NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pedro Albizu Campos

Pedro Albizu Campos (September 12, 1891 – April 21, 1965) born in Tenerías Village in Ponce, Puerto Rico was the son of Alejandro Albizu and Juana Campos. He was also the nephew of Juan Morel Campos, one of Puerto Rico's greatest composers of danzas. Albizu was the leader and president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and avid advocate of Puerto Rican independence from the United States by what ever means necessary. Albizu felt that Puerto Rico deserved the same right as the United States and other countries had to fight for independence. Pedro Albizu Campos The copyright status of this vintage image is undetermined; it may still be copyrighted. ... Pedro Albizu Campos The copyright status of this vintage image is undetermined; it may still be copyrighted. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Gentilic: PonceÃ±os Location Location of Ponce, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded 1692 Mayor Francisco Zayas Seijo Political party PPD Senatorial district 5 - Ponce Representative district 24, 25 Geographical characteristics Area Total 501. ... Juan Morel Campos (May 16, 1857 â€“ May 12, 1896), born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, was one of the composers of danzas who took that musical genre to its highest level. ... The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was first organized on September 17, 1922. ... ...

Known as an energtic orator he is known also as El Maestro ("The Teacher"). Look up orator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Education

In 1912, Albizu was awarded a scholarship to study Engineering, specializing in Chemistry at the University of Vermont. In 1913 he continued his studies at Harvard University. Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Chemistry - the study of interactions of chemical substances with one another and energy based on the structure of atoms, molecules and other kinds of aggregrates Chemistry (from Egyptian kÄ“me (chem), meaning earth[1]) is the science concerned with the reactions, transformations and aggregations of matter, as well as accompanying... The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, or simply The University of Vermont, is a public university located in Burlington, Vermont. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ...

At the outbreak of World War I, he volunteered in the United States Infantry. Albizu was trained by the French Military mission and served under General Frank McIntyre where he was assigned to an African-American unit and was discharged as a First Lieutenant. During this time he was exposed to the racism of the day which left a mark in his beliefs towards the relationship of Puerto Ricans and the United States. Image File history File links Lt_Pedro_Albizu_Campos. ... Image File history File links Lt_Pedro_Albizu_Campos. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, bicycles, or other means. ... The Military of France has a long history of serving its country. ... Frank McIntyre (January 5, 1865 - February 16, 1944) was an American military officer who served for many years as Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, responsible for federal administration of the Philippines and Puerto Rico. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... First Lieutenant is a military rank. ... Racism is a belief or concept that inherent differences between people (such as those upon which the concept of race is based) determine cultural or individual achievement, and may involve the idea that ones own race is superior. ...

In 1919, Albizu returned to Harvard University and was elected president of Harvard's Cosmopolitan Club. He met with foreign students and lecturers, like Subhas Chandra Bose (Indian Nationalist leader with Mahatma Gandhi) and the Hindu poet Rabindranath Tagore. He became interested in the cause of Indian independence and helped to establish several centers in Boston for Irish independence. He met Éamon de Valera and later became a consultant in the drafting of the constitution of the Irish Free State. He graduated from Harvard University obtaining a Law degree as well as degrees in Literature, Philosophy, Chemical Engineering and Military Science. He was fluent in English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Latin and Greek. At the time he received job offers as Hispanic representative for a Protestant church, as a legal aide to the U.S. Supreme Court, and in the U.S. State Department's diplomatic corps in Mexico, yet Albizu opted to return to Puerto Rico. Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Subhash Chandra Bose, (Bengali: , Shubhash ChÃ´ndro Boshu, Hindi: ) (January 23, 1897 â€“ presumably August 18, 1945 [although this is disputed]note), generally known as Netaji (lit. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: , Hindi: , IAST: mohandÄs karamcand gÄndhÄ«, IPA: ) (October 2, 1869 â€“ January 30, 1948), was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. ... (Bengali: , IPA: ) (7 May 1861 â€“ 7 August 1941), also known by the sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali poet, Brahmo Samaj philosopher, visual artist, playwright, novelist, and composer whose works reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... The Indian independence movement was a series of steps taken in the Indian subcontinent for independence from British colonial rule, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area - City 232. ... The Irish Free State (Irish: SaorstÃ¡t Ã‰ireann) was (1922â€“1937) the name of the state comprising the 26 of Irelands 32 counties which were separated from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Irish Free State Agreement (or Anglo-Irish Treaty) signed by British and... Ã‰amon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera, IPA: [1][2]) (14 October 1882 â€“ 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. ... Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch - 1922â€“1936 George V - 1936â€“1936 George VI President of the Executive Council - 1922â€“1932 W.T. Cosgrave - 1932â€“1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas - Upper house Seanad Ã‰ireann - Lower house DÃ¡il Ã‰ireann... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ...

