Pawpaw
Common Pawpaw in fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Magnoliales Family: Annonaceae Genus: Asimina Adans.
Species
See text Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2700x1776, 1901 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Pawpaw Asimina triloba User:Super cyclist/Trees ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families Annonaceae Degeneriaceae Eupomatiaceae Himantandraceae Magnoliaceae Myristicaceae The Magnoliales are an order of flowering plants. ... Genera Afroguatteria Alphonsea Ambavia Anaxagorea Ancana Annickia Annona Anomianthus Anonidium Artabotrys Asimina Asteranthe Balonga Bocagea Bocageopsis Boutiquea Cananga Cardiopetalum Chieniodendron Cleistochlamys Cleistopholis Cremastosperma Cyathocalyx Cyathostemma Cymbopetalum Dasoclema Dasymaschalon Deeringothamnus Dendrokingstonia Dennettia Desmopsis Desmos Diclinanona Dielsiothamnus Disepalum Duckeanthus Duguetia Ellipeia Ellipeiopsis Enicosanthum Ephedranthus Exella Fissistigma Fitzalania Friesodielsia Froesiodendron Fusaea Gilbertiella Goniothalamus... Hi I am Adanson. ...

Pawpaw (Asimina) is a genus of eight or nine species of small trees with large leaves and fruit, native to eastern North America. The genus includes the largest edible fruit indigenous to the continent. They are understory trees found in deep fertile bottomland and hilly upland habitat. Pawpaw is in the same family (Annonaceae) as the custard-apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, and soursop, and it is the only member of that family not confined to the tropics. The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Understory (or understorey) is the term for the area of a forest which grows in the shade of the overstory or canopy. ... Genera Afroguatteria Alphonsea Ambavia Anaxagorea Ancana Annickia Annona Anomianthus Anonidium Artabotrys Asimina Asteranthe Balonga Bocagea Bocageopsis Boutiquea Cananga Cardiopetalum Chieniodendron Cleistochlamys Cleistopholis Cremastosperma Cyathocalyx Cyathostemma Cymbopetalum Dasoclema Dasymaschalon Deeringothamnus Dendrokingstonia Dennettia Desmopsis Desmos Diclinanona Dielsiothamnus Disepalum Duckeanthus Duguetia Ellipeia Ellipeiopsis Enicosanthum Ephedranthus Exella Fissistigma Fitzalania Friesodielsia Froesiodendron Fusaea Gilbertiella Goniothalamus... Binomial name Annona reticulata L. The Custard-apple (Annona reticulata), also known in English as bullocks heart or bulls heart, is a species of Annona, native to the tropical New World, preferring a low elevation, and a warm, humid climate. ... Binomial name Annona cherimola Mill. ... Binomial name Annona squamosa L. The Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa), also known in English as Sweetsop and Scaly Custard-apple, is a species of Annona native to the tropical New World. ... Binomial name Annona muricata L. The Soursop, Guanábana or Corossol (Annona muricata) is a broadleaf flowering evergreen tree native to the Caribbean, Central and South America, from Brazil north to the West Indies. ... A noontime scene from the Philippines on a day when the Sun is almost directly overhead. ...

Names

The name, also spelled paw paw, paw-paw, and papaw, probably derives from the Spanish papaya, perhaps due to the superficial similarity of their fruit. Pawpaw has numerous other common names, often very local, such as prairie banana, Indiana banana, Kentucky banana, Michigan banana, and Ozark banana. Binomial name Carica papaya L. The papaya (from Carib via Spanish), is the fruit of the tree Carica papaya, in the genus Carica. ...

Description

The pawpaws are shrubs or small trees, reaching heights of 2 to 12 m tall. The northern, cold-tolerant common pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is deciduous, while the southern species are often evergreen. Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off) and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally. ... ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ...

The leaves are alternate, simple ovate, entire, 20 to 35 cm long and 10 to 15 cm broad. Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The fetid flowers are produced singly or in clusters of up to eight together; they are large, 4 to 6 cm across, perfect, with six sepals and petals (three large outer petals, three smaller inner petals). The petal color varies from white to purple or red-brown. Stinking flowers or Carrion flowers are flowers that smell like rotting flesh. ... Look up flower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The fruit is a large edible berry, 5 to 16 cm long and 3 to 7 cm broad, weighing from 20 to 500 g, with numerous seeds; it is green when unripe, maturing to yellow or brown. It has a flavor somewhat similar to both banana and mango, varying significantly by cultivar, and has more protein than most fruits. For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Several types of berries from the market. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Species About 35 species, including: Mangifera altissima Mangifera applanata Mangifera caesia Mangifera camptosperma Mangifera casturi Mangifera decandra Mangifera foetida Mangifera gedebe Mangifera griffithii Mangifera indica Mangifera kemanga Mangifera laurina Mangifera longipes Mangifera macrocarpa Mangifera mekongensis Mangifera odorata Mangifera pajang Mangifera pentandra Mangifera persiciformis Mangifera quadrifida Mangifera siamensis Mangifera similis Mangifera... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...

