Pen and ink refers to a technique of drawing or writing, in which colored (this includes black) ink is applied to paper using a pen or other stylus. It may be used as a medium for sketches, or for finished works of art. Pen and ink also lends itself to fine writing and calligraphy. An ink is a liquid containing various pigments and/or dyes used for colouring a surface to render an image or text. ... A ballpoint pen A pen is a writing instrument which applies ink to some surface. ... Styli used in writing in the Fourteenth Century. ... Sketch of Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris. ... Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...

Pens

Different types of pens produce distinctive types of lines. Some, such as the crow-quill dip pen, produce slender and delicate lines. Other pens have a broader nib which can produce both thick and thin lines. Species See text. ... A quill pen is made from a flight feather (preferably a primary) of a large bird, most often a goose. ... Three dip pens, and six nibs. ... A fountain pen is a writing instrument, more specifically a pen, that contains a reservoir of water-based ink that is fed to a nib through a feed via a combination of gravity and capillary action. ...

Most fountain pens and ballpoint pens are often regarded by many artists as being insensitive instruments or even not for true pen and ink work, but they are often useful for sketching in conditions in which a pot of ink would be a spill hazard. A fountain pen is a writing instrument, more specifically a pen, that contains a reservoir of water-based ink that is fed to a nib through a feed via a combination of gravity and capillary action. ... A papermate PhD Multi ballpoint pen A ballpoint pen, in many countries also eponymously called a biro, is a writing instrument, more specifically a pen, similar to a pencil in size and shape. ...

Many technical artists prefer the Rotring Rapidograph or Isograph series of technical pens, which produce lines of extremely regular width and which contain their own ink. Originally the pens were used mostly for architectural illustration of new buildings, although this has now mostly been replaced by computer rendered visualisations. Since being popularised by Robert Crumb in the mid 1970s, Rapidographs have been the standard pens used by most comic book and graphic novel artists in the past, however they do have their problems if not frequently maintained. Micron pens have been favored as of recently for their line work and disposibility. The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, a master builder, from αρχι- chief, leader and τεκτων, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Robert Crumb (born August 30, 1943 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an artist and illustrator recognized for the distinctive style of his drawings and his critical, satirical, subversive view of the American mainstream. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ... A graphic novel (GN) is a long-form comic book, usually with lengthy and complex storylines, and often aimed at more mature audiences. ...

Inks

Iron-gall nut ink was the usual type of ink used in the West. In the 20th century waterproof Indian ink has replaced previously used inks, although this tradition does not preclude an artist using other types of mark-making materials. The paper used must be strong enough to resist the wear from a steel pen nib, and to absorb all the ink applied. Iron-gall nut ink was the standard writing and drawing ink for Europe, from about the 12th century to the 19th century, and remained in use well into the 20th century. ... Indian ink (or India ink in American English) is a simple black ink once widely used for writing and printing, and now more commonly used for drawing, especially when inking comics. ...

History

Many pre-modern cultures around the world developed the comparatively cheap and portable medium of pen and ink art to a high level of sophistication, notably the Chinese and Japanese. In late imperial China (1644-1912), of all the arts, pen and ink calligraphy was the most respected. Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being Modern. Since the term Modern is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be taken in context. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Pen and ink calligraphy was raised to a high level in Arabic writing, since Islam forbids the representation of living beings. In some forms of Arabic calligraphy, the letters were delicately formed to suggest an image related to the meaning of the phrase being written, without being an actual image of a living being. There was a strong parallel tradition at the same time among Aramaic and Hebrew scholars, seen in such works as the Hebrew illuminated bibles of the 9th and 10th Centuries. For more information on Arabic and Hebrew medieval calligraphy see Calligraphy. Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ,meaning Peace in English,( ) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Quran. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ... Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ... The Bible (Hebrew: תנ״ך tanakh, Greek: η Βίβλος hē biblos) (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Word of God, The Word Scripture, Scripture), from Greek (τα) βίβλια, (ta) biblia, (the) books, is the name used by Jews and Christians for their (differing but overlapping) canons of sacred texts. ... Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...

