The Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands

The Peace Palace ("Vredespaleis" in Dutch), situated in The Hague, Netherlands, is often called the seat of international law because it houses the International Court of Justice (which is the principal judicial body of the United Nations), the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the Hague Academy of International Law, and the extensive Peace Palace Library. Image File history File linksMetadata International_Court_of_Justice. ... Image File history File linksMetadata International_Court_of_Justice. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), also known as the Hague Tribunal is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. ... The Hague Academy of International Law is a center for high-level education in international law housed in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. ...

In addition to hosting these institutions, the Palace is also a regular venue for special events in international policy and law.

Conception

The idea of the Palace started from a discussion in 1900 between the Russian diplomat Friedrich Martens and the American diplomat Andrew White, over providing a home for the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), which was established through the first Hague Peace Conference in 1899. White contacted his friend and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie about this idea. Carnegie had his reservations, and at first was only interested in donating money for the establishment of a Library of International Law. White however was able to convince Carnegie, and in 1903 Carnegie agreed to donating 15 million dollars needed for a Peace Temple that would house the PCA as well as to endow it with a library of international law. In first instance Carnegie simply wanted to donate the money directly to the Dutch Queen, Wilhelmina of the Netherlands for the building of the palace, but legal problems prohibited this, and in November 1903 the Carnegie Stichting (Carnegie Foundation) was founded in order to manage the construction, ownership, and maintenance of the Palace. This foundation is still responsible for these issues at present date. Friedrich Fromhold Martens, or Friedrich Fromhold von Martens, also known as Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (Фёдор Фёдорович Мартенс) in Russian and Frederic Frommhold (de) Martens in French (27 August 1845 - 20 June 1909) was a diplomat in the service of Russian Empire and jurist who made important contributions to the science of international law. ... Andrew Dickson White in 1885 Andrew Dickson White (November 7, 1832 – November 4, 1918) was a U.S. diplomat, author, and educator, best known as the co-founder of Cornell University. ... The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), also known as the Hague Tribunal is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. ... The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and 1907, respectively, and were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Andrew Carnegie (last name pronounced IPA: )[1] (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish industrialist, businessman, a major philanthropist, and the founder of Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. ... For other uses, see Wilhelmina (disambiguation). ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The Carnegie Foundation (Carnegie Stichting in Dutch) is a organization based in The Hague, The Netherlands. ...

Construction

Inside the Peace Palace

To find a suitable design, the foundation called for an open international competition. The winning design, set in the Neo-Renaissance style, was submitted by French architect Louis M. Cordonnier. In order to build within the budget the design was adjusted by Cordonnier and his Dutch associate Van der Steur. The palace initially had two big bell towers in front and two small ones in the back. Only one big tower and one small tower remained in the final building. Also in order to save money the separate library building from the winning design was incorporated in the Palace itself. The grounds were designed by Thomas Hayton Mawson, who also had to discard some fountains and sculptures in order to fit the budget. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,536 × 2,048 pixels, file size: 591 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,536 × 2,048 pixels, file size: 591 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Château de Ferrières 1855 Mentmore Towers English Neo-Renaissance of the 1850s. ... For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation). ... Thomas Hayton Mawson (May 5, 1861–November 14, 1933), better known as T.H. Mawson, was a British garden designer, landscape architect, and town planner. ...

The Palace is filled with many gifts of the different nations who attended the Second Hague Conference as a sign of their support. Among the gifts are a 3200 kilo vase from Russia, doors from Belgium, marble from Italy, a fountain from Denmark, wall carpets from Japan, the clock for the clock tower from Switzerland, persian rugs from Iran and wood from Indonesia and the United States of America. The palace also features a number of statues, busts and portraits of prominent peace campaigners from around the world and of all eras. The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and 1907, respectively, and were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law. ... Introduction A traditional rug weaver in Isfahan. ...

In 1907 the first stone was symbolically placed during the Second Hague Conference. The construction began some months later and was completed with an inauguration ceremony on 28 August 1913, attended by, among others, Andrew Carnegie. Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Andrew Carnegie (last name pronounced IPA: )[1] (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish industrialist, businessman, a major philanthropist, and the founder of Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. ...

In 1999 an eternal peace flame was installed in front of its gates. This article is about the year. ...

In 2007, Queen Beatrix opened the new building for the Peace Palace Library of International Law, housing the entire catalogue of the library, a lecture hall and a new reading room in the bridge to the main building of the Peace Palace. Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Beatrix (born January 31, 1938 as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld) has been the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980. ...

Occupants

The occupants of the Peace Palace are/were:

• Permanent Court of Arbitration (1913 - ...) The original occupant for which the Peace Palace was constructed. From 1901 till the opening of the Palace in 1913, the PCA was housed at Prinsengracht 71 in The Hague. It now (December 2006) has 106 members.
• Peace Palace Library of International Law (1913 - ...) Being the original vision of Carnegie, the library grew quickly to house the best collection of international law. Although this stature is well in the past, the library still contains some original classical works, as the original copies of Hugo Grotius works on peace and law and the Querela Pacus from Erasmus;
• The Hague Academy of International Law (1923 - ...) Established in 1914, strongly advocated by Tobias Asser. Funds for the Academy came from another peace project by Andrew Carnegie, namely the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, established in 1910.
• The Carnegie Stichting (Carnegie Foundation) (1913 - ...)
• Permanent Court of International Justice (1922 - 1946) In 1922 the PCIJ of the League of Nations was added to the occupants. This meant the Library was forced to move to an annex building, and the PCA was moved to the front left of the building. This Court was followed by the;
• International Court of Justice (1946-...) In 1946, with the birth of the United Nations, the ICJ was established as her principal judicial organ. Because of limited space, different locations in The Hague have been used for bigger cases (for instance with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia).

The PCA and ICJ work separately, although they do use the same 'pool' of international judges. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), also known as the Hague Tribunal is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... Hugo Grotius (Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; Delft, 10 April 1583 – Rostock, 28 August 1645) worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic and laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. ... Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 – July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ... The Hague Academy of International Law is a center for high-level education in international law housed in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. ... Tobias Michael Carel Asser (April 28, 1838 – July 29, 1913) was a Dutch jurist, cowinner (with Alfred Fried) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911 for his role in the formation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the first Hague peace conference (1899). ... The Endowments headquarters at 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private nonprofit organization promoting international cooperation and active international engagement by the United States of America. ... The Carnegie Foundation (Carnegie Stichting in Dutch) is a organization based in The Hague, The Netherlands. ... The Permanent Court of International Justice, sometimes called World Court, was the international court of the League of Nations established in 1922. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919–1920. ... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... The Tribunal building in The Hague. ...

References and further reading

• Arthur Eyffinger, The Peace Palace, ISBN 90-6611-331-6

External links

• Official site
• Peace Palace Library

Coordinates: 52.0866° N 4.2955° E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

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