Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of niacin (vitamin B3) and protein, especially proteins containing the essential amino acid tryptophan.^[1] Because tryptophan can be converted into niacin, foods with tryptophan but without niacin, such as milk, prevent pellagra. However, if dietary tryptophan is diverted into protein production, niacin deficiency may still result. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Skin Lesions can include moles, cysts, warts or skin tags. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases (E00-E07) Disorders of thyroid gland (E00) Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome (E01) Iodine-deficiency-related thyroid disorders and allied conditions (E02) Subclinical iodine-deficiency hypothyroidism (E03) Other hypothyroidism (E030) Congenital hypothyroidism with diffuse goitre (E031) Congenital hypothyroidism without goitre (E032) Hypothyroidism due to medicaments and other... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records A vitamin is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ... Many diseases are thought to be directly or indirectly related to nutrition (see Dr. Joel Fuhrman). ... Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Tryptophan is an essential amino acid involved in human nutrition. ... Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. ... A glass of cows milk. ...

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid found in meat, poultry, fish, and eggs. So, if your diet contains these foods, your need for niacin from other sources will be reduced.^[2] An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ...

The relationship between lysine and pellagra is unclear.^[3] Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ...

Symptoms

The symptoms of pellagra include:

• high sensitivity to sunlightbold
• aggression
• inflammation of the skin
• smooth, beefy red infection of the tongue
• red skin lesions
• insomnia
• weakness
• mental confusion
• diarrhea
• eventually dementia

The main results of pellagra can easily be remembered as "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.^[4] Photophobia (also light sensitivity) or fear of light, is a symptom of excessive sensitivity to light and the aversion to sunlight or well-lit places. ... In psychology and other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain. ... Skin Lesions can include moles, cysts, warts or skin tags. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Weakness can mean: The opposite of strength Weakness (medical) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... For other uses, see Dementia (disambiguation). ...

Epidemiology

Pellagra can be common in people who obtain most of their food energy from maize, since untreated corn is a poor source of niacin (vitamin B3). Corn is also a poor source of tryptophan. This disease can be common among people who live in rural South America where corn is a staple. The symptoms usually appear during spring, increase in the summer due to greater sun exposure, and return the following spring. It is also one of several diseases of malnutrition common in Africa, and was endemic in the poorer states of the U.S. south like Mississippi and Alabama as well as among the inmates of jails and orphanages, where it was studied by Joseph Goldberger who conducted experiments in the penal colony in Rankin. Alkali treatment of the corn corrects the niacin deficiency, and was a common practice in native American cultures that grew corn. The amino acid deficiency must be balanced by consumption of other sources of protein. It was also common amongst prisoners of Soviet labor camps, the infamous Gulag. Also found in cases of chronic alcoholism. Food energy is the amount of energy in food that is available through digestion. ... This article is about the maize plant. ... Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ... Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of niacin and protein. ... Rankin may refer to: Places In the United States: Rankin, Illinois Rankin County, Mississippi Rankin, Pennsylvania Rankin, Texas In Canada: Rankin First Nation, Ontario, Canada Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada Persons Robert Rankin, a British Science Fiction & Fantasy author Arthur Rankin, Jr. ... Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ...

Prognosis

Untreated, the disease can kill within four or five years.

Pellagra can be treated by treatment with niacin (usually as niacinamide). The frequency and amount of niacinamide administered depends on the degree to which the condition has progressed.

History

Portrait of Dr. Joseph Goldberger

The traditional food preparation method of corn, nixtamalization, by native New World cultivators, who had domesticated corn, required treatment of the grain with lime, an alkali. It has now been shown that the lime treatment makes niacin nutritionally available and reduces the chance of developing pellagra. When corn cultivation was adopted worldwide, this preparation method was not accepted because the benefit was not understood. The original cultivators, often heavily dependent on corn, did not suffer from pellagra. Pellagra became common only when corn became a staple that was eaten without the traditional treatment. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1110x1671, 586 KB)Portrait of epidemiologist and member of the U.S. Public Health Service, Dr. Joseph Goldberger. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1110x1671, 586 KB)Portrait of epidemiologist and member of the U.S. Public Health Service, Dr. Joseph Goldberger. ... Nixtamalization is the process whereby ripe maize grains are soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually lime based, to cause the transparent outer hull, the pericarp, to separate from the grain. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... It has been suggested that Portlandite be merged into this article or section. ... In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qalyالقلوي, القالي ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkali earth metal element. ...

Pellagra was first described in Spain in 1735. It was an endemic disease in northern Italy, where it was named "pelle agra" (pelle = skin; agra = rough) by Francesco Frapoli of Milan.^[5] Because pellagra outbreaks occurred in regions where maize was a dominant food crop, the belief for centuries was that the maize either carried a toxic substance or was a carrier of disease. It was not until later that the lack of pellagra outbreaks in Mesoamerica, where maize is a major food crop (and is processed), that the idea was considered that the causes of pellagra may be due to factors other than toxins. Events April 16 - The London premiere of Alcina by George Frideric Handel, his first the first Italian opera for the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. ... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... This article is about the maize plant. ... Location of Mesoamerica in the Americas. ...

There has been speculation that the legend of vampires may have been furthered in the 1700s during pellagra outbreaks in Europe. Further reading Christopher Frayling - Vampyres: Lord Byron to Count Dracula 1992. ... Events and trends The Bonneville Slide blocks the Columbia River near the site of present-day Cascade Locks, Oregon with a land bridge 200 feet (60 m) high. ...

In the early 1900s, pellagra reached epidemic proportions in the American South. There were 1,306 reported pellagra deaths in South Carolina during the first ten months of 1915; 100,000 Southerners were affected in 1916. At this time, the scientific community held that pellagra was probably caused by a germ or some unknown toxin in corn.^[6] The Spartanburg Pellagra Hospital in Spartanburg, South Carolina, was the nation's first facility dedicated to discovering the cause of pellagra. It was established in 1914 with a special congressional appropriation to the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) and set up primarily for research. In 1915 Joseph Goldberger, assigned to study pellagra by the Surgeon General of the United States, showed that pellagra was linked to diet by inducing the disease in prisoners, using the Spartanburg Pellagra Hospital as his clinic. By 1926, Goldberger established that a balanced diet or a small amount of baker's yeast prevented pellagra. Skepticism still persisted in the medical community until 1937 when Conrad Elvehjem showed that the vitamin niacin cured pellagra (manifested as black tongue) in dogs. Later studies by Tom Spies, Marion Blankenhorn and Clark Cooper established that niacin also cured pellagra in humans, for which Time Magazine dubbed them its 1938 Men of the Year in comprehensive science. // Public flight demonstration of an airplane by Alberto Santos-Dumont in Paris, November 12, 1906. ... Germ can mean: Microorganism, especially a pathogenic one; see Germ theory of disease. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Spartanburg is the largest city and the county seat of Spartanburg CountyGR6 in South Carolina, and is the second-largest city of the three primary cities in the Upstate region of South Carolina. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of niacin and protein. ... US Public Health Service US Public Health Service Collar Device US Public Health Service Cap Device The Surgeon General of the United States is the head of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the U.S... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of budding yeast. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Conrad A. Elvehjem, ( May 27, 1901-July 27, 1962), was internationally known as a biochemist in nutrition. ... A picture of Black hairy tongue. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Other reading

External links

• DermNet systemic/pellagra

• cyberparent.com
• wholegrain.umn.edu