Peak District
National Park of England
Protected Landscape/Seascape (IUCN V)
Peak District entrance stone on Hathersage Road, Sheffield
Country	England
Regions	Derbyshire, Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Staffordshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire
Area	1,438 km² (555 mi²)
Highest point
- elevation	636 m (2,087 ft)
National Park of England	1951
Peak District National Park within England

The Peak District is an upland area in central and northern England, lying mainly in northern Derbyshire, but also covering parts of Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Staffordshire, and South and West Yorkshire. The Brecon Beacons National Park, looking from the highest point of Pen Y Fan (886 m/2907 feet) to Corn Du (873 m/2864 feet). ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... Image File history File links Dore_-_Hathersage_Road_Peak_District_stone_15-04-06. ... For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... Cheshire (or, archaically, the County of Chester)[1] is a county in North West England. ... Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England which has a population of 2. ... Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. ... South Yorkshire is a metropolitan and ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber Government Office Region of England, in the United Kingdom. ... Coat of Arms of South Yorkshire West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, that has a population of 2. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The Brecon Beacons National Park, looking from the highest point of Pen Y Fan (886 m/2907 feet) to Corn Du (873 m/2864 feet). ... Image File history File links Peak_District_National_Parks. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... Cheshire (or, archaically, the County of Chester)[1] is a county in North West England. ... Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England which has a population of 2. ... Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. ... South Yorkshire is a metropolitan and ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber Government Office Region of England, in the United Kingdom. ... Coat of Arms of South Yorkshire West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, that has a population of 2. ...

Most of the area falls within the Peak District National Park, whose designation in 1951 made it the earliest national park in the British Isles. An area of great diversity, it is conventionally split into the northern Dark Peak, where most of the moorland is found and whose geology is gritstone, and the southern White Peak, where most of the population lives and where the geology is mainly limestone-based. Proximity to the major conurbations of the Midlands, Yorkshire and Lancashire, coupled with easy access by road and rail, make it the most visited national park in the UK, second globally by numbers only to Mt Fuji National Park in Japan. ^{[citation needed]} The Brecon Beacons National Park, looking from the highest point of Pen Y Fan (886 m/2907 feet) to Corn Du (873 m/2864 feet). ... The Dark Peak is the higher, northern part of the Peak District in England. ... Moorland in the Pennines (England); Coarse grasses and bracken tend to dominate especially in high rainfall areas. ... The White Peak is the lower, southern part of the Peak District in England. ... Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park (富士箱根伊豆国立公園) is a national park in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. ...

Geography

The Peak District forms the southern end of the Pennines and much of the area is uplands above 300 m, with a high point on Kinder Scout of 636 m. Despite its name, the landscape lacks sharp peaks, being characterised by rounded hills and gritstone escarpments (the "edges"). The area is surrounded by major conurbations, including Huddersfield, Manchester, Sheffield, Derby and Stoke-on-Trent. Typical Pennine scenery. ... Kinder Scout is a moorland plateau (and mountain) in the Dark Peak of the Derbyshire Peak District in England. ... Huddersfield is a large town in England near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme. ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation). ... Derby (pronounced dar-bee ) is a city in the East Midlands of England. ... This page is about Stoke-on-Trent in England. ...

The National Park covers 555 square miles (1438 square km) of Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire, Greater Manchester and South and West Yorkshire, including the majority of the area commonly referred to as the Peak. The Park boundaries were drawn to exclude large built-up areas and industrial sites from the park; in particular, the town of Buxton and the adjacent quarries are located at the end of the Peak Dale corridor, surrounded on three sides by the Park. The town of Bakewell and numerous villages are, however, included within the boundaries, as is much of the (non-industrial) west of Sheffield. As of 2006, it is the fourth largest National Park in England and Wales. As always in Britain, the designation "National Park" means that there are planning restrictions to protect the area from inappropriate development, and a Park Authority to look after it - but does not imply that the land is owned by the government, or is uninhabited. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Bakewell is a small market town in Derbyshire, England, deriving its name from Badecas Well. According to the UK 2001 census the civil parish of Bakewell had a population of 3,979. ... The Brecon Beacons National Park, looking from the highest point of Pen Y Fan (886 m/2907 feet) to Corn Du (873 m/2864 feet). ...

12% of the Peak District National Park is owned by the National Trust, a national (but non-government) organisation which exists to conserve historic and natural landscapes.^[1] The three Trust estates (High Peak, South Peak and Longshaw) include the ecologically or geologically significant areas of Bleaklow, Derwent Edge, Hope Woodlands, Kinder Scout, Leek and Manifold, Mam Tor, Dovedale, Milldale and Winnats.^[2] The Peak District National Park Authority directly owns around 5%, and other major landowners include several water companies.^[3] The standard of the National Trust The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as The National Trust, is a British preservation organization. ... High Peak Estate is an area of Pennine moorland in the ownership of the National Trust in the High Peak district of Derbyshire, England. ... The South Peak Estate of the National Trust comprises several land holdings in the Southern Peak District. ... Longshaw Estate is an area of moorland, woodland and farmland located within the Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, England. ... Bleaklow is a high moorland, just north of Kinder Scout, across the Snake Pass (A57), in the Derbyshire High Peak. ... The Cakes of Bread, Height approximately 15 feet (4. ... Hope Woodlands is an extensive civil parish in the High Peak district of Derbyshire in England. ... Kinder Scout is a moorland plateau (and mountain) in the Dark Peak of the Derbyshire Peak District in England. ... Manifold Valley from Thors cave The River Manifold is a river in Staffordshire, England. ... Mam Tor is a 517 m (1696 ft) high peak near Castleton in the High Peak of Derbyshire, England. ... The River Dove, Derbyshire is the principal river of the south-western Peak District, in the English Midlands. ... The River Dove at Dovedale. ... Limestone pinnacles in Winnats Pass Winnats Pass is in the High Peak area of the English county of Derbyshire. ...

Geology

Typical limestone scenery: Thor's Cave from the Manifold Way.

Much of the Peak District, and its adjacent areas, approximate to the structure of an eroded dome. The Carboniferous Coal Measures lie just outside the district, especially on the eastern side. Below the Coal Measures are the shales and sandstones of the Millstone Grit. The grit forms the moorland of the Dark Peak, and also extends in two ridges southwards on the west and east sides of the district. The shales occur at the base of the grit. Image File history File linksMetadata Thor's_cave. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Thor's_cave. ... Thors Cave from the Manifold Way Thors Cave (also known as Thors House Cavern and Thyrsiss Cave) is a natural cavern in the Manifold Valley of the White Peak in Staffordshire, England. ... In geology, a dome is a deformational feature consisting of symmetrically-dipping anticlines; their general outline on a geologic map is circular or oval. ... The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... Shale Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. ... Gritstone is a sedimentary rock composed of coarse sand grains and is a coarser version of sandstone. ...