Nationalist campaign

In 1919, José Coll y Cuchí, a member of the Union Party, felt that the party wasn't doing enough for the cause of Puerto Rico and he and some followers departed from the party and formed the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico in San Juan. During that time there were two other organizations that were pro-independence, they were the Nationalist Youth and the Independence Association. On September 17, 1922, the three political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. José Coll y Cuchí was elected president of the party. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... JosÃ© Coll y CuchÃ (January 12, 1877 â€“ July 2, 1960) born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, writer and the founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. ... Nickname: Location of San Juan within the island of Puerto Rico Coordinates: Country United States Territory Puerto Rico Founded 1508/1521 Area - City 76. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

In 1922, Albizu married Dr. Laura Meneses, a Peruvian whom he had met at Harvard University. Two years later in 1924 he joined the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and was elected vice president. In 1927, Albizu traveled to Santo Domingo, Haiti, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela, seeking solidarity for the Puerto Rican Independence movement. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was first organized on September 17, 1922. ... It has been suggested that Greater Santo Domingo Area be merged into this article or section. ... ...

In 1930, there were some disagreements between Coll y Cuchí and Albizu as to how the party should be run. As a result Coll y Cuchí abandoned the party and some of his followers returned to the Union Party. On May 11, 1930, Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos was elected president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and formed the first Women's Nationalist Committee, in the island municipality of Vieques, Puerto Rico. is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Vieques is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico. ...

In 1932, Albizu publishes a manuscript in which he exposes Doctor Cornelius P. Rhoades. In the manuscript Doctor Rhoades admits to killing Puerto Rican patients and injecting many with cancer cells as part of a medical experimentation conducted in San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital for the Rockefeller Institute. This letter revealed the racist vision that some Americans harbored toward people of color. Dr. Rhoades later became head of two chemical warfare projects in the 1940s, served on the Atomic Energy Commission, and was awarded the U.S. Legion of Merit. Nickname: Location of San Juan within the island of Puerto Rico Coordinates: Country United States Territory Puerto Rico Founded 1508/1521 Area - City 76. ... Rockefeller University is a small private university focusing primarily on graduate education and research in the biomedical fields, located in the southeasternmost corner of the Upper East Side of Manhattan island in New York City, New York. ...

The Nationalist Party obtained poor results in the 1932 election, but continued with their campaign to teach and unite the people behind a free Puerto Rico. At the same time, continued repression from the United States against Puerto Rican independence was now met with armed resistance.

In 1934, Albizu represented sugar cane workers as a lawyer against the U.S. sugar and utilities monopolies. Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...

