Pehr Kalm (March 6, 1716–November 16, 1779) (He is referred to in the Finnish language as Pietari Kalm) was an explorer, a botanist, a naturalist, and an agricultural economist from what is now Finland. Among his many accomplishments, Kalm can be credited with the first written description of the Niagara Falls, and the first comprehensive study of North American natural history. March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... // Events August 5 - In the Battle of Peterwardein 40. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Finnish ( â–¶(?)) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92%) and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. ... Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Antonio de Abreu (16th century Portuguese explorer of Indonesia) Charles Albanel (1616-1696), Canada Afonso de Albuquerque (16th century... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now usually viewed as a number of distinct scientific disciplines. ... U.S. Economic Calendar Economics at the Open Directory Project Economics textbooks on Wikibooks The Economists Economics A-Z Daily analysis of economics in the news (UK focus) Institutions and organizations Bureau of Labor Statistics - from the American Labor Department Center for Economic and Policy Research (USA) National Bureau... The Horseshoe Falls, one of the three Niagara Falls. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the...

Portrait of Kalm

Kalm was the son of a Lutheran minister from Ostrobothnian Närpes who, during the Russian occupation of the Great Northern War, had sought refuge in Angermannia, one of the northernmost provinces of the Swedish realm. Kalm studied at the Academy of Åbo in Turku, Finland, from 1735, and from 1740 at the University of Uppsala, where he met the renowned naturalist Carolus Linnaeus, one of whose first students he became. In Uppsala Kalm became the superintendent of an experimental plantation. Pehr Kalm (painted in 1746 by J. G. Geitel) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Pehr Kalm (painted in 1746 by J. G. Geitel) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Ostrobothnia, Österbotten (literally East (of) Bottom / the Gulf of Bothnia) or Pohjanmaa (literally Bottom land / soil / ground), is a historical province to the north in Finland. ... Närpes (Närpiö in Finnish) is a municipality of Finland. ... The Great Northern War was the war fought between a coalition of Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland (from 1715 also Prussia and Hanover) on one side and Sweden on the other side from 1700 to 1721. ... Angermannia, or Ångermanland, is a historical Sweden. ... The Realm of Sweden or Svenska väldet is a term that historically was used to comprise all the territories under the control of the Swedish monarchs. ... The Academy of Ã…bo was the name of a still existing University of Helsinki between 1640 and 1827. ... Province Western Finland Region Finland Proper Sub-region Turku City manager Armas Lahoniitty Official languages Finnish, Swedish Area  - total  - land ranked 311th 245. ... Uppsala University Uppsala University (Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a public university in Uppsala, Sweden. ... Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné â–¶(?), and in English usually under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ...

In 1746 Kalm was appointed docent of Natural History and Economics at the Åbo Academy, and in 1747 as professor of Economics. The same year he was chosen by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to travel to North America, to find seeds and plants that might prove useful for agriculture or industry. In particular, he was to send back the red mulberry, Morus rubra, in order that a silk industry might be started in Sweden-Finland. Events January 8 - Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling April 16 - Battle of Culloden brings an end to the Jacobite Risings October 22 - The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896) October 28 - An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru Catharine de Ricci (born 1522... // Events January 31 - The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Dock Hospital April 9 - The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason; he was the last man to be executed in this way in Britain May 14 - First battle of Cape... A professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) (prof for short) is a senior teacher, lecturer and researcher, usually in a college or university. ... The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or , founded in 1739 by King Frederick I, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden. ... Species See text Mulberry (Morus) is a genus of 10–16 species of deciduous trees native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and North America, with the majority of the species native to Asia. ... Silk weaver Silk is a natural protein fiber that can be woven into textiles. ... Traditional lands of Sweden. ...

Kalm arrived in Pennsylvania in 1748, and made his base of operations the Swedish–Finnish expatriate communities in southern New Jersey, where he served as the pastor of a local church, and where he married in 1750. He made trips as far west as Niagara Falls and as far north as Quebec, before returning in 1751. After his return he established a botanical garden in Turku, where he also taught at the Academy of Åbo until his death. State nickname: The Keystone State Official languages None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Governor Ed Rendell (D) Senators Arlen Specter (R) Rick Santorum (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 33rd 119,283 km² 2. ... Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... State nickname: The Garden State Official languages None defined Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Governor Richard Codey (D) Acting, Outgoing Jon Corzine (D) (Governor-Elect) Senators Jon Corzine (D) (Outgoing) Bob Menendez (D) (named as Corzines replacement) Frank Lautenberg (D) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 47th 22,608 km² 14. ... Events March 2 - Small earthquake in London, England April 4 - Small earthquake in Warrington, England August 23 - Small earthquake in Spalding, England September 30 - Small earthquake in Northampton, England November 16 – Westminster Bridge officially opened Jonas Hanway is the first Englishman to use an umbrella James Gray reveals her sex... The Horseshoe Falls, one of the three Niagara Falls. ... The first European explorer of what is now Quebec was Jacques Cartier, who planted a cross either in the Gaspé in 1534 or at Old Fort Bay on the Lower North Shore and sailed into the St. ... Events Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow March 25 - For the last time, New Years Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales. ...

Kalm's journal of his travels was published as En Resa til Norra America (Stockholm, 1753–1761). It was translated into English in 1770 as Travels into North America. In his Species Plantarum, Linnaeus cites Kalm for ninetly species, sixty of them new. 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

A student of Pehr Kalm's, Anders Chydenius (1729–1803), also a Finn, became one of the most notable politicians, scientists, and clergymen of 18th-century Sweden-Finland. He is best remembered as an outspoken defender of freedom of trade and industry. In 1765 Anders Chydenius published his book The National Gain, in which he proposes free trade and expresses the fundamental ideas of economic liberalism and the basic principles of capitalism, eleven years before the publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. Anders Chydenius Anders Chydenius (26 February 1729 – 1 February 1803) was the leading classical liberal of Nordic history. ... A politician is an individual involved in politics. ... A scientist is a person who is an expert in at least one area of science and who uses the scientific method to research that area. ... see also Holy Orders The following terms have traditional meanings for the Anglican Church, and possibly beyond: A churchman is in principle a member of a church congregation, in practice someone in holy orders. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... 1765 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The National Gain is the main work of Anders Chydenius published 1765. ... The liberal theory of economics is the theory of economics described by classical liberal authors such as Adam Smith or the French Physiocrats. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Capitalism The page is about the economic system. ... For other people named Adam Smith, see Adam Smith (disambiguation). ... An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of Adam Smith, published in 1776. ...

Although Kalm's ethnicity and mother tongue first became a topic a century later, during the language strife in Finland, Kalm himself signed letters as "Pehr Kalm", originated from Finland-Swedish Närpes, and all of his professional life was carried out in Latin and Swedish. This doesn't change the fact that he worked all his life in Finland, and that he - rightfully - is considered one of the early pioneers of Finnish science. This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... First language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. ... The language strife was one of the major conflicts of Finlands national history and domestic politics. ... ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... This is a list of botanists by their author abbreviation. ...

External link

• Biography — the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online