The peace process describes efforts by interested parties to effect a lasting solution to long-running conflicts, such as the Northern Ireland peace process see Belfast Agreement, Arab-Israeli conflict and Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. When discussing the history of Northern Ireland, the peace process is generally considered to cover the events leading up to the 1994 Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) ceasefire, the end of most of the violence of the Troubles, the Belfast (or Good Friday) Agreement, and subsequent political developments. ... The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process. ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel, Palestine and the... The UN Partition Plan Map of the State of Israel today The Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has taken shape over the years, despite the ongoing violence in the Middle East. ...

Northern Ireland

Ireland was partitioned or divided in 1921 following the Irish War of Independence. 26 counties to the south became an independent nation known originally as the Irish Free State and today as the Republic of Ireland. While the 6 counties in the northeast historical province of Ulster with a loyalist Protestant community, largely dissended from British planters remained part of the U.K. as Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland's Catholic minority mostly supported a united Ireland and, for decades, complained of persecution by the Protestant dominated devolved government led by the Ulster Unionist Party. The idea of a United Ireland amongst Irish nationalists means Northern Ireland leaving the UK to join the Republic of Ireland. A bloody communal conflict was fought in between 1969 and 1998 known as The Troubles. On the one hand republican paramilitaries fought British armed forces, the local police and loyalist militias in an attempt to end British rule in Northern Ireland while Loyalist paramilitaries fought to maintain Northern Ireland's union with Britain, loyalist measures involved mostly targeting Catholic civilians. Over one thousand civilians were murdered by both sides during the conflict. Combatants Irish Republic United Kingdom Commanders Michael Collins Richard Mulcahy Cathal Brugha Important local IRA leaders Henry Hugh Tudor Strength Irish Republican Army c. ... This article is about the prior state. ... This article is about the nine-county Irish province. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Troubles (disambiguation) and Trouble. ...

An end to the long running ethnic/political conflict in Northern Ireland known as The Troubles came with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement or Belfast Agreement in 1998. In exchange for the disarmament of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and much smaller and less committed moves towards peace by Loyalist paramilitaries a set of reforms was introduced which have been accepted by the majority of both communities. The vast majority of Irish republicans and Irish nationalists who favour a United Ireland have agreed that Northern Ireland's link with the United Kingdom should remain until a majority of its people decide otherwise (Northern Ireland's population contains a majority of Protestants who are Unionist or Loyalist and as such oppose Northern Ireland leaving the U.K. to unite with the Republic of Ireland). Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... For other uses, see Troubles (disambiguation) and Trouble. ... The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 by the British and Irish Governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann) (IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Army or the RA.[2]) is an Irish Republican, left wing[3] paramilitary organisation that, until the Belfast Agreement, sought to end Northern... Loyalist paramilitaries are extra-legal groups in Northern Ireland that use violence to ensure the region remains in the United Kingdom. ... Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent republic, whether as a unitary state, a federal state or as a confederal arrangement. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In the Irish context, Unionists form a group of largely (though not exclusively) Protestant people in Ireland, of all social classes, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which the Northern Ireland provincial state created in... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

The former police force known as the Royal Ulster Constabulary or RUC which Irish nationalists claimed was discriminatory towards members of Northern Ireland's Catholic minority has been replaced with a cross community force known as the PSNI (Police Service of Northern Ireland). Since the Provisional IRA has abandoned violence all together, their political ally Sinn Féin, which is the largest nationalist party in Northern Ireland has been allowed to form a powersharing government with the largest Unionist party, the Democratic Unionist Party. New legislation on human rights and equality has been introduced in order to meet concerns of sectarianism (persecution of the Catholic community who mostly support a united Ireland), the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission was established, A North-South Ministerial Councilhas been created combining elected officials from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland to cooperate on matters of joint concern, the right of all residents to hold either British or Irish citizenship has been granted and as has the recognition of minority languages (the Irish language and Ulster Scots). The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) was name of the police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001. ... The Police Service of Northern Ireland (Irish: Seirbhís Póilíneachta Thuaisceart na hÉireann) is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. ... For pre-Arthur Griffith use of the political name, see Sinn Féin (19th century). ... This article is about the political party in Northern Ireland. ... Sectarianism refers (usually pejoratively) to a rigid adherence to a particular sect or party or religious denomination. ... Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission this is where everyone makes friends and treats each other nicely :) ... The North-South Ministerial Council is a body established under the Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) to co-ordinate activity and exercise certain limited governmental powers across the whole island of Ireland. ... This article is about the modern Goidelic language. ... Ulster-Scots are an Irish ethnic group descended from mainly Lowland Scots who settled in the Province of Ulster in Ireland, first beginning in large numbers during the 17th century. ...

