Roman Empire at its greatest extent with the conquests of Trajan

Pax Romana, Latin for "the Roman peace" (sometimes Pax Augusta), was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire between 27 BC and 180 AD. Augustus Caesar led Rome into the moderation of Pax Romana, and his successors for the most part imitated his policy. This period ended with the death of Marcus Aurelius, which is considered the start of the decline of the Roman Empire. Roman Empire Copyright unknown. ... Roman Empire Copyright unknown. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... A peace dove, widely known as a symbol for peace, featuring an olive branch in the doves beak. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus (Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the greatest. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Rome, April 26, 121[2] – Vindobona or Sirmium, March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ...

Characteristics

"Pax Romana" is an idea first presented by Edward Gibbon in the first chapter of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He refers to a period of "moderation" initiated by Augustus and imitated by his successors. Conquest became less beneficial and the Emperors became content with the borders of the Empire. Generals like Germanicus, Suetonius Paulinus, Agricola, and Corbulo were checked and recalled by the Emperors during their victories. Gibbon lists three exceptions to the "moderation" policy between Augustus and Marcus Aurelius - the conquest of Britannia under Claudius, the conquest of Dacia under Trajan and Trajan's "dangerous" invasion of the east. Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ... This article is about the book. ... Germanicus Julius Caesar Claudianus (24 May 15 BC–October 10, 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early Roman Empire. ... Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, also spelled Paullinus, (flourished 1st century CE) was a Roman general. ... Gnaeus Julius Agricola (July 13, 40 - August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. ... Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo (around AD 7 - AD 67) was a Roman general. ... Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Rome, April 26, 121[2] – Vindobona or Sirmium, March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... For other persons named Claudius, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ...

During this time the Romans still fought a consistent number of wars against neighboring states and tribes, most notably the Germanic tribes and Persians. There was also still political unrest among the noble families. Nonetheless, the Pax Romana was an era of relative tranquility in which Rome endured neither major civil wars, such as the perpetual bloodshed of the third century AD, nor serious invasions, such as those of the Second Punic War three centuries prior. Thor/Donar, Germanic thunder god. ... This article is about the Persian people, an ethnic group found mainly in Iran. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipio†, Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminius†, Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellus†, Lucius Aemilius Paullus†, Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus†, Masinissa, Minucius†, Servilius Geminus† Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barca†, Mago Barca†, Hasdrubal Gisco†, Syphax...

This period is considered to have lasted from 27 BC, when Augustus Caesar declared an end to the great Roman civil wars of the first century, until either 180 AD, when emperor Marcus Aurelius died, or the death of his son, Commodus, in 192 AD. It was a time in which Roman commerce thrived, unhampered by pirates or marauding enemy troops. It was not always peaceful; rebellions frequently appeared, but were quelled. For example, British tribes (Queen Boudica and the Iceni) rebelled against Roman rule in 60 AD and at least 150,000 people lost their lives, a figure which does not include the massacre and starvation after the British defeat. However, this figure must be taken with some caution since evidence would suggest that it is somewhat exaggerated. ojuooiuououoieerwerwerwerwerwwe Year 27 BC was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see number 180. ... Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Rome, April 26, 121[2] – Vindobona or Sirmium, March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192. ... Commodus assassinated by a wrestler named Narcissus at the behest of Commodus concubine, chamberlain and Praetorian prefect. ... Boudica and Her Daughters near Westminster Pier, London, commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft Boudica (also spelt Boudicca, formerly better known as Boadicea) (d. ... The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. The Cenimagni, who surrendered to Julius Caesar during his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC, may have... Events Boudicca sacks London (approximate date). ...

Additionally, both border skirmishes and Roman wars of conquest happened during this period. Trajan embarked on a series of campaigns against the Parthians during his reign and Marcus Aurelius spent almost the entire last decade of his rule defending the frontiers of the Empire. Indeed, one might argue that Rome was constantly involved in some conflict or another during the "Pax Romana." However, the interior provinces remained largely untouched by warfare, thus giving the empire the semblance of peace. Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf...

Notes

• The Ara Pacis, or "Altar of peace" was erected for Augustus at the expense of the Roman Senate to celebrate the era of 'Augustan' peace.
• The Roman city Pax Iuliae ("Peace of the gens Julia") is today's Beja, Portugal.

Ara Pacis:Detail of the processional frieze showing members of the Julio-Claudian family (north face) The Ara Pacis Augustae (Latin, Altar of Majestic Peace; commonly shortened to Ara Pacis) is an altar to Peace, envisioned as a Roman goddess. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... Julius (fem. ... Coat of Arms Beja is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 1139. ...

See Also

• Pax Americana
• Pax Britannica
• Pax Europeana
• Pax Germanica
• Pax Hispanica
• Pax Minoica
• Pax Mongolica
• Pax Ottomana
• Pax Sinica
• Pax Syriana

Pax Americana (Latin: American Peace) is a term to describe the period of relative peace in the Western world since the end of World War II in 1945, coinciding with the dominant military and economic position of the United States. ... Pax Britannica (Latin for the British Peace, modelled after Pax Romana) refers to a period of British imperialism after the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar, which led to a period of overseas British expansionism. ... Pax Europeana, Latin for the European peace, is the long period of relative peace experienced by Northern and Western Europe (including Greece) in the period following World War II. After the Cold War this peace can be considered to be extended to most (but not all) of Central and Eastern... Pax Germanica, Latin for German peace, refers to the world order that would have followed a German victory of World War II. The term is mostly used in the context of alternative history or virtual history literature, art and film. ... The Pax Hispanica refers to a period of time of twenty-three years (1598-1621), when Spain achieved European stability after conflicts with France, England and the Dutch United Provinces, coinciding with Spanish supremacy in Europe. ... The Minoan civilization was a bronze age civilization which arose on Crete, an island in the Aegean Sea. ... The Pax Mongolica or Mongol Peace is a phrase coined by Western scholars to describe the effect of the conquest of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants in the 13th and 14th centuries. ... Pax Ottomana, the Ottoman Peace is a recent, post-1980s phrase mostly used in Turkey to describe the relative stability attained on the lands taken over by the Ottoman Empire. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pax Syriana (Latin for Syrian peace, modelled after Pax Romana and Pax Britannica) refers to a time of relative peace in Lebanon maintained by Syrian hegemony and enforced by the Syrian army. ...

External links

• www.unrv.com/early-empire/pax-romana.php
• Pax Romana Discussion group