In 1935, four Nationalists were killed by the police under the command of Colonel E. Francis Riggs, the incident became known as the Río Piedras massacre. The following year in 1936, nationalists Hiram Rosado and Elias Beauchamp assassinated Colonel Riggs. They were arrested, and summarily executed without a trial at the police headquarters in San Juan. Pedro Albizu Campos proclaimed them heroes. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

San Juan Federal Court ordered the arrest of Pedro Albizu Campos and several other Nationalists for "seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. Government in Puerto Rico." A jury of seven Puerto Rican and five Americans voted 7 to 5 not guilty. Judge Cooper called for a new jury, this time with ten Americans and two Puerto Ricans and a guilty verdict was achieved. In 1937, a group of lawyers, including a young Gilberto Concepción de Gracia tried in vain to defend the Nationalists but, the Boston court of appeals, which holds jurisdiction over federal matters in Puerto Rico, upheld the verdict. Pedro Albizu Campos along with other Nationalist leaders were sent to the Federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia. On March 21, a protest march was held in Ponce in which police opened fire on the crowd. Twenty-one unarmed marchers and bystanders as well as two policeman were killed, and 200 others wounded in what has become known as the Ponce Massacre. In 1947 Albizu returned to Puerto Rico and it was believed that he began preparing, along with other members of the Nationalist Party, an armed struggle against the proposed plans to change Puerto Rico's political status into a commonwealth of the United States. In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power. ... Dr. Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia (July 9, 1909 â€“ March 16, 1968), born in the town of Vega Alta, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, journalist, author, politician and independence activist. ... This article is about the state capital of Georgia. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Gentilic: PonceÃ±os Location Location of Ponce, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded 1692 Mayor Francisco Zayas Seijo Political party PPD Senatorial district 5 - Ponce Representative district 24, 25 Geographical characteristics Area Total 501. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses of Commonwealth, see Commonwealth. ...

Pedro Albizu Campos would be jailed again after the revolt of 1950 when a group of Puerto Rican nationalists staged a revolt in the island, known as the Jayuya Uprising (El Grito de Jayuya) and which an attack on La Fortaleza (the Puerto Rican governor's mansion) and Blair House, by nationalist Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, where president Harry S. Truman was staying while the White House was being renovated. During the attack on the president, Torresola and policeman, Private Leslie Coffelt, were killed. Pedro Albizu Campos was arrested at his home after a brief shoot out with the police. Subsequently 3,000 independence supporters were arrested. In 1951 Pedro Albizu Campos was jailed and sentenced to eighty years in prison. Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... The Jayuya Uprising, also known as the Jayuya Revolt or El Grito de Jayuya, refers to the revolt against the Government of the United States in Puerto Rico which occurred on October 30, 1950 in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico. ... La Fortaleza (or The Fortress in English) is the current residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico. ... Blair House is a guest house for state visitors to Washington, D.C. (in the United States of America). ... Oscar Collazo (1914 â€“ February 21, 1994) born in Florida, Puerto Rico, was one of two Puerto Ricans who attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman. ... Griselio Torresola (1925 â€“ November 1, 1950) born in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was one of two Puerto Rican Nationalists who attempted to assassinate United States President Harry Truman. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 â€“ December 26, 1972) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945â€“1953); as Vice President, he succeeded to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... The assassination attempt on Harry S. Truman occurred on November 1, 1950. ... Leslie William Coffelt: August 15, 1910 to November 1, 1950 White House policeman killed by Griselio Torresola during an assassination attempt by Puerto Rican nationalists who were attempting to kill U.S. President Harry S. Truman while he was residing in the Blair-Lee House on November 1, 1950. ...

Albizu was pardoned in 1953 by then governor Luis Muñoz Marín but the pardon was revoked the following year after the 1954 nationalist attack of the United States House of Representatives, when four Puerto Rican Nationalists, led by Lolita Lebron opened fire from the gallery of the Capitol Building in Washington D.C.. Some members of Congress were wounded, one seriously; but no one was killed. The shooters did not resist arrest, claiming the action was to attract the world's attention to the US military occupation of Puerto Rico. Albizu refused to allow the police to enter his home in San Juan. A shootout occurred but he was later placed into custody in an unconscious state and jailed again at La Princesa in San Juan. JosÃ© Luis Alberto MuÃ±oz MarÃn (February 18, 1898 â€“ April 30, 1980) was a poet, journalist and politician. ... The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. ... Lolita Lebron (born Dolores LebrÃ³n Sotomayor in 1920 in Lares, Puerto Rico) is an active advocate for Puerto Rican independence. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Nickname: Location of San Juan within the island of Puerto Rico Coordinates: Country United States Territory Puerto Rico Founded 1508/1521 Area - City 76. ...