Between the two gritstone ridges, the underlying early Carboniferous Limestone is at the surface, forming the centre of the dome. This is the White Peak. The limestone produces numerous caves — this is sometimes known as karst topography. For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cave (disambiguation). ... Karst topography is a three-dimensional landscape shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. ...

The Peak District dome is at the south end of the Pennine anticline. Typical Pennine scenery. ... Anticline with syncline visible at far right- USGS In structural geology, an anticline is a Fold (geology) that is convex to the youngest beds—youngest sediments are on back of hand, older under the palm. ...

For a detailed description of the geology of the area see Cope's monograph.^[4]

Ecology

The gritstone and shale of the Dark Peak supports heather moorland and blanket bog environments, with rough sheep pasture and grouse shooting being the main land uses. The limestone plateaus of the White Peak are more intensively farmed, with mainly dairy usage of improved pastures. Some sources also recognise the South West Peak (near Macclesfield) as a third type of area, with intermediate characteristics.^[5] Heather may be: In botany, the plant Calluna vulgaris, or, more loosely, various species of the closely related genera Erica and Cassiope, low evergreen shrubs (also called heaths). The term is also used to describe land which is vegetated with these plants; In apparel or textiles, interwoven yarns with a... Moorland in the Pennines (England); Coarse grasses and bracken tend to dominate especially in high rainfall areas. ... A Blanket bog is a type of bog found mainly in the midlands of the Republic of Ireland. ... Species See text. ... Genera Tetrao Lagopus Falcipennis Centrocercus Bonasa Dendrapagus Tympanuchus Grouse are from the order Galliformes which inhabit temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere. ... A dairy farm near Oxford, New York in the United States. ... , Macclesfield is a market town in Cheshire, England with a population of about 50,688 (2001 census for Macclesfield urban sub-area). ...

Woodland forms around 8% of the Peak National Park.^[3] Natural broadleaved woodland is found in the steep-sided, narrow dales of the White Peak and the deep cloughs of the Dark Peak, while reservoir margins often have coniferous plantations. Limber Pine woodland, Toiyabe Range, central Nevada Biologically, a woodland is a treed area differentiated from a forest. ...

Lead rakes, the spoil heaps of ancient mines, form another distinctive habitat in the White Peak, supporting a range of rare metallophytic plants, including spring sandwort (Minuartia verna; also known as leadwort), alpine penny-cress (Thlaspi caerulescens) and mountain pansy (Viola lutea).^[6] Binomial name Thlaspi caerulescens L. Alpine Pennycress (Thlaspi caerulescens), also known as Alpine Pennygrass, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. ...

Economy

Tourism is the major local employment for Park residents (24%), with manufacturing industries (19%) and quarrying (12%) also being important; only 12% are employed in agriculture.^[7] The cement works at Hope is the largest employer within the Park.^[8] The springs at Buxton and Ashbourne are exploited to produce bottled mineral water, and many of the plantations are managed for timber. Other manufacturing industries of the area are varied; they include David Mellor's cutlery factory (Hathersage), brake linings (Ferodo at Chapel-en-le-Frith) and electronic equipment (Castleton). In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. ... Hope is a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Ashbourne is a small picturesque market town in the Derbyshire Dales, England. ... In many places, mineral water is often colloquially used to mean carbonated water (which is usually carbonated mineral water, as opposed to tap water). ... Fundamentally, a plantation is usually a large farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, on which cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar cane, or trees and the like is cultivated, usually by resident laborers. ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood... David Mellor (born 1930) is a cutler and industrial designer. ... Used cutlery: a plate, a fork and knife, and a drinking glass. ... Hathersage (from heathers edge) is a village in Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ... Brake linings are the consumable surfaces in braking systems, especially those used in vehicles. ... Ferodo is a British company founded in 1897 by Herbert Frood in in Chapel en le Frith Derbyshire. ... Chapel-en-le-Frith is a small Derbyshire town on the edge of the Peak District, part of the Pennine Range, near the border of Cheshire, in northern England. ... Electronic equipment is anything that is electronic, from your washing machine to a headphone or a modem. ... This article is about the English village. ...

Limestone is the most important mineral quarried, mainly for roads and cement; shale is extracted for cement at Hope, and several gritstone quarries are worked for housing (see also Conservation issues: Quarrying).^[8] Lead mining is no longer economic, but fluorspar, barytes and calcite are extracted from lead veins, and small-scale Blue John mining occurs at Castleton. Shale Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... Fluorite (also called fluor-spar) is a mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. ... Barium sulfate (or barium sulphate, BaSO4) is a compound (a type of salt made from barium and sulphur) frequently used clinically as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and other diagnostic procedures. ... Doubly refracting Calcite from Iceberg claim, Dixon, New Mexico. ... Fluorite (also called fluor-spar) is a mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. ...

View of the Edale valley from Mam Tor.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1000, 179 KB)View down the valley from Mam Tor at the Peak District, UK. Photographed by Bala Amavasai Camera: Canon A520 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1000, 179 KB)View down the valley from Mam Tor at the Peak District, UK. Photographed by Bala Amavasai Camera: Canon A520 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old... Mam Tor is a 517 m (1696 ft) high peak near Castleton in the High Peak of Derbyshire, England. ...

History

Early history

The Peak District has been settled from the earliest periods of human activity, as is evidenced by occasional finds of Mesolithic flint artefacts and by palaeoenvironmental evidence from caves in Dovedale and elsewhere. There is also evidence of Neolithic activity, including some monumental earthworks or barrows (burial mounds) such as that at Margery Hill.^[9] In the Bronze Age the area was well populated and farmed, and evidence of these people survives in henges such as Arbor Low near Youlgreave or the Nine Ladies Stone Circle at Stanton Moor. In the same period, and on into the Iron Age, a number of significant hillforts such as that at Mam Tor were created. Roman occupation was sparse but the Romans certainly exploited the rich mineral veins of the area, exporting lead from the Buxton area along well-used routes. There were Roman settlements, including one at Buxton which was known to them as "Aquae Arnemetiae" in recognition of its spring, dedicated to the local goddess. The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age[1]) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Margery Hill cairn Margery Hill is a 546 m hill (SK 189957) on the Howden Moors whose summit is the highest point in South Yorkshire, England. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... A henge is a roughly circular or oval-shaped flat area over 20m in diameter which is enclosed and delimited by a boundary earthwork that usually comprises a ditch with an external bank. ... Arbor Low is a late Neolithic henge monument, lying in the Derbyshire Peak District approximately three miles west of Youlgreave. ... Categories: UK geography stubs | Villages in Derbyshire ... The Nine Ladies stone circle Nine Ladies ( ) is a Bronze Age stone circle located on Stanton Moor, Derbyshire, England. ... Stanton Moor Stanton Moor is a small upland area in the Derbyshire Peak District, lying between Matlock and Bakewell near the villages of Birchover and Stanton-in-Peak. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... Mam Tor is a 517 m (1696 ft) high peak near Castleton in the High Peak of Derbyshire, England. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Theories as to the derivation of the Peak District name include the idea that it came from the Pecsaetan or peaklanders, an Anglo Saxon tribe who inhabited the central and northern parts of the area from the 6th century AD when it fell within the large Anglian kingdom of Mercia. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Kingdom of Mercia at its greatest extent (7th to 9th centuries) is shown in green, with the original core area (6th century) given a darker tint. ...

