Paul-Henri-Benjamin Baluet d'Estournelles, baron de Constant de Rébecque (22 November 1852–15 May 1924), was a French diplomat and politician, advocate of international arbitration and winner of the 1909 Nobel Prize for Peace. He was born at La Flèche (Sarthe) in the Loire valley to an old aristocratic family which traced its genealogy back to the Crusades; the renowned Revolution-era writer and politician Benjamin Constant was his great-uncle. After studying law and Oriental languages at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, Estournelles de Constant embarked on a diplomatic career in 1876. November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ... Politics is the process and method of making decisions for groups. ... Arbitration, in the law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution — specifically, a legal alternative to litigation whereby the parties to a dispute agree to submit their respective positions (through agreement or hearing) to a neutral third party (the arbitrator(s) or arbiter(s)) for resolution. ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Photographs of Nobel Prize Medals. ... The concept of peace ranks among the most controversial in our time. ... Sarthe is a French département, named after the Sarthe River. ... Loire is a département in the east-central part of France occupying the Loire Rivers upper reaches. ... The Ancient Greek term Aristocracy meant a system of government with rule by the best. This is the first definition given in most dictionaries. ... Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... This article is about historical Crusades . ... The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. ... Benjamin Constant ( October 25, 1767 – December 8, 1830) was a Swiss thinker, writer and politician. ... Law (a loanword from Old Norse lag), in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, proscribe or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide punishments for those who do not follow... Oriental in its most literal form means of or from the Orient, as opposed to Occidental meaning from the Occident. ... The Lycée Louis-le-Grand, in Paris is one of the most famous lycées providing classes for preparing for grandes écoles. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

Among Estournelles de Constant's early diplomatic posts were Montenegro, the Ottoman Empire, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Tunisia; in 1882 he returned to Paris to serve as assistant director of the Levant bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1890 he was posted to London as the French chargé d'affaires, where he played a role in averting war with Britain over colonial disputes. Frustrated by the limitations of diplomatic service, he ran for parliament in 1895, securing a seat in the Chamber of Deputees. In 1904 Estournelles de Constant ran for and won a seat in the Senate, where he served until the end of his career in 1924. Serbia and Montenegro  – Serbia    – Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    – Vojvodina  – Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  – Total  – % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  – Total (2003)  – Density  616,258  48. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in Southwest Asia south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and the north Arabian Desert and Mesopotamia to the east. ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Chargé daffaires (Fr. ... The debating chamber or hemicycle of the European Parliament in Brussels. ... 1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Senate (in French : le Sénat) is the upper house of the Parliament of France. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

As a deputy and senator, Estournelles de Constant concerned himself with colonial issues, consistently opposing Third Republic colonial policy. He advocated the elimination of colonial seats in the French parliament, preferring a policy of establishing protectorates to the traditional republican programme of colonial assimilation. In particular, he violently opposed the establishment of French colonial rule in Madagascar and the Great Powers' dismemberment of China. In domestic affairs, he was concerned particularly with what the terminology of the day called "outrages against morality" (outrages aux bonnes mœurs). On the other hand, he was a Dreyfusard and argued in favour of placing Émile Zola's remains in the Panthéon for Zola's part in the Dreyfus Affair. In general, the word colonial means of or relating to a colony. In United States history, the term Colonial is used to refer to the period before US independence. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, Troisième Republique, sometimes written as IIIème Republique) ( 1870/ 75- 1940/ 46), was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Fourth Republic. ... For the rule of Oliver Cromwell, see The Protectorate. ... Assimilation, from Latin assimilatio meaning to render similar, is used to describe various phenomena: The process of assimilating new ideas into a schema (cognitive structure). ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... Émile Zola ( April 2, 1840 – September 29, 1902) was an influential French novelist, the most important example of the literary school of naturalism (literature), and a major figure in the political liberalization of France. ... The Panthéon The Panthéon is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. ... Alfred Dreyfus in an army uniform, wearing a mustache. ...

Above all, though, Estournelles de Constant dedicated himself to the cause of improving international relations, and he was a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration from 1900. He represented France at both Hague Peace Conferences (1898 and 1907), and outlined a vision of a European union. The phrase Hague Tribunal can also be used to refer to ICTY. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), also known as the Hague Tribunal is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. ... The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and 1907, respectively, and were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law. ... 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Estournelles de Constant wrote historical and political works and even dabbled in playwriting. In addition, he was a regular contributor to the newspapers Le Temps, La Revue de Paris, and La Revue des deux mondes. Married to an American, Daisy Sedgwick-Berend, he also travelled extensively in and wrote about the United States. Le Temps, published from 25 April 1861 to 30 November 1942, was one of Pariss most important newspapers. ... The Revue des Deux Mondes is a monthly French language magazine. ...

Estournelles de Constant's name may be encountered in numerous variants; the article title reflects the form standardized by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The new buildings of the library. ...

Sources

• Jolly, Jean, dir. Dictionnaire des parlementaires français: Notices biographiques sur les ministres, députés et sénateurs français de 1889 à 1940. 6 vols. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1960–70.
• "Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant—Biography (http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1909/balluet-bio.html)".