Relationship with Prominent Latin American Figures

Nobel Prize laureate and admirer of Albizu Campos, Gabriela Mistral, presented a tamarind tree to Albizu Campos as a symbol of her support for the Puerto Rican Independence Movement. She obtained the tamarind tree from the world-known Venezuelan leader Simón Bolivar's estate in Venezuela. The tree was planted at the Lares, Puerto Rico Plaza de la Revolución with soil taken from the eighteen other Spanish-speaking Latin American countries of the Hemisphere. As inspired by Gabriela Mistral, Albizu Campos meant to give the Plaza a living symbol of solidarity with the struggle for freedom and independence initiated by Bolivar (who, while visiting Vieques, Puerto Rico, promised to assist the Puerto Rico independence movement, albeit the cristalization of said promise never materialized due to the power struggles surrounding him), as well as a symbol of the bittersweet (as the trees' flavor) hardships needed to reach Puerto Rico's independence. As such, the Tamarindo de Gabriela was meant to evoke the sympolism and significance afforded to the Gernikako Arbola hailing from the Basque Country, found between Spain and France. Nobel Prize medal. ... Gabriela Mistral Gabriela Mistral (April 7, 1889 â€“ January 10, 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila de MarÃa del Perpetuo Socorro Godoy Alcayaga, a Chilean poet, educator, diplomat and feminist who was the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1945. ... Binomial name Tamarindus indica L. This article refers to the tree â€“ for other uses see Tamarindo (disambiguation). ... Flag of Puerto Rico The political movement for Puerto Rican Independence (Lucha por la Independencia PuertorriqueÃ±a) has existed since the mid-19th century and has advocated independence of the island of Puerto Rico, in varying degrees, from Spain (in the 19th century) or the United States (from 1898 to... Binomial name Tamarindus indica L. This article refers to the tree â€“ for other uses see Tamarindo (disambiguation). ... SimÃ³n BolÃvar SimÃ³n JosÃ© Antonio de la SantÃsima Trinidad BolÃvar y Palacios (July 24, 1783 â€“ December 17, 1830) was a South American revolutionary leader. ... Flag Nickname: Cuidad del Grito, Los Patriotas Gentilic: LareÃ±os Location Location of Lares, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded April 26, 1827 Mayor Hon. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Isla Nena (Baby Girl Island) Gentilic: Viequenses Location Location of Vieques, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded â€” Mayor Damaso Serrano LÃ³pez Political party PPD Senatorial district 8 (Carolina) Representative district 36 Geographical characteristics Area Total 348. ... Flag of Puerto Rico The political movement for Puerto Rican Independence (Lucha por la Independencia PuertorriqueÃ±a) has existed since the mid-19th century and has advocated independence of the island of Puerto Rico, in varying degrees, from Spain (in the 19th century) or the United States (from 1898 to... Flag of Puerto Rico The political movement for Puerto Rican Independence (Lucha por la Independencia PuertorriqueÃ±a) has existed since the mid-19th century and has advocated independence of the island of Puerto Rico, in varying degrees, from Spain (in the 19th century) or the United States (from 1898 to... Binomial name Tamarindus indica L. This article refers to the tree â€“ for other uses see Tamarindo (disambiguation). ... The tree with the temple in the back and the hermitage to the left. ... The Basque Country refers to a group of places inhabited by Basque people: The Basque Country (historical territory) (Euskal Herria) is the area inhabited by Basques, claimed by Basque nationalists. ...