Medieval to modern history

In medieval and early modern times the land was mainly agricultural, as it still is today, with sheep farming, rather than arable, the main activity in these upland holdings. However, from the sixteenth century onwards the mineral and geological wealth of the Peak became increasingly significant. Not only lead, but also coal, copper (at Ecton), zinc, iron, manganese and silver have all been mined here.^[10] Celia Fiennes, describing her journey through the Peak in 1697, wrote of 'those craggy hills whose bowells are full of mines of all kinds off black and white and veined marbles, and some have mines of copper, others tinn and leaden mines, in w[hi]ch is a great deale of silver.'^[11] Lead mining peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries and began to decline from the mid-19th century, with the last major mine closing in 1939, though lead remains a byproduct of fluorspar, baryte and calcite mining^[6] (see Derbyshire lead mining history for details). Limestone and gritstone quarries flourished as lead mining declined, and remain an important industry in the Peak. Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... Ecton is a hamlet in the Staffordshire Peak District (Grid reference SK096584). ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Celia Fiennes (7 June 1642 - 10 April 1741) was an English traveller. ... Octahedral fluorite crystals from New Mexico, USA Fluorite (also called fluor-spar or Blue John) is a mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. ... Baryte with Cerussite from Morocco Baryte with Galena and Hematite from Poland Barite (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate. ... Doubly refracting Calcite from Iceberg claim, Dixon, New Mexico. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ...

Ladybower Reservoir.

Large reservoirs such as Woodhead and Howden were built from the late 19th century onward to supply the growing urban areas surrounding the Peak District, often flooding large areas of farmland and depopulating the surrounding land in an attempt to improve the water purity. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 697 KB) The Ladybower Reservoir in the Peak District File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Peak District Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 697 KB) The Ladybower Reservoir in the Peak District File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Peak District Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from... The Ladybower Reservoir is one of three reservoirs in the Upper Derwent Valley in Derbyshire, England. ... Woodhead reservoir is a man-made lake in Longdendale in north Derbyshire. ... The Howden Reservoir is one of three reservoirs in the Upper Derwent Valley in Derbyshire, England. ...

The northern moors of Saddleworth and Wessenden gained notoriety in the 1960s as the burial site of several children murdered by the so-called Moors Murderers, Ian Brady and Myra Hindley. Saddleworth Moor looking toward the Wessenden valley Saddleworth Moor is an area of heath moorland on the northern English Pennine hill-range between Holmfirth and Uppermill. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Moors murderer Ian Brady at the time of his arrest in October 1965. ... Myra Hindley (23 July 1942 – 15 November 2002) was an English murderer involved in the Moors murders. ...

Development of tourism

The area has been a tourist destination for centuries, with an early tourist description of the area, De Mirabilibus Pecci or The Seven Wonders of the Peak by Thomas Hobbes, being published in 1636. Much scorn was poured on these seven wonders by subsequent visitors, including the journalist Daniel Defoe who described the moors by Chatsworth as 'a waste and houling wilderness' and was particularly contemptuous of the cavern near Castleton known, in typically frank Derbyshire style, as the Devil's Arse (or Peak Cavern).^[12] Visitor numbers did not increase significantly until the Victorian era, with railway construction providing ease of access and a growing cultural appreciation of the Picturesque and Romantic. Guides such as John Mawe's Mineralogy of Derbyshire (1802) and William Adam's Gem of the Peak (1840) generated interest in the area's unique geology. “Hobbes” redirects here. ... Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 [?] â€“ April 24 [?], 1731)[1] was an English writer, journalist, and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. ... Chatsworth may mean: Chatsworth House Chatsworth, Ontario, Canada Chatsworth, Georgia Chatsworth, California Chatsworth, Illinois Chatsworth, Iowa Chatsworth, New Jersey Chatsworth, Durban, South Africa This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... This article is about the English village. ... Peak Cavern entrance. ...

There is a great tradition of public access and outdoor recreation in this area. The Peak District formed a natural hinterland and rural escape for the populations of industrial Manchester and Sheffield, and remains a valuable leisure resource in a largely post-industrial economy. The Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout, the highest point in the Peak District, in 1932 was a landmark in the campaign for national parks and open access to moorland in Britain, at a time when such open moors were strongly identified with the game keeping interests of landed gentry. The Peak District National Park became the United Kingdom's first national park on April 17, 1951. The first National Trail in the United Kingdom was the Pennine Way, which starts from the village of Edale in the heart of the Peak District. This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation). ... Commemorative plaque at Bowden Bridge Quarry The mass trespass of Kinder Scout was a notable act of willful trespass by ramblers. ... Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada A national park is a reserve of land, usually, but not always (see National Parks of England and Wales), declared and owned by a national government, protected from most human development and pollution. ... Moorland in the Pennines (England); Coarse grasses and bracken tend to dominate especially in high rainfall areas. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The following long-distance footpaths can be found in the United Kingdom: // England and Wales: National Trails National Trails are distinguished by being maintained by the National Trails organization [1]. As of April 2005, there were fifteen such trails, mostly in England. ... The Pennine Way is a long-distance footpath in England. ... Central Edale, at the start of the Pennine Way. ...

Transport

History

The first roads in the Peak were constructed by the Romans, although they may have followed existing tracks. The Roman network is thought to have linked the settlements and forts of Aquae Arnemetiae (Buxton), Chesterfield, Ardotalia (Glossop) and Navio (Brough-on-Noe), and extended outwards to Danum (Doncaster), Manucium (Manchester) and Derventio (Little Chester, near Derby).^[13] Parts of the modern A515 and A53 roads south of Buxton are believed to run along Roman roads. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This article is about the English town. ... Glossop is a market town within the High Peak borough of Derbyshire, England. ... Hope is a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ... For other places with the same name, see Doncaster (disambiguation). ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... The Romans established a large fortified settlement, across the river at Little Chester, which they called Derventio. ... Derby (pronounced dar-bee ) is a city in the East Midlands of England. ...

