Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (December 15, 1861 – February 29, 1944) was the President of Finland from 1931 to 1937. Serving as a lawyer, judge, and politician in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, he played a major role in the movement for Finnish independence. Svinhufvud was the first pre-presidential Head of State of independent Finland, first as Chairman of the Senate, and then subsequently as Protector of State or Regent. He also served as Prime Minister 1930-1931. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Lauri Kristian Relander (May 31, 1883 – February 9, 1942) was the President of Finland from 1925 to 1931. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar) // January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by... Painting by Magnus von Wright depicting the church of Sääksmäki Sääksmäki is a small town in Valkeakoski province in southern central Finland. ... February 29th, or bissextile day, is the 60th day of a leap year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 306 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Luumäki is a municipality of Finland. ... The National Coalition Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus or Samlingspartiet) is a political party in Finland. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar) // January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by... February 29th, or bissextile day, is the 60th day of a leap year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 306 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... The Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1816 to 1917. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... The Prime Minister (Finnish Pääministeri, Swedish: Statsminister) is the head of government in Finland. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ...

As a conservative who was strong in his opposition to communism and the Left in general, Svinhufvud did not become a President embraced by all the people, although as the amiable Ukko-Pekka (Old Man Pete), he did enjoy wide popularity. Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... “Leftism” redirects here. ...

Family background and early life

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad was born in Sääksmäki. He was the son of Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, a sea captain, and Olga von Becker. The father drowned at sea off Greece in 1863, when Pehr Evind was only two years old. He spent his early childhood at the home of his paternal grandfather, Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (a provincial treasurer of Häme), at Rapola, where the family had lived for five generations. The Svinhufvud's were a Swedophone noble family tracing their history back to Dalarna, Sweden. Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, an army lieutenant in the reign of Karl XII, had moved from there to Rapola after the Great Northern War. The family had been ennobled in Sweden in 1574, and it was also introduced to the Finnish House of Nobility in 1818. Rapola was sold when his grandfather shot himself in 1866, and Svinhufvud moved to Helsinki with his mother and his sister. Painting by Magnus von Wright depicting the church of Sääksmäki Sääksmäki is a small town in Valkeakoski province in southern central Finland. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Häme (Tavastland) is the name of a geographical region in Finland which can refer to: Häme - a historical Province of Sweden (Historical provinces of Finland) Uudenmaan ja Hämeen lääni - a former County of Sweden (Counties in Finland) Hämeen lääni - a former Province of Finland... ... Look up Noble in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Noble can refer to: Nobility, a hereditary caste Nobel Prize, awarded to people who have made outstanding contributions to society Noble gas, chemical elements in group 18 (old-style Group 0) of the periodic table Noble metal, metals that are resistant to...   is a historical province or landskap in central Sweden. ... Carl XII, Karl XII or Carolus Rex, (June 17, 1682 – November 30, 1718), the Alexander of the North, nicknamed in Turkish as DemirbaÅŸ Åžarl (Charles the Habitué), was a King of Sweden from 1697 until his death in 1718. ... Combatants Sweden Ottoman Empire (1710–1714) Ukrainian Cossacks Russia Denmark-Norway Poland-Lithuania Saxony later also Prussia, Hanover Commanders Charles XII of Sweden Ahmed III Ivan Mazepa Peter the Great Augustus II the Strong Frederick IV of Denmark Strength 77,000 in the beginning of the war. ... Year 1574 was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Finnish House of Nobility either refers to the institution of the Finnish nobility or the palace of the noble estate. ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Founded 1550 Country Finland Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Area[1] - Of which land - Rank 185. ...

Although his mother tongue was Finnish, he attended the Swedish-language high school in Helsinki. In 1878, at the age of 16, he enrolled at the Imperial Alexander University of Helsinki. There he gained a Bachelor's degree in 1881, and then completed a Master of Arts degree in 1882; his main subjects being Finnish, Russian and Scandinavian History. After this, he took a Master of Laws degree, graduating in 1886. In 1889, Svinhufvud married Alma (Ellen) Timgren (1869–1953). They had six children, Yngve (1890–1991), Ilmo (1892-1969), Aino (1893-1980), Eino (1896-1938), Arne (1904-1942), and Eivind (1908-1969). Swedish ( ), known since Esaias Tegnér as the language of glory and heroes (ärans och hjältarnas sprÃ¥k), is a North Germanic language (also called Scandinavian languages) spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the Ã…land islands, by more than nine... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... University of Helsinki is not to be confused with Helsinki University of Technology. ... A bachelors degree (Artium Baccalaureus, A.B. or B.A.) is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... “M.S.” redirects here. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ...

