among others, over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate. According to Mann: "The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A. and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union, either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissinger's policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions." In an attempt to counter these claims, the newly appointed Director of Central Intelligence, George H.W. Bush authorized the formation of a committee of anti-Communist experts, headed by Richard Pipes (father of Daniel Pipes), to reassess the raw data. Richard Pipes picked Wolfowitz, " brilliant young weapons analyst," who was still employed by the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and about whom he was unfamiliar at the time, to serve on this committee, which came to be known as Team B: "'Richard Perle recommended him,' Pipes says of Wolfowitz today [2003, as quoted by Tanenhaus]. 'I'd never heard of him.'"[32] According to the IRC profile of Pipes, citing an interview with former intelligence officer Anne Hessing Cahn (Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1977–1980), "Pipes said, 'I picked Paul Wolfowitz [who at the time was working as special assistant for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, or SALT] because Richard Perle recommended him so highly'"; Cahn has been highly critical of the report.[33][34] For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ...
Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ...
National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) express the coordinated judgments of the US Intelligence Community, and thus represent the most authoritative assessment of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) with respect to a particular national security issue. ...
CIA, see CIA (disambiguation). ...
Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American diplomat, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ...
Détente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ...
The Office of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was established on January 23rd 1946 with Adm. ...
Order: 41st President Vice President: Dan Quayle Term of office: January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: June 12, 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican George Herbert Walker Bush, KBE (born...
This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...
Richard Pipes, Warsaw (Poland), October 20, 2004 Richard Edgar Pipes (b. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Team B was part of a competitive analysis exercise initiated by U.S. government officials in the 1970s to analyze intelligence on the Soviet Union. ...
Richard Norman Perle (born 16 September 1941 in New York City) is an American political advisor and lobbyist who worked for the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. ...
Richard Norman Perle (born 16 September 1941 in New York City) is an American political advisor and lobbyist who worked for the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. ...
The team's report, delivered in 1976 and quickly leaked to the press, stated that "All the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the 'worldwide triumph of socialism,' but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony," highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the government's intelligence analysts had got it wrong. According to Jack Davis, Wolfowitz observed later:
The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [intelligence] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets' observed behavior (and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan). The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [CIA headquarters in] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable. Unfortunately, the bureaucratic reaction to the whole experience was largely negative and hostile.[35] There has been and is still much controversy about the work of Team B, the accuracy of its conclusions, and its effects on U.S. military policies.[28][33][36] Team B was part of a competitive analysis exercise initiated by U.S. government officials in the 1970s to analyze intelligence on the Soviet Union. ...
The Military of the United States, also known as the United States Armed Forces, is structured into five branches consisting of the: United States Army United States Marine Corps United States Navy United States Air Force United States Coast Guard Reserves United States National Guard United States Army Reserve United...
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs In 1977, during the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Wolfowitz moved to The Pentagon, aiming to broaden his experience of military issues, because, according to Mann, Wolfowitz believed that "The key to preventing nuclear wars was to stop conventional wars."[citation needed] He was employed as U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the U.S. Defense Department, under then U.S. Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, where he was put to work on the Limited Contingency Study, charged with examining possible areas of threat to the U.S. in the third world.[citations needed] For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ...
James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ...
This article is about the United States military building. ...
The United States Department of Defense, abbreviated as DoD or DOD and sometimes called the Defense Department, is a civilian Cabinet organization of the United States government. ...
The United States Secretary of Defense is the head of the United States Department of Defense, concerned with the armed services and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ...
Harold Brown (born September 19, 1927), American scientist, was U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the cabinet of President Jimmy Carter. ...
For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...
After taking up the post, Wolfowitz attended a seminar presented by Professor Geoffrey Kemp of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, in which Kemp argued that the U.S. was concentrating too much on defending against the possibility of a Soviet invasion of Europe through the Fulda Gap in Germany and ignoring the far more likely possibility of them turning southward to seize the oil fields of the Persian Gulf.[citations needed] "This warning struck a chord with Wolfowitz," according to Mann, as it "fit well with the conclusion he had just reached in the Team B intelligence review." Wolfowitz hired Kemp and Dennis Ross, a Soviet specialist from the University of California, to work with him on preparing the study. "We and our major industrialized allies have a vital and growing stake in the Persian Gulf region because of our need for Persian Gulf oil and because events in the Persian Gulf affect the Arab-Israeli conflict," the report stated, going on to conclude that Soviet seizure of the Persian Gulf oil field would "probably destroy NATO and the US-Japanese alliance without recourse to war by the Soviets."[citations needed] Geoffrey Kemp is the Director of Regional Strategic Programs at the Nixon Center. ...