Packhorse routes criss-crossed the Peak in the Medieval era, and some paved causeways are believed to date from this period, such as the Long Causeway along Stanage. However, no highways were marked on Saxton's map of Derbyshire, published in 1579.^[14] Bridge building improved the transport network; a surviving early example is the three-arched gritstone bridge over the River Derwent at Baslow, which dates from 1608 and has an adjacent toll-shelter.^[15] Although the introduction of turnpike roads (toll roads) from 1731^[16] reduced journey times, the journey from Sheffield to Manchester in 1800 still took 16 hours, prompting Samuel Taylor Coleridge to remark that 'a tortoise could outgallop us!'^[17] From around 1815 onwards, turnpike roads both increased in length and improved in quality. An example is the Snake Road, built under the direction of Thomas Telford in 1819-21 (now the A57); the name refers to the crest of the Dukes of Devonshire.^[17] The Cromford Canal opened in 1794, carrying coal, lead and iron ore to the Erewash Canal. A packhorse, pack horse or pack pony is a horse or pony used for carrying goods in sidebags or panniers. ... Stanage Edge is an inland cliff in the Derbyshire Peak District, England, famous as a location for climbing. ... Christopher Saxton was born in Yorkshire around 1540. ... The Derwent is a river in the county of Derbyshire, England. ... Baslow is a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, lying between Sheffield and Bakewell. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772 – July 25, 1834) (pronounced ) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. ... The Snake Pass is the name of the A57 road where it crosses the Peak District between Manchester and Sheffield in the north of England, or more specifically to the section between the town of Glossop and the Ladybower reservoir, where the road passes over the high ground between the... Thomas Telford (August 9, 1757 - September 2, 1834) was born in Westerkirk, Scotland. ... The Dukes of Devonshire are members of the aristocratic Cavendish family in the United Kingdom. ... The Cromford Canal ran 14. ... The Erewash Canal is a broad canal in Derbyshire, England. ...

Totley Tunnel on the Manchester to Sheffield line.

The improved roads and the Cromford Canal both shortly came under competition from new railways, with work on the first railway in the Peak commencing in 1825.^[17] Although the Cromford and High Peak Railway (from Cromford Canal to Whaley Bridge) was an industrial railway, passenger services soon followed, including the Woodhead Line (Sheffield to Manchester via Longdendale) and the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway. Not everyone regarded the railways as an improvement. John Ruskin wrote of the Monsal Dale line: 'You enterprised a railroad through the valley, you blasted its rocks away, heaped thousands of tons of shale into its lovely stream. The valley is gone, and the gods with it; and now, every fool in Buxton can be at Bakewell in half-an-hour, and every fool in Bakewell at Buxton.'^[17] Western portal of Totley Tunnel near Grindleford, Derbyshire. ... Western portal of Totley Tunnel near Grindleford, Derbyshire. ... Western Portal SK250787 Totley Tunnel is a 6230-yard (5. ... The Cromford and High Peak Railway was a railway built in the 1830s and operated by the London and North Western Railway to carry minerals and goods between the Cromford Canal at Cromford Wharf and the Peak Forest Canal at Whaley Bridge. ... The Cromford Canal ran 14. ... Location within the British Isles. ... The Woodhead Line was a railway line linking Sheffield, Penistone and Manchester in the north of England. ... The view westward down Longdendale from above the Woodhead Tunnel, showing the Longdendale Trail (left) and A628 Woodhead Pass road. ... The Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway initially served neither Manchester nor the Midlands, since its connection with the North Midland Railway at Ambergate Junction was in a northerly direction. ... Upper: Steel-plate engraving of Ruskin as a young man, made circa 1845, scanned from print made circa 1895. ...

By the second half of the twentieth century, the pendulum had swung back towards road transport. The Cromford Canal was largely abandoned in 1944, and several of the rail lines passing through the Peak were closed as uneconomic in the 1960s as part of the Beeching Axe. The Woodhead Line was closed between Hadfield and Penistone; parts of the trackbed are now used for the Trans-Pennine Trail, the stretch between Hadfield and Woodhead being known specifically as the Longdendale Trail. The Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway is now closed between Rowsley and Buxton where the trackbed forms part of the Monsal Trail. The Cromford and High Peak Railway is now completely shut, with part of the trackbed open to the public as the High Peak Trail. Another disused rail line between Buxton and Ashbourne now forms the Tissington Trail. Many railway lines were closed as a result of the Beeching Axe The Beeching Axe is an informal name for the British Governments attempt in the 1960s to reduce the cost of running the British railway system. ... The Woodhead Line was a railway line linking Sheffield, Penistone and Manchester in the north of England. ... , The war memorial and Station Road in Hadfield Hadfield is a small residential town in High Peak, Derbyshire, England and within the sphere of influence of Greater Manchester. ... Penistone railway station Penistone railway station is a railway station in Penistone, South Yorkshire, England. ... The Trans Pennine Trail is a long distance path in England, running largely along disused railway lines and canal towpaths, entirely on surface paths and only gentle gradients. ... Woodhead (SK091999) is a small and scattered settlement at the head of the Longdendale valley in Derbyshire, England. ... The Longdendale Trail is a Long-distance trail that runs a distance of approximately 6. ... The Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway initially served neither Manchester nor the Midlands, since its connection with the North Midland Railway at Ambergate Junction was in a northerly direction. ... Rowsley is a village on the A6 road in the English county of Derbyshire. ... The Monsal Trail is a cycle and walking trail in the Derbyshire Peak District. ... The Cromford and High Peak Railway was a railway built in the 1830s and operated by the London and North Western Railway to carry minerals and goods between the Cromford Canal at Cromford Wharf and the Peak Forest Canal at Whaley Bridge. ... The Cromford and High Peak Railway was a railway built in the 1830s and operated by the London and North Western Railway to carry minerals and goods between the Cromford Canal at Cromford Wharf and the Peak Forest Canal at Whaley Bridge. ... Ashbourne is a small picturesque market town in the Derbyshire Dales, England. ... The Cromford and High Peak Railway (C&HPR) completed in 1831, to carry minerals and goods between the Cromford Canal at Cromford Wharf and the Peak Forest Canal at Whaley Bridge. ...

Road network

The main roads through the Peak District are the A57 (Snake Pass) between Sheffield and Manchester, the A628 (Woodhead Pass) between Barnsley and Manchester via Longdendale, the A6 from Derby to Manchester via Buxton, and the Cat and Fiddle road from Macclesfield to Buxton. These roads, and the pretty minor roads and lanes, are attractive to drivers, but the Peak's popularity makes road congestion a significant problem especially during summer. The A57 is a major road in England. ... The Snake Pass is the name of the A57 road where it crosses the Peak District between Manchester and Sheffield in the north of England, or more specifically to the section between the town of Glossop and the Ladybower reservoir, where the road passes over the high ground between the... Curiositykc 15:34, 9 September 2007 (UTC) For other uses, see Barnsley (disambiguation). ... The view westward down Longdendale from above the Woodhead Tunnel, showing the Longdendale Trail (left) and A628 Woodhead Pass road. ... This article is about the A6 road in England. ... The Cat And Fiddle is a road in England between Buxton, Derbyshire and Macclesfield, Cheshire, named after a pub at its summit. ... , Macclesfield is a market town in Cheshire, England with a population of about 50,688 (2001 census for Macclesfield urban sub-area). ...