The agreement was approved by the vast majority of voters on both sides of the Irish border and is seen as an example of how ethnic conflicts can be ended. There are still problems with a minority who oppose the peace process (factions such as the Continuity Irish Republican Army and so called Real Irish Republican Army) however most paramilitaries both republican and loyalist have supported the peace process. As a result prisoners from paramilitaries that did not engage in violent activities (such as the Provisional IRA, Irish National Liberation Army, Ulster Volunteer Force and Ulster Defence Association) were freed on early release. The Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA) is an Irish Republican paramilitary organisation that emerged from a split in the Provisional IRA in 1986. ... The Real Irish Republican Army, otherwise known as the Real IRA (RIRA), is an Irish republican paramilitary organisation founded before the signing of the 1998 Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement by former members of the Provisional IRA who opposed the latters 1997 cease-fire and acquiescence in the Agreement in... The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) is a paramilitary group which aimed, through the use of violence, to achieve three goals: (i) British withdrawal from Ireland, (ii) the political unification of Ireland through the merger of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland , and (iii) the creation of an all... The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) is an Irish republican paramilitary organization which was formed on December 8, 1974. ... The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland. ... UFF redirects here; they are also the initials of the United Freedom Front, a radical left-wing organisation in the US. The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is a loyalist paramilitary organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a terrorist group in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, and which aim...

Middle East

In the Middle East, various solutions have been offered, and some tried. Jimmy Carter, Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat worked together to create an official peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, which ended the formal state of war between the two nations as a result of the Camp David Accords (1978). The Oslo accords was a later framework between the Palestinian Authority and the State of Israel. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ...   (‎, August 16, 1913 – March 9, 1992) was a Polish-Jewish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ... Muhammad Anwar Al-Sadat (محمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and served as the third President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords in the White House Rose Garden: Menachem Begin (right), Jimmy Carter (center), Anwar Sadat (left) The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations... Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993. ... The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ...

Many groups and individuals have created projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs, most of which have as one of their goals overcoming religious prejudice. This page discusses the many projects that work to create a peaceful and productive co-existence between Israelis and Arabs including the Palestinians. ...

The usage of the term "peace process" is often criticized as being in an improper context to the given situation. Osama bin Laden has referred to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process as a "capitulation process". Left wing critics like Noam Chomsky argue that the history of US involvement in the Middle East discredits the idea that what may be taking place is an authentic "peace process": Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... “Leftism” redirects here. ... Avram Noam Chomsky (Hebrew: אברם נועם חומסקי Yiddish: אברם נועם כאמסקי) (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, political activist, author, and lecturer. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Any discussion of what is called a "peace process," whether the one underway at Camp David or any other, should keep in mind the operative meaning of the phrase —by definition, the "peace process" is whatever the US government happens to be pursuing." 1

After the eruption of the al-Aqsa Intifada and wave of mass suicide bombings the Israeli usage in term "peace process" have decreased significantly. A more neutral Hebrew term " התהליך המדיני " ("The international political process") is used by the Israeli media, where "peace process" is often used in irony. The West Wing, see NSF Thurmont (The West Wing). ... For other uses, see al-Aqsa (disambiguation). ... A suicide bombing is an attack using a bomb in which the individual(s) carrying the explosive materials composing the bomb intend(s) and expect(s) to die upon detonation (see suicide). ... Ironic redirects here. ...

See also

• Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
• Peace treaty
• Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Peaceworkers UK : British NGO providing training for potential peaceworkers in nonviolent, civilian techniques of conflict transformation

This page discusses the many projects that work to create a peaceful and productive co-existence between Israelis and Arabs including the Palestinians. ... A peace treaty is an agreement (a peace treaty) between two hostile parties, usually countries or governments, that formally ends a war or armed conflict. ... The UN Partition Plan Map of the State of Israel today The Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has taken shape over the years, despite the ongoing violence in the Middle East. ... Violent conflicts around the world are destroying lives and communities on a scale far exceeding that of recent natural disasters. ...

Links

• Accord analysis of peace processes from all over the world (also includes key texts & agreements and chronologies)
• Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace
• Canadian Culture of Peace Program- an example of a National Culture of Peace Program