Later years and death

While in prison, Pedro Albizu Campos' health deteriorated. In 1956, he suffered a stroke in prison and was transferred to San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital under police guard. He alleged that he was the subject of human radiation experiments in prison. Officials suggested that Albizu was insane although others who attended him believe that burns on his skin where consistent with radiation exposure. On November 1964 Pedro Albizu Campos was again pardoned by outgoing governor Luis Muñoz Marín. Pedro Albizu Campos died on April 21, 1965. Radiation as used in physics, is energy in the form of waves or moving subatomic particles. ... JosÃ© Luis Alberto MuÃ±oz MarÃn (February 18, 1898 â€“ April 30, 1980) was a poet, journalist and politician. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1994, under the administration of President Bill Clinton, the United States Department of Energy disclosed that human radiation experimentation was conducted without consent on prisoners during the 1950s-1970s. It is still unclear if Pedro Albizu Campos was among the subjects of such experimentation. William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...

Legacy

The extent of Albizu's legacy is generally the subject of -sometimes passionate- discussion by both accolytes and detractors. His followers state that Albizu's political and military actions served (even unintentionally) as a primer for positive change in Puerto Rico, these being the improvement of labor conditions for peasants and workers, a belated yet more accurate assessment of the colonial relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States by the political establishment in Washington, and a set of social and political conditions that led to positive change in the political -and eventually economic- environment prevailing in the country (even if other politicians, such as Luis Muñoz Marín, were the ones who reaped the political benefit of these changes while essentially burying the Puerto Rican independence movement in the process). Detractors denounce Albizu as a radical fascist, whose actions only brought turmoil to Puerto Rico. Some claim that the weak following of the Puerto Rican independence movement in the present day can be traced, if not to Albizu, to the repression that his actions brought upon the movement (which, during Albizu's lifetime, attained its best acceptance levels in Puerto Rican history). JosÃ© Luis Alberto MuÃ±oz MarÃn (February 18, 1898 â€“ April 30, 1980) was a poet, journalist and politician. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

Albizu can be definitely credited, however, with preserving and promoting Puerto Rican nationalism and national symbols, at a time where they were virtually a taboo in the country. The formal adoption of the Puerto Rican flag as a national emblem by the Puerto Rican government can be traced to Albizu (even while he denounced this adoption as the "watering-down" of an otherwise sacred symbol into a "colonial flag"); the revival of public observance of the Grito de Lares and its significant icons was a direct mandate from him as leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Albizu was the most vocal and visible Puerto Rican of African descent of his generation; Afro-Puerto Rican leaders of other political extractions (such as Ernesto Ramos Antonini and Jose Celso Barbosa) attained similar status only after facing (and enduring) considerable bouts with racism. Albizu, while not exempt from it, confronted it head-on, and vehemently denouncing it publicly. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This article is about cultural prohibitions in general, for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... El Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares) â€”also referred as the Lares uprising, the Lares revolt, Lares rebellion or even Lares Revolution - refers to the revolt against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico which occurred on September 23, 1868, in the town of Lares, Puerto Rico. ... Ernesto Ramos Antonini (April 24, 1898-January 9, 1963 born in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico), was the President of the Camara of Representatives of Puerto Rico and co-founder of the Partido popular Democratico de Puerto Rico (Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico). ... Dr. José Celso Barbosa (1857-1921), born in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, was a medical doctor, sociologist, and political leader. ... Racism is a belief or concept that inherent differences between people (such as those upon which the concept of race is based) determine cultural or individual achievement, and may involve the idea that ones own race is superior. ...

Albizu's diagnosis of the colonial relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States earned him prison time, yet modern scholars take surprise at how accurate the diagnosis is, even years after Albizu's death. Finally, his political philosophy persists to this day, synthesized in quotes and verbal images.