Public transport

The Peak District is readily accessible by public transport, which reaches even central areas. Train services into the area are the Hope Valley Line from Sheffield and Manchester; the Derwent Valley Line from Derby to Matlock; and the Buxton Line and the Glossop Line linking those towns to Manchester. Coach (long-distance buses) services provide access to Matlock, Bakewell and Buxton from Derby, Nottingham, and Manchester, and there are regular buses from the nearest towns such as Sheffield, Glossop, Stoke and Chesterfield. The nearest airports are Manchester, East Midlands and Doncaster–Sheffield. The Hope Valley Line is a railway line in England linking Sheffield with Manchester. ... The Derwent Valley Line is a railway line from Derby to Matlock in Derbyshire. ... --213. ... The Glossop Line is a railway line in northern England, connecting Manchester with Glossop and Hadfield in Derbyshire. ... , Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom. ... Bakewell is a small market town in Derbyshire, England, deriving its name from Badecas Well. According to the UK 2001 census the civil parish of Bakewell had a population of 3,979. ... For City Airport Manchester, UK, see City Airport Manchester. ... East Midlands Airport[1] (IATA: EMA, ICAO: EGNX) is an airport in the East Midlands of England, near Castle Donington in Leicestershire. ... Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield is a new international airport due to open in April 2005. ...

For such a rural area, the smaller villages of the Peak are relatively well served, with many local minibuses operating from the main towns (Bakewell, Matlock, Hathersage, Castleton, Tideswell) out to the small villages and the Hope Valley and Buxton Line trains serving many local stations (including Hathersage, Hope and Edale). Hathersage (from heathers edge) is a village in Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ... Hope is a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ... Central Edale, at the start of the Pennine Way. ...

Activities

Paragliding from Mam Tor.

The Peak District provides opportunities for many types of outdoor activity. An extensive network of public footpaths and numerous long-distance trails (over 3000 km in total), as well as large open-access areas, are available for hillwalking and hiking. Bridleways are commonly used by mountain bikers, as well as horse riders. Some of the long-distance trails, such as the Tissington and High Peak Trails, re-use former railway lines; they are much used by walkers, horse riders and cyclists. The Park authorities run cycle hire centres at Ashbourne, Parsley Hay and Ladybower Reservoir. Wheelchair access is possible at several places on the former railway trails, and cycle hire centres offer vehicles adapted to wheelchair users. There is a programme to make footpaths more accessible to less-agile walkers by replacing climbing stiles with walkers' gates. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x926, 141 KB)Paragliding at Mam Tor File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x926, 141 KB)Paragliding at Mam Tor File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Mam Tor is a 517 m (1696 ft) high peak near Castleton in the High Peak of Derbyshire, England. ... Hillwalking or fellwalking is the recreational practice of hiking in mountainous terrain. ... Two hikers in the Mount Hood National Forest Eagle Creek hiking Hiking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. ... Mountain biker riding in the Arizona desert. ... A young rider at a horse show in Australia. ... The Cromford and High Peak Railway (C&HPR) completed in 1831, to carry minerals and goods between the Cromford Canal at Cromford Wharf and the Peak Forest Canal at Whaley Bridge. ... The Cromford and High Peak Railway was a railway built in the 1830s and operated by the London and North Western Railway to carry minerals and goods between the Cromford Canal at Cromford Wharf and the Peak Forest Canal at Whaley Bridge. ... Police officer on a bicycle Cycling is a means of transport, a form of recreation, and a sport. ... Ashbourne is a small picturesque market town in the Derbyshire Dales, England. ... Parsley Hay station, showing the Tissington Trail winding southwards The meeting of the Tissington & High Peak Trails at Parsley Hay. ... The Ladybower Viaduct which carries the A6013 road to Bamford. ...

The many gritstone outcrops, such as Stanage and the Roaches, are recognised as some of the finest rock climbing sites in the world (see: rock climbing in the Peak District). The Peak limestone also provides many testing climbs. Some of the area's large reservoirs (for example, Carsington Water) have become centres for water sports, including sailing, fishing and canoeing, in this most landlocked part of the UK. Other activities include air sports (hang gliding and paragliding), birdwatching, caving, fell running, greenlaning and orienteering. Stanage Edge is an inland cliff in the Derbyshire Peak District, England, famous as a location for climbing. ... Climbers on Valkyrie at the Roaches in Staffordshire. ... Climbers on Valkyrie at the Roaches. ... Rock climbers on Ellis Eliminate (grade VS 4c) on Stanage. ... Carsington Reservoir is a reservoir operated by Severn Trent Water in Derbyshire, England. ... A water sport is a form of recreation where water (other than drinking water) is an essential aspect of the activity. ... For either of the songs named Sailing, see Sailing (song). ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... Canoeing is the recreational or sporting activity of paddling a canoe or kayak. ... Hang gliding is one of the windsports. ... Paragliding (known in France, Spain and Portugal as parapente) is a recreational and competitive flying sport. ... Birdwatching or birding is the observation and study of birds. ... Caving frequently involves a lot of mud. ... Fell running, also known as mountain running and hill running, is the sport of running and racing, off road, over upland country where the gradient climbed is a significant component of the difficulty. ... Landrover Defender 90 Offroading Off Roading is a recreational pursuit popular among a sub-section of the owners of four wheel drive or all-terrain vehicles. ... The international orienteering symbol. ...

Visitor attractions

The spa town of Buxton was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire as a genteel health resort in the eighteenth century; now the largest town in the Peak District, it has an opera house with a theatre, and a museum and art gallery. Another spa town is Matlock Bath, popularised in the Victorian era. Bakewell is the largest settlement within the National Park; its five-arched bridge over the River Wye dates from the 13th century. Buxton, Matlock and Matlock Bath, Bakewell and the small towns of Ashbourne and Wirksworth, on the fringes of the Park, all offer a range of tourist amenities. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Buxton Opera House is in The Square, Buxton, Derbyshire. ... Matlock Bath is a village south of Matlock in Derbyshire, England. ... Bakewell is a small market town in Derbyshire, England, deriving its name from Badecas Well. According to the UK 2001 census the civil parish of Bakewell had a population of 3,979. ... The River Wye is a river in Derbyshire, England. ... , Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom. ... Ashbourne is a small picturesque market town in the Derbyshire Dales, England. ... Wirksworth is a small market town in Derbyshire, England with a population of approximately 9,000. ...

Historic buildings include Chatsworth House, seat of the Dukes of Devonshire and among Britain's finest stately homes; the medieval Haddon Hall, seat of the Dukes of Rutland; Hardwick Hall, built by powerful Elizabethan Bess of Hardwick; and Lyme Park, an Elizabethan manor house transformed by an Italianate front. Many of the Peak's villages and towns have fine parish churches, with a particularly magnificent example being the fourteenth century church at Tideswell, sometimes dubbed the 'Cathedral of the Peak'. "Little John's Grave" can be seen in Hathersage churchyard. A view of Chatsworth from the south-west circa 1880. ... The Dukes of Devonshire are members of the aristocratic Cavendish family in the United Kingdom. ... Haddon Hall, Bakewell, Derbyshire, England (2002) For other uses, see Haddon Hall (disambiguation). ... Earl of Rutland and Duke of Rutland are titles in the peerage of England, derived from Rutland, a traditional county. ... Hardwick Hall, built 1590–1597 Hardwicks long gallery in the 1890s. ... Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury by Rowland Lockley, 1592. ... The south front of Lyme Park, Cheshire as rebuilt by Giacomo Leoni. ... Tideswell is a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, England (location map). ... Little John is a presumably fictional character in the legend of Robin Hood. ... Hathersage (from heathers edge) is a village in Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ...