A Lawyer and a politician

Svinhufvud's career in law followed a regular course: he worked as a lawyer, served at district courts, and served as a deputy judge at the Turku Court of Appeal. In 1892 he was appointed as a member of the Senate's law-drafting committee at the relatively young age of 31. For six years he worked in the committee, initially redrafting taxation laws. As head of his family, Svinhufvud participated as a member of the Estate of Nobles in the Diet of Finland in 1894 and 1899-1906. Turku (IPA:  , Swedish:  ), founded in the 13th century, is the oldest and fifth largest city in Finland, with a population of 174,868 (as of 2005). ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... In several different regions of medieval Europe, and continuing in some countries[] down to the present day, the estates of the realm were broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners; this last group was, in some regions, further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) and peasants. ... The Porvoo Diet is opened by Alexander I The Diet of Finland (Finnish Suomen maapäivät, later valtiopäivät; Swedish Finlands Landtdagar), was the legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906 and the heir of the powers of the Swedish Riksdag of the... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

He found his work on the law-drafting committee tedious and moved to the Court of Appeal as an assistant judge in 1902, his long-term goal being the easy life of a rural judge. Svinhufvud stayed mainly in the background until 1899, when Imperial Russia initiated a Russification policy for the autonomous Grand Duchy. The Finnish answer was mainly legislative and constitutional resistance, of which Svinhufvud became a central figure as a judge in the Court of Appeals. 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The policy of Russification of Finland, 1899–1917, aimed at the termination of Finland’s autonomy but resulted in fierce Finnish resistance that ultimately led to Finlands declaration of independence in 1917. ...

When some inhabitants of Helsinki lodged a complaint with the Turku Court of Appeal in 1902, concerning violence employed by the Russian Governor of Uusimaa to break up a demonstration against military call-ups, the court initiated proceedings against Governor-General Bobrikov. Bobrikov demanded that they be stopped, and when this did not happen, he used a decree which the Finns regarded as illegal to dismiss sixteen officials of the court, including Svinhufvud. 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Uusimaa (Nyland) is a region (maakunta / landskap) in Southern Finland. ... Between 1809 and 1917 Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Finland. ... Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov (January 27, 1839 - June 17, 1904) was a Russian soldier and politician. ...

Originally a moderate of the Finnish Party or Old Finnish Party, after his dismissal Svinhufvud became a strict constitutionalist who regarded the resistance of judges and officials as a question of justice, not believing that political expediency offered compromises. He moved to Helsinki to work as a lawyer and participated in the political activities both of the Diet and of a secret society, Kagal. The Finnish Party is a Predecessor of National Coalition Party of Finland. ... Swedens Constitution of 1772 took effect through a bloodless coup détat carried out by King Gustavus III, establishing a brief absolute monarchy in Sweden. ... In the history of Finland, the Kagal was a secret society, founded under the period of Russian oppression, in resistance to the oppressive government of Governor General Nikolai Bobrikov. ...

Svinhufvud played a key role in the birth of a new parliamentary system in 1905 and he was elected as a Young Finnish Party member of the new Parliament in 1906. Svinhufvud went on to serve as a member of Parliament on four occasions (1907-1908, 1908-1914, 1917, and 1930-1931). 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Constitutional-Fennoman Party or Party of Young Finns (in Finnish, Nuorsuomalainen Puolue) was in the last decades of autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland the liberal-minded bourgeoisie party, which opposed Russification efforts. ... The Eduskunta (in Finnish), or the Riksdag (in Swedish), is the Parliament of Finland. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ...