• Bark: Dark brown, blotched with gray spots, sometimes covered with small excrescences, divided by shallow fissures. Inner bark tough, fibrous. Branchlets light brown, tinged with red, marked by shallow grooves.
• Wood: Pale, greenish yellow, sapwood lighter; light, soft, coarse-grained and spongy. Sp. gr., 0.3969; weight of cu. ft. 24.74 lbs.
• Winter buds: Small, brown, acuminate, hairy.
• Leaves: Alternate, simple, feather-veined, obovate-lanceolate, ten to twelve inches long, four to five broad, wedge-shaped at base, entire, acute at apex; midrib and primary veins prominent. They come out of the bud conduplicate, green, covered with rusty tomentum beneath, hairy above; when full grown are smooth, dark green above, paler beneath. In autumn they are a rusty yellow. Petioles short and stout with a prominent adaxial groove. Stipules wanting.
• Flowers: April, with the leaves. Perfect, solitary, axillary, rich red purple, two inches across, borne on stout, hairy peduncles. Ill smelling.
• Calyx: Sepals three, valvate in bud, ovate, acuminate, pale green, downy.
• Corolla: Petals six, in two rows, imbricate in the bud. Inner row acute, erect, nectariferous. Outer row broadly ovate, reflexed at maturity. Petals at first are green, then brown, and finally become dull purple and conspicuously veiny.
• Stamens: Indefinite, densely packed on the globular receptacle. Filaments short; anthers extrorse, two-celled, opening longitudinally.
• Pistils: Several, on the summit of the receptacle, projecting from the mass of stamens. Ovary one-celled; stigma sessile; ovules many.
• Fruit: September, October. Cotyledons broad, five-lobed.^[1]

Cultivation

Pollinated by scavenging carrion flies and beetles, the flowers emit a weak scent which attracts few pollinators, thus limiting fruit production. A flower-fly pollinating a Common Daisy (Bellis perennis) Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). ... Subfamilies Calliphorinae Chrysomyinae Blow-flies (also frequently spelled blow flies or blowflies) are members of the family Calliphoridae of flies (Diptera). ... Suborders Adephaga Archostemata Myxophaga Polyphaga See subgroups of the order Coleoptera Beetles are the most diverse group of insects. ... A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ...

Larger growers sometimes locate rotting meat near the trees at bloom time to increase the number of blowflies. Asimina triloba is the only larval host of the Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly. The Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly (Eurytides marcellus, other authorities list the species under genera in the family including Iphiclides, Graphium and Papilio) is a swallowtail butterfly found in the eastern United States, north-east Mexico and south-east Canada. ...

Species

• Asimina angustifolia Raf. - Slimleaf Pawpaw. Florida, Georgia, and Alabama.
• Asimina incana (W. Bartram) Exell - Woolly Pawpaw. Florida and Georgia.
• Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash - Bigflower Pawpaw. Florida.
• Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal - Smallflower Pawpaw. Southern states from Texas to Virginia.
• Asimina pygmea (W. Bartram) Dunal - Dwarf Pawpaw. Florida and Georgia.
• Asimina reticulata Shuttlw. ex Chapman - Netted Pawpaw. Florida and Georgia.
• Asimina tetramera Small - Fourpetal Pawpaw. Florida EN.
• Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal - Common Pawpaw. Extreme southern Ontario, Canada, and the eastern United States from New York west to southeast Nebraska, and south to northern Florida and eastern Texas.

C. S. Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (October 22, 1783-September 18, 1840) was a nineteenth-century polymath who led a chaotic life. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... William Bartram (April 20, 1739 -July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, the son of John Bartram. ... Carl Ludwig von Willdenow (August 22, 1765 - July 10, 1812) was a German botanist and pharmacist. ... George Valentine Nash (1864-1921) was an American botanist. ... André Michaux (8 March 1746 – probably 11 October 1803) was a French botanist and explorer. ... Michel Felix Dunal (1789-1856) was a French botanist. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Binomial name Small Asimina tetramera (also called Four-petal Pawpaw) is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. ... John Kunkel Small (1869-1938) was an American botanist. ... Binomial name Asimina triloba (Linnaeus) Michel Félix Dunal The Common pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a large shrub or small tree native to North America. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman - Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 106 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area [1] Ranked... “NY” redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Largest metro area Omaha Area  Ranked 16th  - Total 77,421 sq mi (200,520 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 0. ...

Cultivation and uses

Asimina triloba is often called Prairie Banana because of its banana-like creamy texture and flavor.

The pawpaw's chosen home is in the shade of the rich bottom lands of the Mississippi valley, where it often forms a dense undergrowth in the forest. Where it dominates a tract it appears as a thicket of small slender trees, whose great leaves are borne so close together at the ends of the branches, and which cover each other so symmetrically, that the effect is to give a peculiar imbricated appearance to the tree.^[1] Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Although it is a delicious and nutritious fruit, it has never been cultivated on the scale of apples and peaches, primarily because it does not store or ship well. It is also difficult to transplant due to its long taproot. Cultivars are propagated by chip budding or whip grafting. This article is about the plant root system. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... Grafted apple tree Malus sp. ...