Well dressing at Hayfield.

The picturesque village of Castleton, overshadowed by the Norman Peveril Castle, has four show caves (the Peak, Blue John, Treak Cliff and Speedwell Caverns) and is the centre of production of the unique semi-precious mineral, Blue-John. Other show caves and mines include the Heights of Abraham caves (reached by cable car) at Matlock Bath, and Poole's Cavern at Buxton. The little village of Eyam is known for its self-imposed quarantine during the Plague of 1666. Image File history File links Welldressing_Hayfield. ... Image File history File links Welldressing_Hayfield. ... Hayfield from the northwest Hayfield (SK037870) is a village and civil parish in the borough of High Peak, in the county of Derbyshire, England. ... This article is about the English village. ... Peveril Castle in Castleton, Derbyshire, England (SK149826) stands on a hill overlooking the village with an impressive view across the Hope Valley and Cave Dale. ... Peak Cavern entrance. ... Entrance to the Blue John cavern The Blue John Cavern is one of the four show caves in Castleton, Derbyshire, England. ... Treak Cliff Cavern is of international fame and geological importance. ... The Speedwell Cavern is one of the four show caves in Castleton, Derbyshire, England. ... Fluorite (also called fluor-spar) is a mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. ... A tourist attraction in Derbyshire, England, the Heights of Abraham is a country park on top of Masson Hill, accessed by a cable car from Matlock Bath. ... Matlock Bath is a village south of Matlock in Derbyshire, England. ... Poached egg stalagmites Pooles Cavern or Pooles Hole is a show cave south of Buxton in the Peak District, in the county of Derbyshire, England. ... Eyam Hall. ... This article concerns the mid fourteenth century pandemic. ...

The Mining Museum at Matlock Bath, which includes tours of the Temple lead mine, and the Derwent Valley Mills (World Heritage Site) give insight into the Peak's industrial heritage. The preserved steam railway between Matlock and Rowsley, the National Tramway Museum at Crich and the Cromford Canal chart the area's transport history. The Life in a Lens Museum of Photography & Old Times in Matlock Bath presents the history of photography from 1839. Categories: Stub | Derbyshire | Mining ... Masson Mills, Derwent Valley Derwent Valley Mills is a World Heritage Site along the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England, designated in December 2001. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... , Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom. ... Rowsley is a village on the A6 road in the English county of Derbyshire. ... The National Tramway Museum at Crich, Derbyshire, England, is home to many trams, most of which ran through the streets of cities throughout the United Kingdom and some of which are from other countries. ... Map sources for Crich at grid reference SK350544 Crich is a village in Derbyshire. ... The Cromford Canal ran 14. ... The Life in a Lens Museum of Photography and Old Times is a museum in Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, England. ... Photography [fәtɑgrәfi:],[foʊtɑgrәfi:] is the process of recording pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or electronic sensor. ...

Well dressing ceremonies are held in most of the villages during the spring and summer months, in a tradition said to date from pagan times. Other local customs include Castleton's annual Garland Festival and Ashbourne's Royal Shrovetide Football, played annually since the 12th century. Buxton hosts two opera festivals, the Buxton Festival and the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival, as well as the Buxton Festival Fringe, and the Peak Literary Festival is held at various locations twice a year. Well dressing in Youlgreave Well dressing is a custom practised in the Peak District of England, in which wells are decorated with designs created from flower petals. ... The Royal Shrovetide Football Match occurs annually on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday in the town of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, England. ... The Buxton Festival is an annual summer festival of opera, music, and (since 2000) a literary series, held in Buxton, Derbyshire in England since it began in July 1979. ... The International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival is held every summer at the Opera House in Buxton, Derbyshire. ... Buxton Festival Fringe is in its 27th year and in 2006 hosted 117 events over 17 days. ... Peak Literary Festival logo The Peak Literary Festival is held in the Peak District National Park annually in the Spring and Autumn. ...

Peak District food specialities include the dessert, Bakewell pudding (very different from the nationally available Bakewell tart), and the famous cheese Stilton, one of whose areas of production is the village of Hartington. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Bakewell pudding. ... Country of origin  England Region, town Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Nottinghamshire Source of milk Cows Pasteurised Yes Texture semi-soft, crumbly, creamier with increasing age Aging time 9 weeks minimum Certification PDO Stilton is a cheese of England. ... Hartington Disambiguation: you may be looking for the place Hartington, Nebraska. ...

Conservation issues

Walkers above Derwent Reservoir.

The proximity of the Peak to major conurbations – an estimated 20 million people live within an hour's drive^[18] – poses unique challenges to managing the area. The Peak Park Authority and the National Trust, with other landowners, attempt to balance keeping the upland landscape accessible to visitors for recreation, whilst protecting it from intensive farming, erosion and pressure from visitors themselves. An inevitable tension exists between the needs of the 38,000 residents of the Peak Park,^[7] the many millions of people who visit it annually^[19] and the conservation requirements of the area. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (800x620, 177 KB) Walkers on Little Howden Moor, above Derwent Reservoir. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (800x620, 177 KB) Walkers on Little Howden Moor, above Derwent Reservoir. ... Derwent Dam Derwent Reservoir, showing the island and the west tower of Howden Dam Derwent Reservoir is one of three reservoirs in the Upper Derwent Valley in the north east of Derbyshire, England. ...

The uneven distribution of visitors creates further stresses. Dovedale alone receives an estimated 2 million visitors annually;^[20] other highly-visited areas include Bakewell, Castleton and the Hope valley, Chatsworth, Hartington and the reservoirs of the Upper Derwent valley.^[21] Over 60% of visits are concentrated in the period May–September, with Sunday being the busiest day.^[21] The River Dove, Derbyshire is the principal river of the south-western Peak District, in the English Midlands. ... Bakewell is a small market town in Derbyshire, England, deriving its name from Badecas Well. According to the UK 2001 census the civil parish of Bakewell had a population of 3,979. ... This article is about the English village. ... Hope is a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ... A view of Chatsworth from the south-west circa 1880. ... Hartington Disambiguation: you may be looking for the place Hartington, Nebraska. ... The Upper Derwent Valley is an area of the Peak District National Park in Derbyshire, England. ...

Footpath erosion

The number of footpath users on the more popular walking areas in the Peak District has contributed to serious erosion problems, particularly on the fragile peat moorlands of the Dark Peak. The recent use of some paths by mountain bikers is believed by some to have exacerbated an existing problem. Measures taken to contain the damage have included the permanent diversion of the official route of the Pennine Way out of Edale (it now goes up Jacob's Ladder rather than following the Grindsbrook), and the expensive stone paving of many moorland footpaths. The Pennine Way is a long-distance footpath in England. ... Central Edale, at the start of the Pennine Way. ...