After being appointed as a judge in Heinola in 1906, he attempted to keep out of the front line of politics. However he was elected Speaker of the Parliament in 1907, largely because the majority Social Democrats considered him "the best-known opponent of illegality". Svinhufvud's parliamentary opening speeches, in which he laid emphasis on legality, led to the Tsar dissolving Parliament in both 1909 and 1910. He served as Speaker until 1912. Svinhufvud also served as a judge in Lappee 1908-1914. A view from Heinola railway bridge towards the town center. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Speaker of the Parliament of Finland (Finnish Eduskunnan puhemies, Swedish Riksdagens talman), along with two Deputy Speakers, is elected by Parliament during the first plenary session each year. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) is one of the most influential political parties in Finland, along with the Centre Party and the Coalition Party. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

During the First World War, when Russia replaced various Finnish officials with Russians. Svinhufvud refused to obey the orders of the Russian procurator Konstantin Kazansky, which he considered illegal, and this led to his removal from office as a judge and being exiled to Tomsk in Siberia in November 1914. In his Siberian exile, he spent his time hunting and mending his clothes, still keeping secret contact with the independence movement. When he left Finland, he had promised to return "with the help of God and Hindenburg". When news of the February Revolution reached Svinhufvud, he walked to the town's police station and bluntly announced, "The person who sent me here has been arrested. Now I'm going home." In Helsinki he was greeted as a national hero. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Flag Seal Location Tomsk and Oblast on the map of Russia Coordinates , Government Oblast Tomsk Mayor Aleksandr Makarov Geographical characteristics Area     City 294,6 km²     Land   294,6 km²     Water   0 km² Population     City (end of 2005) 509,568     Density   1,730/km² Elevation +100 m Website: Municipality website Main... It has been suggested that Western Siberia be merged into this article or section. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known universally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ...

Independence and the Civil War

Svinhufvud was appointed as Chairman of the Senate on November 27, 1917, and was a key figure in the announcement of Finland's declaration of independence on December 6, 1917. He also personally went to Saint Petersburg to meet Lenin, who somewhat hesitatingly gave his official recognition of Finnish independence. Svinhufvud's Senate also authorized General Mannerheim to form a new Finnish army on the basis on White Guard, the (chiefly Rightist) volunteer militia called the Suojeluskunta, an act simultaneously coinciding with the beginning of the Civil War in Finland. The Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1816 to 1917. ... November 27 is the 331st day (332nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... The Finnish declaration of independence was adopted by the Parliament of Finland on December 6, 1917. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... This article is about the Finnish statesman and Commander-in-Chief. ... The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Left-Right politics. ... Lexington Minuteman representing militia minuteman John Parker. ... The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the Reds (punaiset), i. ...

During the Civil War, Svinhufvud went underground in Helsinki and sent pleas for intervention to Germany and Sweden. The conflict also turned him into an active monarchist, though not a royalist. In March 1918 he managed to escape via Berlin-Stockholm to the Senate, now located in Vaasa, where he resumed his function as Head of Government. In this role he pardoned 36,000 Red prisoners in the autumn of 1918. On May 18, Svinhufvud became Protector of State or Regent, retaining this post as Head of State after he stood down as Chairman of the Senate on May 27. Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Location of Berlin within Germany / EU Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE3 City subdivisions 12 boroughs Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Left. ... Nickname: Location of Stockholm in northern Europe Coordinates: Country Sweden Municipality Stockholm Municipality County Stockholm Province Södermanland and Uppland Charter 13th Century Population (April 2007)  - City 782,885  - Density 4,160/km² (10,774. ... Founded 1606 Province Western Finland Region Ostrobothnia Sub-region Vaasa Area - Of which land - Rank 397 km² 183 km² ranked 345th Population - Density - Rank 57,266 (2005) 311. ... The Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... May 27 is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

After Germany's defeat in World War I, and the failed attempt to make Finland a Monarchy under the King of Finland (Frederick Charles of Hesse was elected), Svinhufvud withdrew from public life and was active only in the Rightist Suojeluskunta-militia. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917. ... ...

Prime Minister and President

In 1925 he was the Presidential candidate for the conservative Kokoomus party, but was not elected. After the emergence of the anti-communist Lapua Movement, President Relander appointed him as Prime Minister of Finland on the Lapua Movement's insistence. Svinhufvud was elected President in 1931, and appointed Mannerheim as Chairman of the Defence Council, not least of all as an answer to the Lapua movement's fear of having fought the Civil War in vain. Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Coalition Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus or Samlingspartiet) is a political party in Finland. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ... Lapua Movement (Lapuan liike) was a political movement in Finland, started in 1929, initially dominated by ardent anti-communist nationalists, emphasizing the legacy of the nationalist activism, the White Guards and the Civil War in Finland, however soon turning into more of a Fascist movement. ... Lauri Kristian Relander (May 31, 1883 – February 9, 1942) was the President of Finland from 1925 to 1931. ... The Prime Minister (Finnish Pääministeri, Swedish: Statsminister) is the head of government in Finland. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ...