In Western art, pen and ink artwork can be traced back to the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Winchester and Canterbury manuscripts of the 9th century, characteristic of which are lively precise figures and animals amid decorative foliage and fine calligraphy. Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels contains the incipit from the Gospel of Matthew. ... A map showing the general locations of the major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms The Anglo-Saxons were a group of Germanic tribes from Angeln, a peninsula in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, protruding into the Baltic Sea, and what is now Lower Saxony in Northern Germany, who achieved dominance in southern Britain from... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was that century that lasted from 801 to 900. ...

In the Georgian and early Victorian periods in England, pen and ink was mostly used for quick sketches, often with a high degree of abstraction. George Romney produced a number of notable ink sketches of Emma Hamilton which are noted for the economy of his strokes, in which he produced instantly recognizable figures with a dozen lines. Later English artists developed the pen and ink drawing into a finished artform, probably the finest examples of which are the 1825 series of visionary landscape drawings by Samuel Palmer. Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her Accession to the Throne, June 20, 1837) gave her name to the historic era. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001... // An abstraction is an idea, concept, or word which defines the phenomena which make up the concrete events or things which the abstraction refers to, the referents. ... Portrait of Miss Willoughby, second half of 18th century. ... Emma Hamilton, in one of dozens of portraits by George Romney, at the height of her beauty in the 1780s Emma Hamilton (Lady Hamilton) (April 26, 1765 - January 16, 1815) is best remembered as the mistress of Lord Nelson. ... 1825 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Self-portrait of the young Samuel Palmer, circa 1824. ...

Like many of the arts which it is possible to practice with just a minimum of tools and materials, the status of pen and ink work is now very low in the contemporary art world, and it also suffers because drawing is not now generally taught in art schools. This state of affairs has not been helped by the advent of software rendering - it is now possible for software such as Photoshop, Poser, Painter and Piranisi to automatically take a photographic image and render it into an approximation of a "pen and ink" style, albeit one lacking the vital "human touch". Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. ... Adobe Photoshop is a bitmap graphics editor (with some text and vector graphics capabilities) published by Adobe Systems. ... The term poser can also refer to a slang term. ...

Book and magazine illustration

There are extensive histories of the use of pen and ink work to illustrate books and magazines, especially children's books and humourous/satirical popular magazines such as Punch. Many interior illustrations in books and magazines are still done in pen and ink because they thus do not require halftone screening, unlike continuous tone techniques such as ink wash or painting. However, special care must be taken in reproduction to ensure that fine inked lines do not spread and muddy when printed. Basic Characteristics There is some debate as to what constitutes childrens literature. ... Satire is a literary technique of writing or art which exposes the follies of its subject (for example, individuals, organizations, or states) to ridicule, often as an intended means of provoking or preventing change. ... An illustration of a character from a story; also, an illustration of illustrations An Illustration is a visualisation such as drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. ... Halftoning is a method of printing shades using a single color ink. ...

Particularly fine examples of the integration of pen and ink sketches with calligraphic text are the series of English hill-walking guidebooks made by Alfred Wainwright. Other commonly-known illustrators in pen and ink were: Aubrey Beardsley; Heath Robinson and Mervyn Peake. Alfred Wainwright (1907 – 1991) was best known for his seven Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells. ... Aubrey Beardsley Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (August 21, 1872 – March 16, 1898) was an influential English artist, illustrator, and author. ... William Heath Robinson (May 31, 1872 - September 13, 1944) was a British cartoonist and illustrator, who signed himself W. Heath Robinson. ... Mervyn Laurence Peake (July 9, 1911 – November 17, 1968) was a British modernist writer, artist, poet and illustrator. ...

Further reading

• Forty Centuries of Ink - a Project Gutenberg free e-book.