In recent years the pawpaw has attracted renewed interest, particularly among organic growers, as a native fruit which has few pests, and which therefore requires little pesticide use for cultivation. The shipping and storage problem has largely been addressed by pulping the fruit and freezing the pulp. Among backyard gardeners it also is gaining in popularity because of the appeal of fresh fruit and because it is relatively low maintenance once planted. The pulp is used primarily in baked dessert recipes, as well as for brewing pawpaw beer. Organic farming is a form of agriculture which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators, and livestock feed additives. ... A cropduster spreading pesticide. ...

The commercial growing and harvesting of pawpaws is strongest in southeast Ohio. The Ohio Pawpaw Growers' Association annually sponsors the Ohio Pawpaw Festival at Lake Snowden near Albany, Ohio. Albany is a village located in Athens County, Ohio. ...

The flowers are self-incompatible, requiring cross pollination; at least two different varieties of the plant are needed as pollenizers. The flowers produce an odor similar to that of rotting meat to attract blowflies or carrion beetles for cross pollination. Lack of pollination is the most common cause of poor fruiting, and growers resort to hand pollination or to hanging chicken necks or other meat to attract pollinators. A flower-fly pollinating a Common Daisy (Bellis perennis) Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). ... The words pollenizer (polleniser) and pollinator are often confused. ... “Spoilage” redirects here. ... Kinnikuman character, see Meat Alexandria. ... Subfamilies Calliphorinae Chrysomyiinae The Blowflies are members of the family Calliphoridae of flies (Diptera). ... Subfamilies Nicrophorinae Silphinae (15 genera) Carrion beetles (Family Silphidae) are a minor group of beetles, consisting of about 300 species. ... A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ...

The leaves, twigs, and bark of the tree also contain natural insecticides known as acetogenins, which can be used to make an organic pesticide^{[citation needed]}. Acetogenins from pawpaw have also been investigated for their potent anticancer effects stemming from their ability to inhibit NADH oxidase.

This colonial tree has a strong tendency to form colonial thickets if left unchecked. A clonal colony is a group of plants (or fungi) that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetatively, not sexually, from a given single ancestor. ...

History

The earliest documentation of pawpaws is in the 1541 report of the de Soto expedition, who found Native Americans cultivating it east of the Mississippi River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition depended and sometimes subsisted on pawpaws during their travels. Chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite dessert of George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson was certainly familiar with it as he planted it at Monticello. In 2006, following lobbying by the Ohio Pawpaw Growers' Association, the Ohio House of Representatives passed a law that would have declared the pawpaw to be the state native fruit of Ohio. However, the Ohio Senate failed to act on the bill, resulting in its death. Hernando de Soto. ... Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806), headed by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, was the first United States overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back. ... Not to be confused with Desert. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... Monticello, located near Charlottesville, Virginia, was the estate of Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence, the third President of the United States, and founder of the University of Virginia. ... Ohio has a bicameral legislature, the Ohio General Assembly, consisting a House of Representatives and Senate (the Ohio State Senate), based on its constitution of 1851. ... The Ohio Senate is the upper house in Ohios bicameral legislature, the Ohio General Assembly; the lower house is the Ohio House of Representatives. ...

Medicinal properties

Compounds found in the bark and leaves of the pawpaw tree have been investigated and tested for anti-cancer properties because of the chemicals' effect on cell metabolism [1], particularly by Dr Jerry McLaughlin and his team at Purdue University [2]. Growers hope that potential medical use will eventually lead to increased market demand from the pharmaceutical industry. A chemical compound is a chemical substance of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λέγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how substances interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ...

In homeopathy, Asimina triloba is used as remedy for scarlet fever and red skin rashes.^{[citation needed]} Homeopathy starring at the horrors of Allopathy by Alexander Beydeman, 1857 Homeopathy (also spelled homœopathy or homoeopathy), from the Greek words όμοιος, hómoios (similar) and πάθος, páthos (suffering, disease),[1] is a highly controversial type of alternative medicine that aims to treat like with like. ...

The seeds also have insecticidal properties. The Native Americans dried and powdered them and applied the powder to childrens' heads to control lice; specialized shampoos now use compounds from pawpaw for the same purpose.

Recent research has shown that the fruit of plants in this family may lead to variants of Parkinson's Disease in animals, both in the wild and in labs. Further research is currently underway to prove or disprove these findings.^[2][3][4][5]

References

External links

• Flora of North America Asimina
• USDA distribution of Pawpaw
• Pawpaw Information from Kentucky State University
• Asimina Genetic Resources
• Clark's September 18, 1806 journal entry about pawpaws
• Paw Paw and Cancer - From Discovery to Clinical Trials Presentation by Jerry McLaughlin Ph.D. on results of his research while at Purdue University
• How does paw paw work? (medicine/cell biology/cell metabolism)
• A novel mechanism for the control of clinical cancer: Inhibition of the production of adenosine triphosphate (AT) with a standardized extract of paw paw (Asimicz triloba, Annonaceaea)
• Links to research on pharmaceutical uses of paw paw
• Asimina triloba - Brooklyn Botanical Garden
• Asimina Genetic Resources - Pawpaw

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Asimina triloba