He resisted both Communist agitation and the Lapua Movement's exploits. All Communist members of parliament were arrested. In February 1932 there was a so-called Mäntsälä Rebellion, when the Suojeluskunta-Militia and the Lapua Movement demanded the Cabinet's resignation. The turning point came with the President's broadcast radio speech, in which he called on the rebels to surrender and ordered all Civil Guard members who were heading for Mäntsälä to return to their homes: Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Mäntsälä rebellion (Finnish: Mäntsälän kapina) was the failed coup attempt by the Lapua Movement to ovethrow the Finnish government. ... The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia. ...

"Throughout my long life, I have struggled for the maintenance of law and justice, and I cannot permit the law to now be trampled underfoot and citizens to be led into armed conflict with one another.....Since I am now acting on my own responsibility, beholden to no-one, and have taken it upon myself to restore peace to the country, from now on every secret undertaking is aimed not only at the legal order but at me personally as well - at me, who have myself marched in the ranks of the Civil Guards as an upholder of social peace.....Peace must be established in the country as swiftly as possible, and the defects that exist in our national life must thereafter be eliminated within the framework of the legal order." His speech stopped the rebellion before anything serious happened.

Svinhufvud was not a supporter of Parliamentarism. He believed it to be better for Finland if the Social Democrats could be kept outside of the Cabinet. It was due to this that, in the Presidential election of 1937, the Social Democrats and the Agrarian party voted against him. He was not re-elected. A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

At the end of Winter War, he unsuccessfully sought audience with both Hitler and Mussolini but met only Pope Pius XII. During the Continuation War he supported the idea of an expansionistic war. Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 250,000 men 30 tanks 130 aircraft[1][2] 1,000,000 men 3,000 tanks 3,800 aircraft[3][4] Casualties 26,662 dead 39,886 wounded 1,000 captured[5] 126,875 dead... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State, from March 2, 1939 until his death. ... Combatants  Finland Germany  Soviet Union Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Kirill Meretskov Leonid Govorov Strength 530,000 Finns[1] 220,000 Germans 900,000-1,500,000[2] Casualties 58,715 dead or missing 158,000 wounded 1,500 civilian dead[3] 200,000 dead or missing 385,000 wounded...

Svinhufvud died at Luumäki in 1944, while Finland was seeking peace with the Soviet Union. Luumäki is a municipality of Finland. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

He refused to Finnicize his 500-year-old surname (maybe because its literal meaning is swinehead). Finnicization is the changing of ones personal names from other languages (usually Swedish) into Finnish. ...

Trivia

The largest Finnish-built steam locomotive (4-6-2 type) was nicknamed "Ukko-Pekka" after him. Union Pacific Big Boy #4012 at work on a cold November 29, 1941 A steam locomotive is a locomotive powered by steam. ... The Pennsylvania Railroads class K4s, a well known 4-6-2 type. ...