An alternative high school in Chicago, called the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos Puerto Rican High School, is located in the Puerto Rican Cultural Center. There, students learn about Puerto Rican history and culture, in the context of local community development. Archives there include original letters, representations of Albizu Campos in sculpture and art, as well as other material related to his life.

Additionally, five public schools in Puerto Rico are named after him, as well as numerous streets in most of Puerto Rico's municipalities. In 1976, Public School 161 in Harlem in New York City was named after him as well.

References

National-Louis University is a Chicago-based multi-campus institution with a strong history of preparing teachers and educational leaders. ...

See also

The Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with the Independence of Puerto Rico consisted in an international summit held at Panama City, Panama. ... Dr. Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia (July 9, 1909 â€“ March 16, 1968), born in the town of Vega Alta, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, journalist, author, politician and independence activist. ... Blanca Canales (1906 â€“ 1996) born in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was a Puerto Rican nationalist. ... The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was first organized on September 17, 1922. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Puerto Rico The history of Puerto Rico began with the settlement of the archipelago of Puerto Rico by the Ortoiroid people between 3000 and 2000 BC. Other tribes, such as the Saladoid and Arawak Indians, populated the island between 430 BC and AD 1000. ... Leslie William Coffelt: August 15, 1910 to November 1, 1950 White House policeman killed by Griselio Torresola during an assassination attempt by Puerto Rican nationalists who were attempting to kill U.S. President Harry S. Truman while he was residing in the Blair-Lee House on November 1, 1950. ... The Puerto Rican Independence Party (Spanish: Partido Independentista PuertorriqueÃ±o, PIP) is a Puerto Rican political party that campaigns for the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States. ...