Quarrying

Large-scale limestone quarrying has been a particular area of contention. Twelve large limestone quarries operate in the Peak; Tunstead near Buxton is one of the largest quarries in Europe.^[22] Large quarries not only leave scars on the landscape but also cause dust and noise pollution and traffic congestion, particularly where stone is transported in lorries rather than by rail. However, the industry is critical to the local economy, employing 12% of those residing within the Park.^[7] For other uses, see Quarry (disambiguation). ... Tunstead is a village in Derbyshire, England, situated in Great Rocks Dale north of Buxton. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Total limestone output has substantially decreased from the 1990 peak of 8.5 million tonnes (almost 30% in 1995).^[8] However, most of the mineral extraction licences were issued by national government for 90 years in the 1950s, and remain legally binding. The Peak Park Authority has a policy of considering all new quarrying and licence renewal applications within the area of the National Park in terms of the local and national need for the mineral and the uniqueness of the source, in conjunction with the effects on traffic, local residents and the environment.^[8] Some licenses have not been renewed; for example, the RMC Aggregates quarry at Eldon Hill was forced to close in 1999, and landscaping is ongoing.^[23] The proposals dating from 1999 from Stancliffe Stone Ltd to re-open dormant gritstone quarries at Stanton Moor have been seen as a test case. They are hotly contested by ecological protesters and local residents on grounds that the development would threaten nearby Bronze Age remains (in particular, the Nine Ladies stone circle) as well as the natural landscape locally^[19]. As of 2007, negotiations are ongoing to shift the development to the nearby Dale View quarry, a less sensitive area.^[24] Part of the quarry workings on the north west side of Eldon Hill. ... Stanton Moor Stanton Moor is a small upland area in the Derbyshire Peak District, lying between Matlock and Bakewell near the villages of Birchover and Stanton-in-Peak. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... The Nine Ladies stone circle Nine Ladies ( ) is a Bronze Age stone circle located on Stanton Moor, Derbyshire, England. ...

Peak District in literature and arts

The landscapes of the Peak have formed an inspiration to writers for centuries. Various places in the Peak District have been identified by Ralph Elliott and others as locations in the 14th century poem 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'; Lud's Church, for example, is thought to be the Green Chapel.^[25] The original Gawain Manuscript, Cotton Nero A.x. ... Luds Church Luds Church is a deep millstone grit chasm created by a massive landslip on the hillside above Gradbach, Staffordshire, England. ...

Key scenes in Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice are set in the Derbyshire Peak District.^[26] Peveril of the Peak (1823) by Sir Walter Scott is a historical novel set at Peveril Castle, Castleton during the reign of Charles II.^[27][28] William Wordsworth was a frequent visitor to Matlock; the Peak inspired several of his poems, including an 1830 sonnet to Chatsworth House.^[29] The village of Morton in Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre is based on Hathersage, where Brontë stayed in 1845, and Thornfield Hall might have been inspired by nearby North Lees Hall.^[30][31] Snowfield in George Eliot's first novel Adam Bede (1859) is believed to be based on Wirksworth, where her uncle managed a mill; Ellastone (Hayslope) and Ashbourne (Oakbourne) are also featured.^[29] 1873 engraving of Jane Austen, based on a portrait drawn by her sister Cassandra. ... For films named Pride and Prejudice, see Pride and Prejudice (film). ... Peveril of the Peak (1822) is the longest of Walter Scotts novels. ... Raeburns portrait of Sir Walter Scott in 1822. ... Peveril Castle in Castleton, Derbyshire, England (SK149826) stands on a hill overlooking the village with an impressive view across the Hope Valley and Cave Dale. ... This article is about the English village. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... William Wordsworth (April 7, 1770 – April 23, 1850) was a major English romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads. ... , Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom. ... A view of Chatsworth from the south-west circa 1880. ... Charlotte Brontë (IPA: ) (April 21, 1816 – March 31, 1855) was an English novelist and the eldest of the three Brontë sisters whose novels have become timeless pieces of English literature. ... This article is about the Victorian novel. ... Hathersage (from heathers edge) is a village in Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ... Mary Ann Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880), better known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist. ... Adam Bede is the first novel written by George Eliot and was published in 1859. ... Wirksworth is a small market town in Derbyshire, England with a population of approximately 9,000. ... Ellastone, a village in central England, is situated close to the River Dove, on the border between Derbyshire and Staffordshire. ... Ashbourne is a small picturesque market town in the Derbyshire Dales, England. ...

Children's author Alison Uttley (1884–1976) was born at Cromford; her well-known novel, A Traveller in Time, set in Dethick, recounts the Babington Plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots from imprisonment.^[32] Crichton Porteous (1901–91) set several books in specific locations in the Peak; Toad Hole, Lucky Columbell and Broken River, for example, are set in the Derwent Valley.^[33] More recently, Geraldine Brooks's first novel, Year of Wonders (2001), blends fact and fiction to tell the story of the plague village of Eyam,^[34] which also inspired Children of Winter by children's novelist, Berlie Doherty (b. 1943). Doherty has set several other works in the Peak, including Deep Secret, based on the drowning of the villages of Derwent and Ashopton by the Ladybower Reservoir, and Blue John, inspired by the Blue John Cavern at Castleton.^[35] Alison Uttley (17 December 1884 – 7 May 1976), née Alice Jane Taylor, was a prolific British writer of over 100 books. ... Cromford, in Derbyshire, England, is a village that is one of the significant sites in the development of the Industrial Revolution. ... Lea is a Small village in Derbyshire that is home to the look-a-like to the world famous Tony Mortimer from east 17, He is also the only gay in the village that gets lairy on rum and coke and is historically known as L810 The Doctors Surgery and... Walsinghams Decypherer forged this cipher postscript to Marys letter to Babington. ... Mary I (popularly known as Mary, Queen of Scots: French: ); (December 8, 1542 – February 8, 1587) was Queen of Scots (the monarch of the Kingdom of Scotland) from December 14, 1542, to July 24, 1567. ... (Leslie) Crichton Porteous (1901 - 1991) was an author of fiction and non-fiction - books, articles and short stories - much of it about life in the Peak District, and often set in specific Peak locations (Toad Hole and Broken River, for example, are set in the Derwent Valley). ... The Derwent is a river in the county of Derbyshire, England. ... Geraldine Brooks is an Australian author, who grew up in the Western suburbs of Sydney. ... Year of Wonders: A Novel of the Plague is a 2001 international bestselling historical fiction novel by Geraldine Brooks. ... Eyam Hall. ... Berlie Doherty (b. ... Derwent is a village drowned under the Ladybower Reservoir in Derbyshire, England. ... , Ashopton is a village in Derbyshire, England. ... The Ladybower Viaduct which carries the A6013 road to Bamford. ... Entrance to the Blue John cavern The Blue John Cavern is one of the four show caves in Castleton, Derbyshire, England. ...

