Dorchester Penitentiary in New Brunswick, Canada is an institution that is part of Corrections Canada. Opened in 1880 as a maximum security prison, it now functions as a medium security facility.

A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned, and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Prisons are conventionally institutions which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x624, 574 KB) Summary Dorchester Penitentiary in New Brunswick Canada. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x624, 574 KB) Summary Dorchester Penitentiary in New Brunswick Canada. ... This article is about the Canadian province; for the city in New Jersey, see New Brunswick, New Jersey. ... The Correctional Service of Canada is the government agency responsible for the federal prison and parole system in Canada. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Supermax is the name used to describe control-unit prisons or units within prisons, representing the most secure and austere levels of custody in the prison systems of the United States and other countries. ... Internment camp for Japanese in Canada during World War II Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Institutions are structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of two or more individuals. ... Criminal justice system flowchart Criminal justice refers to the system used by government to maintain social control, prevent crime, enforce laws, and administer justice. ... A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that govern the people in one or more societies, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. ...

A criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be charged with a criminal offense may be held on remand in prison if he or she is denied, refused or unable to meet conditions of bail, or is unable to post bail. This may also occur where the court determines that the suspect is at risk of absconding before the trial, or is otherwise a risk to society. A criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial verdict. If found guilty, a defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment. In the parlance of criminal justice, a suspect is a term used to refer to a person, known or unknown, suspected of committing a crime. ... In law, an offense (or offence) is a violation of the penal law. ... A prisoner who is denied, refused or unable to meet the conditions of bail, or who is unable to post bail, may be held in a prison on remand until their criminal trial. ... The word bail as a legal term means: Security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested person as a guarantee of that persons appearance for trial. ... A defendant or defender is any party who is required to answer the complaint of a plaintiff or pursuer in a civil lawsuit before a court, or any party who has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute. ... In legal parlance, a trial is an event in which parties to a dispute present information (in the form of evidence) in a formal setting, usually a court, before a judge, jury, or other designated finder of fact, in order to achieve a resolution to their dispute. ... In law, a verdict indicates the judgment of a case before a court of law. ... In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. ...

Prisons may also be used as a tool of political repression to detain political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and "enemies of the state", particularly by authoritarian regimes. In times of war or conflict, prisoners of war may also be detained in prisons. A prison system is the organizational arrangement of the provision and operation of prisons, and depending on their nature, may invoke a corrections system. Although people have been imprisoned throughout history, they have also regularly been able to perform prison escapes. Political repression is the oppression or persecution of an individual or group for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of society. ... A political prisoner is someone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, because their ideas or image are deemed by a government to either challenge or threaten the authority of the state. ... Prisoner of Conscience (POC) is a term coined by Amnesty International, the global human rights group. ... Enemy of the State is a 1998 film written by David Marconi, directed by Tony Scott, and starring Will Smith, Gene Hackman, Jon Voight, and Lisa Bonet. ... Bold text:This article applies to political ideologies. ... Look up war in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Corrections refers to one of the components of the criminal justice system. ... A prison escape or prison break is where a prisoner leaves their prison through unofficial or illegal ways, and almost always results in an effort to recapture them by their original detainers. ...

Other names and uses of the term

There are a variety of other names for prisons, such as a prison-house, penitentiary (IPA: /pɛnɪˈtɛnʃʌri/), or jail (in British English, the spelling gaol is sometimes used in formal contexts, although this spelling is pronounced in the same fashion). There are, also, many colloquial terms for prisons — such as big house, the Pen (short for penitentiary), the hole, beantown, stir, The Yard, can, clink, joint, jug, cooler, hoosegow, lockup, graybar hotel, concrete Hilton, lockdown, nick, pokey, slammer, up the river — and a similar range of terms for imprisonment, including doing time, bird, doing a bid, being a guest of Her Majesty, porridge, working for Copper John, etc. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ... Diagram showing the geographical locations of selected languages and dialects of the British Isles. ... The word Gaol can refer to the following: Gaol American/British English jail, Early Modern English spelling, though this spelling is seldom used today, it is still considered the official spelling in Australian English. ... Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. ... The Hilton Hotel chain is owned by Hilton Hotels Corporation and is based in Beverly Hills, California. ... Porridge is a British BBC television sitcom (1974–1977), written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais and starring Ronnie Barker. ... Copper John is a statue of an American Revolutionary War soldier that stands atop the Auburn Correctional Facility in Auburn, New York. ...