The Cabot Intercultural Center of The Fletcher School at Tufts University The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, also called simply The Fletcher School, is the oldest graduate school of international relations in the United States. ...
Soviet redirects here. ...
World map showing the location of Europe. ...
Location of terrain features in the region of the Fulda Gap. ...
Drilling rig in a small oil field Near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 An oil field is an area with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (oil) from below ground. ...
Map of the Persian Gulf. ...
Ambassador Dennis Ross speaking at Emory University Dennis B. Ross is an American author and political figure who served as the director for policy planning in the State Department under President George H.W. Bush and special Middle East coordinator under President Bill Clinton. ...
Berkeley Davis Irvine Los Angeles Merced San Diego Santa Barbara Santa Cruz UC Office of the President in Oakland The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the state of California. ...
Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel and the United...
NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ...
According to Mann [?], Wolfowitz enlarged the purview of the Limited Contingency Study by questioning what would happen if another country in the region were to seize the oil fields.[citations needed] He argued that "Iraq has become the militarily pre-eminent in the Persian Gulf," which was "a worrisome development" because of its "radical-Arab stance, its "anti-Western attitudes," its "dependence on Soviet arms sales," and its "willingness to foment trouble in other local nations."[citations needed]. He concluded that "Iraq’s implicit power will cause currently moderate local powers to accommodate themselves to Iraq" and that "Iraq may in the future use her military forces against such states as Kuwait or Saudi Arabia."[citations needed] To confront these perceived threats, he believed that the United States must "be able to defend the interests of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and ourselves against an Iraqi invasion or show of force" and to make manifest its "capabilities and commitments to balance Iraq’s power," requiring "an increased visibility for U.S. power." As Mann explains, "Iraq was a subject to which Wolfowitz would return over and over again during his career."[citations needed]
According to Ross, "no one believed that Iraq posed a serious or imminent threat to the Saudis," but Wolfowitz had told him: "When you look at contingencies, you don’t focus only on the likelihood of the contingency but also on the severity of its consequences."[citations needed] In contrast to Wolfowitz, Defense Secretary Brown worried that if the report were leaked, it would damage U.S. relations with Iraq and destabilize Saudi Arabia.[citations needed] "The whole thrust of the study," according to Ross, "was to say that [the U.S.] had a big problem, that it would take us a long time to get any significant military force into the area."[citations needed] The study’s recommendations laid the groundwork for what would become the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), conceived as Rapid Deployment Forces for the Persian Gulf. It played a key role in the 1991 Gulf War, after the Bush administration argued that the study’s predictions had come true, and the subsequent 2003 invasion of Iraq, for which Wolfowitz was a major driving force.[citations needed] Emblem of the United States Central Command. ...
In 1977, a presidential directive called for a mobile force capable of responding to worldwide contingencies but to be established without diverting forces from NATO or Korea. ...
Combatants United States Saudi Arabia Egypt United Kingdom & US-led Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf Khalid bin Sultan Saddam Hussein Strength 883,863 360,000 Casualties 240 killed in action, 776 wounded, 30 taken prisoner At least 183,000 victims of the Gulf War syndrome Est. ...
The subject of this article is the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ...
In late 1979 Jeane Kirkpatrick began a migration of neoconservatives from their traditional base in the U.S. Democratic Party over to the U.S. Republican Party and its Presidential candidate Ronald Reagan.[citations needed] Wolfowitz joined this exodus after receiving a phone call from his old boss Fred Ikle, then working on the Reagan campaign, in which he said "Paul, you’ve got to get out of there. We want you in the new administration."[citations needed] A short time later, in early 1980, Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and went to work as a visiting professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University.[citations needed] According to the Washington Post; "He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party, which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman, Kennedy and Jackson."[37] Nevertheless, the The Times observed in March 2005, in the context of discussing his suitability as president of the World Bank Group, that "he has not ceased being a registered Democrat."[38] Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...
Jeane Kirkpatrick Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick (November 19, 1926 – December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent anticommunist. ...
Neoconservatism describes several distinct political ideologies which are considered new forms of conservatism. ...
The Democratic Party is one of the two major United States political parties. ...
This article is about the modern United States Republican Party. ...
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ...
Dr. Fred Charles Ikle is a Distinguished Scholar with the Center for Strategic and International Studies. ...
The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), based in Washington D.C., is one of the worlds most prestigious graduate schools devoted to the study of international affairs, economics, diplomacy, and policy research and education. ...
The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ...
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The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1788. ...
World Bank Group logo The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations responsible for providing finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic development and eliminating poverty. ...
State Department Director of Policy Planning In 1980, following the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the newly appointed U.S. National Security Advisor |