External links

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since December 2006 | All articles with unsourced statements | 1891 births | 1965 deaths | Puerto Rican nationalists | Members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party | United States Army officers | American military personnel of World War I | Harvard Law School alumni | People from Ponce, Puerto Rico | University of Vermont alumni Flag of Puerto Rico The political movement for Puerto Rican Independence (Lucha por la Independencia PuertorriqueÃ±a) has existed since the mid-19th century and has advocated independence of the island of Puerto Rico, in varying degrees, from Spain (in the 19th century) or the United States (from 1898 to... Image File history File links Flag_of_Puerto_Rico. ... Cacique AgÃ¼eybanÃ¡ greeting Juan Ponce de LeÃ³n upon his arrival. ... Arasibo (born c. ... Hayuya (born c. ... Jumacao (born c. ... UrayoÃ¡n was a TaÃno Cacique (Chief) famous for ordering the drowning of Diego Salcedo to determine if the Spanish were gods. ... The Puerto Rican Independence Party (Spanish: Partido Independentista PuertorriqueÃ±o, PIP) is a Puerto Rican political party that campaigns for the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States. ... The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was first organized on September 17, 1922. ... The Hostosian National Independence Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano, MINH) is a leftist and pro-independence organization in Puerto Rico. ... Socialist Front (Spanish: Frente Socialista) is a Puerto Rican alliance of four political parties with the common objectives of independence and socialism. ... Ejercito Popular Boricua logo. ... The Boricua Popular Army —or Ejército Popular Boricua in Spanish— is a clandestine political organization based on the island of Puerto Rico, with cells throughout the United States. ... RamÃ³n Emeterio Betances y AlacÃ¡n (April 8, 1827 â€“ September 16, 1898), born in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, was the primary instigator of the Grito de Lares revolution, and as such, he is considered to be the father of the Puerto Rican independence movement. ... Mariana Bracetti (1825-1903), born in the City of Añasco, Puerto Rico was a patriotic firm believer in the independence of Puerto Rico. ... Mathias Brugman a. ... Jose de Diego (1866-1921), born in the City of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, was considered as one of the islands greatest speakers. ... Eugenio María de Hostos (1839-1903) born Río Cañas, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, was a Puerto Rican educator and independence advocate known as El Cuidadano de las Americas (The Citizen of the Americas). ... Lieutenant Francisco Gonzalo Marin a. ... Francisco Ramirez Medina (born c. ... Lola RodrÃguez de TiÃ³ (September 14, 1848-November 10, 1924), born in San GermÃ¡n, Puerto Rico was the first Puerto Rican born poetess to establish herself a reputation as a great poet throughout all of Latin-America. ... Manuel Rojas (1820-18??), born in Caracas, Venezuela from a Puerto Rican father and a Venezuelan mother was one of the main leaders of the Grito de Lares uprisng against the Spanish colonial government in 1868. ... General Juan Ruis Rivera (1848-1924) born in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, became the Commander-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army upon the death of General Antonio Maceo. ... Segundo Ruiz Belvis (May 13, 1829 – November 3, 1867) born in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico was a dedicated abolisionist who also fought for Puerto Ricos right to independence. ... Arturo Alfonso Schomburg a. ... Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabe (October 26, 1790 - June 7, 1863), born in the city of Fajardo, Puerto Rico, was a military leader who wanted the independence of Puerto Rico and who believed in the formation of a confederation of Latin American nations. ... Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandia (January 10, 1855-1930) born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, wrote the novel La Charca (The Pond), which is considered to be the first Puerto Rican novel. ... Fernando Fernandez (c. ... Dr. AgustÃn Stahl (January 21, 1842 â€“ July 12, 1917), born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico - scientist. ... Dr. Margot Arce de Vazquez (March 10, 1904-November 14, 1990) born in Caguas, Puerto Rico, was a writer, essayist and educator who founded the Puerto Rican Academy of the Spanish Language. ... Julia de Burgos (February 17, 1914 â€“ July 6, 1953), born in Carolina, Puerto Rico has been considered by many as the greatest poet to have been born in Puerto Rico. ... Blanca Canales (1906 â€“ 1996) born in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was a Puerto Rican nationalist. ... Nemesio R. Canales (December 18, 1878 - September 14, 1923) born in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was a poet, essayist, journalist, novelist, playwright and a politician who defended womens civil rights. ... JosÃ© Coll y CuchÃ (January 12, 1877 â€“ July 2, 1960) born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, writer and the founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. ... Oscar Collazo (1914 â€“ February 21, 1994) born in Florida, Puerto Rico, was one of two Puerto Ricans who attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman. ... Juan Antonio Corretjer (March 3, 1908-January 19, 1985) was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico and was a well known poet, journalist and independence political activist. ... Dr. Jose Ferrer Canales (September 18, 1913-July 20, 2005) born in Santurce, Puerto Rico, was an educator, writer and political activist. ... Lolita Lebron (born Dolores LebrÃ³n Sotomayor in 1920 in Lares, Puerto Rico) is an active advocate for Puerto Rican independence. ... Luis Llorens Torres (May 14, 1876 - June 16, 1944) born in Juana Diaz, Puwerto Rico, was a poet, journalist, playwright, and politician. ... Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira (June 13, 1899-October 23, 1939) born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was a renown author and educator. ... Daniel Santos a. ... Griselio Torresola (1925 â€“ November 1, 1950) born in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was one of two Puerto Rican Nationalists who attempted to assassinate United States President Harry Truman. ... Olga Viscal Garriga (born (May 5, 1929-June,1995) in Brooklyn, New York), was a public orator and political activist. ... Pedro Ortiz Davila a. ... Rene Marques (October 4, 1919-March 22, 1979) born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, was a renowned short story writer and playwright. ... Antonio R. Barcel (April 15, 1868 - October 15, 1938), born in the City of Fajardo, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, businessman and the father of what was to become one of Puerto Ricos most prominent political families. ... Date of birth June 21, 1939 Place of birth Aibonito, Puerto Rico Occupation Law Professor at the University of Puerto Ricos Law School President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP). ... Juan Mari BrÃ¡s (born December 2, 1925 in MayagÃ¼ez, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican independence advocate who founded the Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP). ... Roy Brown RamÃrez (born 1950 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a composer, singer and a fervent believer in the cause for the independence of Puerto Rico. ... Julia de Burgos (February 17, 1914 â€“ July 6, 1953), born in Carolina, Puerto Rico has been considered by many as the greatest poet to have been born in Puerto Rico. ... Dr. Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia (July 9, 1909 â€“ March 16, 1968), born in the town of Vega Alta, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, journalist, author, politician and independence activist. ... Juan Dalmau RamÃrez (born 1973 in Caguas, Puerto Rico) is a lawyer and politician. ... Elizam Escobar (May 24, 1948) born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, is a poet, author and renowned painter. ... Dr. Rosario FerrÃ© (born September 28,1938, in Ponce, Puerto Rico), is a well known Puerto Rican writer, poet and essayist. ... Victor Manuel Gerena (born June 24, 1958) is a New York native of Puerto Rican descent who is linked by the Federal Bureau of Investigation with the armed robbery of a Wells Fargo bank, in connection with the Los Macheteros group. ... Maria de Lourdes Santiago, vice-president of the Puerto Rican Independence Party and candidate for Senator of Puerto Rico in the 2004 General Elections. ... Filiberto Ojeda RÃos (April 26, 1933 â€“ September 23, 2005) was the Responsible General of the Boricua Popular Army, or EjÃ©rcito Popular Boricua â€“ Los Macheteros, a clandestine paramilitary, organization, considered by United States law enforcement agencies to be a terrorist organization, based on the island of Puerto Rico, with... Manuel RodrÃguez Orellana (b. ... Piri Thomas (born Juan Pedro Tomas September 30, 1928 in Spanish Harlem in New York City) is a Puerto Rican-Cuban who is influential in the Nuyorican Movement as a writer and poet. ... Pedro Pietri (March 21, 1944-March 3, 2004) born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, was a Nuyorican poet and playwright who co-founded the Nuyorican Poets Cafe. ... The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Western Hemisphere of Christopher Columbus (CristÃ³bal ColÃ³n) in 1492. ... Combatants United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey MÃ¡ximo GÃ³mez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares General RamÃ³n Blanco Casualties 3,289 U.S. dead (432 from combat); considerably higher although undetermined Cuban and Filipino... El Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares) â€”also referred as the Lares uprising, the Lares revolt, Lares rebellion or even Lares Revolution - refers to the revolt against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico which occurred on September 23, 1868, in the town of Lares, Puerto Rico. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Jayuya Uprising, also known as the Jayuya Revolt or El Grito de Jayuya, refers to the revolt against the Government of the United States in Puerto Rico which occurred on October 30, 1950 in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico. ... The assassination attempt on Harry S. Truman occurred on November 1, 1950. ... The U.S. Capitol shooting incident of 1954 was an attack on March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who shot thirty rounds of a Luger and automatic pistol from the Ladies Gallery (a balcony for visitors) of the U.S. House of Representatives into the floor of the... Communication towers at Cerro Maravilla where the shootings took place. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name (Gmelin, 1788) The Gray Kingbird, also known as Pitirre, Tyrannus dominicensis, is a passerine bird. ... Binomial name Tamarindus indica L. This article refers to the tree â€“ for other uses see Tamarindo (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Amazona vittata Boddaert, 1783 Subspecies A. v. ... Flor de Maga Flor de Maga is Puerto Ricos Official National Flower. ... Roberto CofresÃ (June 17, 1791-March 29, 1825) born Roberto CofresÃ y RamÃrez de Arellano in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, is Puerto Ricos most famous pirate and is better known as El Pirata CofresÃ. Monument of Roberto CofresÃ // The origin of CofresÃs father is unknown and has... Cacique AgÃ¼eybanÃ¡ greeting Juan Ponce de LeÃ³n upon his arrival. ...

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