Many works of crime and horror have been set in the Peak. 'The Terror of Blue John Gap' by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) recounts terrible events at the Blue John mines,^[36] and Sherlock Holmes investigates the kidnapping of a child in the region in 'The Adventure of the Priory School'.^[37] Many of the horror stories of local author Robert Murray Gilchrist (1878–1916) feature Peak settings.^[29] More recently, Stephen Booth has written a series of crime novels set in various real and imagined Peak locations,^[38] while In Pursuit of the Proper Sinner, an Inspector Lynley mystery by Elizabeth George, is set on the fictional Calder Moor.^[39] This article or section contains a plot summary that is overly long. ... // Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859–7 July 1930) was a Scottish author most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction, and the adventures of Professor Challenger. ... A portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget from the Strand Magazine, 1891 Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who first appeared in publication in 1887. ... The Adventure of the Priory School, one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 13 stories in the cycle collected as The Return of Sherlock Holmes. ... Stephen Booth is a British crime-writer, born in Burnley, UK. He is the author of the popular Derbyshire-set Cooper and Fry series. ... Susan Elizabeth George (born February 26, 1949) is the American author of a number of mystery novels set in Great Britain. ...

Other writers and poets who lived in or visited the Peak include Samuel Johnson, William Congreve, Anna Seward, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Lord Byron, Thomas Moore, Richard Furness, D. H. Lawrence, Richmal Crompton and Nat Gould.^[29][32] For other persons named Samuel Johnson, see Samuel Johnson (disambiguation). ... William Congreve (January 24, 1670 – January 19, 1729) was an English playwright and poet. ... Anna Seward (December 12, 1747 – March 25, 1809) was an English writer, often called the Swan of Lichfield. ... Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. ... “Byron” redirects here. ... For other persons named Thomas Moore, see Thomas Moore (disambiguation). ... Richard Furness (Poet) Born August 2nd 1791 - Died December 13th 1857 The Poet of Eyam (A village in Derbyshire, England) ... David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 - 2 March 1930) was a very important and controversial English writer of the 20th century, whose prolific and diverse output included novels, short stories, poems, plays, essays, travel books, paintings, translations, literary criticism and personal letters. ... Richmal Crompton Lamburn (1890–1969) Richmal Crompton Lamburn (November 15, 1890–January 11, 1969) was a British writer, most famous for her Just William short stories. ... Nathaniel Gould (21 December 1857 – 25 July 1919), always known as Nat Gould, was a British novelist. ...

The landscapes and historic houses of the Peak are also popular settings for film and television. The classic 1955 film, The Dam Busters, was filmed at the Upper Derwent Valley reservoirs, where practice flights for the bombing raids on the Ruhr dams had been made.^[40] In recent adaptations of Pride and Prejudice, Longnor has featured as Lambton, while Lyme Park and Chatsworth House have stood in for Pemberley.^[41][42] Haddon Hall not only doubled as Thornfield Hall in two different adaptations of Jane Eyre, but has also appeared in several other films including Elizabeth and The Princess Bride.^[43] The long-running television medical drama Peak Practice is set in the fictional village of Cardale in the Derbyshire Peak District; it was filmed in Crich, Matlock and other Peak locations.^[44] The Dam Busters is a 1954 British war film, set during the Second World War, and documenting the true story of the RAFs 617 Squadron, the development of the bouncing bomb, and Operation Chastise - the attack on the Ruhr dams in Germany. ... The Upper Derwent Valley is an area of the Peak District National Park in Derbyshire, England. ... For the conurbation see Ruhr Area. ... Longnor is a village in the Staffordshire Peak District, England originating as the site of a market in the 1850s. ... The south front of Lyme Park, Cheshire as rebuilt by Giacomo Leoni. ... A view of Chatsworth from the south-west circa 1880. ... Pemberley is the name of the estate and country house owned by Fitzwilliam Darcy in Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice. ... Haddon Hall, Bakewell, Derbyshire, England (2002) For other uses, see Haddon Hall (disambiguation). ... Elizabeth is an Academy Award winning 1998 film loosely based on the early reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. ... The Princess Bride is a 1987 film, based on the 1973 novel The Princess Bride by William Goldman, combining comedy, adventure, romance and fantasy. ... Class 10 September 2006 - July 2007 Michael Laight Ben Chantler David Platt Danielle Bailey Damien Mee Andy Smith Anne Louise Burke Heather Williams Michael Rutter Marlon Estevez Nathan Neighbour Katie Addyman Melanie Costello Mr Mike Genders Mrs Sandra Crossland Mrs June Simpson Mrs Teresa Stephens Mrs Lisa Dingle Mrs Debra... Map sources for Crich at grid reference SK350544 Crich is a village in Derbyshire. ... , Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom. ...

See also

• List of peaks of the Peak District
• Wiki Commons Peak District photo Gallery

A list of the peaks of the English Peak District. ...

References

David & Charles (also David and Charles) is a publisher specialising in illustrated non-fiction books. ...

External links

• Official website of the Peak District National Park Authority
• The National Trust: Peak District

• Peak District National Park educational site -- includes useful interactive map
• British Geological Survey: Foundations of the Peak -- geological information
• A gallery of free wallpaper-sized photographs of the Peak District in winter

Coordinates: 53°21′N, 1°50′W Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada A national park is a reserve of land, usually, but not always (see National Parks of England and Wales), declared and owned by a national government, protected from most human development and pollution. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... High Willhays, the highest point on Dartmoor and southern England at 621 m (2037 ft) above sea level, with Yes Tor beyond. ... A View of the North York Moors The North York Moors (also known as the North Yorkshire Moors) is a national park in North Yorkshire, England. ... The Yorkshire Dales (also known as the Dales) is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England. ... Dunkery Beacon, with heather in bloom Exmoor National Park is a national park situated on the Bristol Channel coast of Devon and Somerset in South West England. ... Northumberland National Park is the northernmost national park in England. ... The Broads are a network of mostly navigable rivers and lakes (known locally as broads) in the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. ... For other uses, see New Forest (disambiguation). ... The South Downs National Park is a proposed National Park in the South Downs region of England. ... This article is about the country. ... Tryfans north ridge (seen on the left in this picture) in Snowdonia. ... Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro in the Welsh language) is a national park along the Pembrokeshire coast in Wales. ... Part of the Brecon Beacons, looking from the highest point Pen y Fan, 886 m (2907 feet), to Cribyn, 795 m (2608 feet) The Brecon Beacons (Welsh: Bannau Brycheiniog) are a mountain range located in the south-east of Wales. ... This article is about the country. ... Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park is a national park in Scotland. ... The Cairngorms National Park is a national park in North-eastern Scotland. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: ) is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... The granite Mountains of Mourne are located in the first proposed national park of Northern Ireland. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...