References

Lauri Kristian Relander (May 31, 1883 – February 9, 1942) was the President of Finland from 1925 to 1931. ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... The Prime Minister (Finnish Pääministeri, Swedish: Statsminister) is the head of government in Finland. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 – December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... The Prime Minister (Finnish Pääministeri, Swedish: Statsminister) is the head of government in Finland. ... Johan (Juho) Emil Sunila (born August 16, 1875 in Liminka, died October 2, 1936 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician from the Agrarian Party, the managing director of the agrarian finance board, and Prime Minister of Finland in two cabinets. ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... Image File history File links Presidential_Standard_of_Finland. ... Kaarlo Juho StÃ¥hlberg (January 28, 1865 - September 22, 1952) was the first President of Finland (1919-1925) and a Nationalist Liberal. ... Lauri Kristian Relander (May 31, 1883 – February 9, 1942) was the President of Finland from 1925 to 1931. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... This article is about the Finnish statesman and Commander-in-Chief. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 – December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ... Urho Kekkonen Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (September 3, 1900–August 31, 1986) was a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland (1950-1953, 1954-1956) and later as President of Finland (1956–1981) and is many times referred as first dictator of Finland. ... Dr. Mauno Henrik Koivisto [IPA: mÉ‘uno henrik koiÊ‹isto] (born November 25, 1923) was the President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. ... Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (IPA: ) (born June 23, 1937) is a former President of Finland (1994–2000) and a UN diplomat and mediator, noted for his international peace work. ... Tarja Kaarina Halonen (IPA: ) (born December 24, 1943, in Helsinki, Finland) is the President of Finland. ... The Prime Minister (Finnish Pääministeri, Swedish: Statsminister) is the head of government in Finland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Finland. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 – December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ... Lauri Ingman (1868-1934) was a Finnish theologian, clergyman and politician. ... Kaarlo Castrén (born February 28, 1860 in Turtola, died November 19, 1938) was a Finnish politician and Prime Minister of Finland. ... Juho Heikki Vennola (originally Karhu, born June 19, 1872 in Oulu, died December 3, 1938 in Helsinki) was Professor of National Economics at the University of Helsinki, a member of the Parliament of Finland, and a politician from the National Progressive Party, who served as Prime Minister of Finland for... Rafael Waldemar Erich (born June 10, 1879 in Turku, died February 19, 1946 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician from the National Coalition Party, Professor, diplomat, and Prime Minister of Finland. ... Juho Heikki Vennola (originally Karhu, born June 19, 1872 in Oulu, died December 3, 1938 in Helsinki) was Professor of National Economics at the University of Helsinki, a member of the Parliament of Finland, and a politician from the National Progressive Party, who served as Prime Minister of Finland for... Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (1879–1943) was, outside of Botanics, best known as Prime Minister of Finland up to the Winter War. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (1879–1943) was, outside of Botanics, best known as Prime Minister of Finland up to the Winter War. ... Lauri Ingman (1868-1934) was a Finnish theologian, clergyman and politician. ... Antti Agathon Tulenheimo (December 4, 1879 – September 3, 1952) was a Finnish politician from the Coalition Party who served as Prime Minister of Finland in 1925. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Väinö Tanner (March 12, 1881 – April 19, 1966) was a pioneer and leader in the Co-op Movement in Finland. ... Johan (Juho) Emil Sunila (born August 16, 1875 in Liminka, died October 2, 1936 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician from the Agrarian Party, the managing director of the agrarian finance board, and Prime Minister of Finland in two cabinets. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Johan (Juho) Emil Sunila (born August 16, 1875 in Liminka, died October 2, 1936 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician from the Agrarian Party, the managing director of the agrarian finance board, and Prime Minister of Finland in two cabinets. ... Toivo Mikael Kivimäki (1886–1968), J.D., was head of the department of civil law at Helsinki University 1931–1956, Prime Minister of Finland 1932–1936, and Finlands ambassador to Berlin 1940–1944. ... Statue of K. Kallio in Helsinki Kyösti Kallio (April 10, 1873 – December 19, 1940) was the fourth President of Finland (1937-1940), having already served no fewer than four times as the countrys Prime Minister. ... Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (1879–1943) was, outside of Botanics, best known as Prime Minister of Finland up to the Winter War. ... Risto Heikki Ryti (February 3, 1889 - October 25, 1956) was the president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. ... Edwin Linkomies (1894–1963, until 1928 Edwin Flinck) was Prime Minister of Finland March 1943 to August 1944, and therefore one of the seven politicians on Soviet demands sentenced to 5½ years in prison as allegedly responsible for the Continuation War. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 – December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ... Karl-August Fagerholm (born 31 December 1901, dead 22 May 1984) was Speaker of Parliament and three times Prime Minister of Finland (1948–50, 1956–57, 1958–59). ... Urho Kekkonen Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (September 3, 1900–August 31, 1986) was a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland (1950-1953, 1954-1956) and later as President of Finland (1956–1981) and is many times referred as first dictator of Finland. ... Sakari Tuomioja in 1956 Sakari Severi Tuomioja (August 29, 1911, Tampere — September 9, 1964, Helsinki) was a Finnish politician, diplomat, Prime Minister of Finland during the caretaker government which was formed in 1953. ... Ralf Johan Gustaf Törngren, (born 1 March 1899 in Oulu, dead 16 May 1961 in Turku), was a Finnish politician. ... Urho Kekkonen Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (September 3, 1900–August 31, 1986) was a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland (1950-1953, 1954-1956) and later as President of Finland (1956–1981) and is many times referred as first dictator of Finland. ... Karl-August Fagerholm (born 31 December 1901, dead 22 May 1984) was Speaker of Parliament and three times Prime Minister of Finland (1948–50, 1956–57, 1958–59). ... Reino Iisakki Kuuskoski (18. ... Karl-August Fagerholm (born 31 December 1901, dead 22 May 1984) was Speaker of Parliament and three times Prime Minister of Finland (1948–50, 1956–57, 1958–59). ... Martti Miettunen (1908–January 19, 2002) was a politician in Finland. ... Ahti Kalle Samuli Karjalainen (born 10 February 1923 in Hirvensalmi, died 7 September 1990 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician. ... Johannes Virolainen (January 31, 1914 - December 11, 2000) was a Finnish politician. ... Rafael Paasio (Kustaa) (1903 - 1980), Finnish editor & political figure; prime minister of Finland 1966-1968, 1972. ... Dr. Mauno Henrik Koivisto [IPA: mÉ‘uno henrik koiÊ‹isto] (born November 25, 1923) was the President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. ... Teuvo Aura (born December 28, 1912 in Ruskeala; died January 11, 1999 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician and Prime Minister of Finland in 1970 and 1971-72 References [1] This Finnish biographical article is a stub. ... Ahti Kalle Samuli Karjalainen (born 10 February 1923 in Hirvensalmi, died 7 September 1990 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician. ... Teuvo Aura (born December 28, 1912 in Ruskeala; died January 11, 1999 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician and Prime Minister of Finland in 1970 and 1971-72 References [1] This Finnish biographical article is a stub. ... Rafael Paasio (Kustaa) (1903 - 1980), Finnish editor & political figure; prime minister of Finland 1966-1968, 1972. ... Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (December 21, 1930 - January 16, 2004) was a Finnish politician who was Prime Minister of Finland four times: 1972-1975, 1977-1979, 1982-1983 and 1983-1987 and at the date of his death still held the Finnish record of most days of incumbency as prime minister. ... Keijo Antero Liinamaa (6 April 1929 – 28 June 1980), lawyer and caretaker Prime Minister of Finland. ... Martti Miettunen (1908–January 19, 2002) was a politician in Finland. ... Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (December 21, 1930 - January 16, 2004) was a Finnish politician who was Prime Minister of Finland four times: 1972-1975, 1977-1979, 1982-1983 and 1983-1987 and at the date of his death still held the Finnish record of most days of incumbency as prime minister. ... Dr. Mauno Henrik Koivisto [IPA: mÉ‘uno henrik koiÊ‹isto] (born November 25, 1923) was the President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. ... Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (December 21, 1930 - January 16, 2004) was a Finnish politician who was Prime Minister of Finland four times: 1972-1975, 1977-1979, 1982-1983 and 1983-1987 and at the date of his death still held the Finnish record of most days of incumbency as prime minister. ... Harri Hermanni Holkeri (born January 6, 1937 in Oripää) is a Finnish politician of the National Coalition Party of Finland (Kokoomus) who was Prime Minister of Finland 1987-1991, speaker of the UN General Assembly 2000-2001 and headed UNMIK. The current head is Søren Jessen-Petersen. ... Esko Tapani Aho (born May 20, 1954) is a statesman and former Prime Minister of Finland. ... Paavo Lipponen Paavo Tapio Lipponen (b. ... Anneli Jäätteenmäki, Prime Minister 2003, MEP 2004- Anneli Tuulikki Jäätteenmäki (Master of Laws, born February 11, 1955 in Lapua) was the first female Prime Minister of Finland, in office April 17th, 2003, to June 18th, 2003. ... Matti Taneli Vanhanen ( ) (born November 4, 1955, in Jyväskylä) is the current Prime Minister of Finland, as well as Chairman of the Centre Party. ...

See also

• Finland-Swedish