In the 1790s, the Quakers in Pennsylvania coined the term penitentiary to describe a place for penitents sorry for their sins.^[1] In the United States, prison or penitentiary typically denote a place where inmates go to serve long terms after having been found guilty of a felony. The United States is one country where the term jail generally refers to facilities where detainees are locked up for a relatively short time (either while awaiting trial or serving a sentence of one year or less upon conviction for a misdemeanor). In the United States, jails are usually operated under the jurisdiction of local (county) governments while prisons are operated under the jurisdiction of state or federal governments. In the state of Massachusetts, some jails are known as houses of correction despite no actual 'correcting' takes place even though rehabilitation is mandated by MA state law. In Washington some adult prisons are called reformatories, while in other states this is reserved as a term for a prison of the juvenile justice system. The term correctional facility has also been used. The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... Official language(s) English, Pennsylvania Dutch Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ... Penance is the actual name of the Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation/ Confession. ... For the record label, see Felony Records The term felony is a term used in common law systems for very serious crimes, whereas misdemeanors are considered to be less serious offenses. ... A misdemeanors (or misdemeanour), in many common law legal systems, is a lesser criminal act. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      A state of the United States is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) None Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area  Ranked 18th  - Total 71,342 sq mi (184,827 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 6. ...

Prison design and facilities

Male and female prisoners are typically kept in separate locations or prisons altogether. Prison accommodation, especially modern prisons in the developed world, are often divided into wings identified by a name, number or letter. These wings may be further divided into landings that are essentially "floors" containing up to thirty cells. Cells are the smallest prison accommodation, each holding at least one or two prisoners. Cells which hold more than three or four prisoners may be known as dormitories. A building holding more than one wing is known as a "hall". A developed country is a country that has achieved (currently or historically) a high degree of industrialization, and which enjoys the higher standards of living which wealth and technology make possible. ... A cell and galleries at Londons Newgate Prison in 1896. ... A typical American college dorm room A dormitory or dorm is a place to sleep. ...

This list contains the main facilities that prisons have.

• A main entrance, which may be known as the gatelodge or "Sally port".
• A chapel, which will often house chaplaincy offices and facilities for counselling of individuals or groups. Prisons may also contain a mosque (eg. HMP Stafford in the United Kingdom) or other religious facility.
• An education department, which may include a library, and which provides adult or continuing education opportunities for prisoners.
• At least one exercise yard, fenced areas which prisoners may use for recreational and exercise purposes.
• A healthcare facility or infirmary, which often includes a dentist.
• A segregation unit or "block", which is used to separate unruly, dangerous, or vulnerable prisoners from the general population. Inmates may be placed into segregation to maintain the safety and security of the institution, or the safety of any persons. Also, they may be segregated to preserve the integrity of an investigation, or when no other housing is practical.
• Vulnerable prisoners units (VPs), or Protective Custody (PC), used to accommodate prisoners classified as vulnerable, such as sex offenders, former police officers, informants, and those that have gotten themselves in debt to other inmates.
• Safe cells, used to keep prisoners under constant visual observation.
• Isolation cells, often referred to as "the hole" in some jurisdictions, used to keep prisoners completely isolated, usually as a punishment for misbehavior.
• Visiting rooms, where prisoners may be allowed restricted contact with relatives, friends, lawyers, or other people.

Other facilities that are often found in prisons include kitchens, gymnasiums, and accommodation for prison staff. A chapel is a private church, usually small and often attached to a larger institution such as a college, a hospital, a palace, or a prison. ... A chaplain is typically a member of the clergy serving a group of people who are not organized as a mission or church; lay chaplains are also found in some settings such as universities. ... // Psychotherapy is a 20th century interpersonal, relational intervention designed to provide an increased sense of well-being and /or reduction of subjective discomforting experience. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... A modern-style library in Chambéry A library is a collection of information resources and services, organized for use, and maintained by a public body, institution, or private individual. ... Libraries are a useful resource for adult learners. ... Continuing education may refer to one of two types of education. ... Those who supply information to enforcers of law or administration. ... Constant visual observation, often abbreviated to constant visual, is a term used in various Mental Health Services, Prisons and Special Schools to describe the status of a service user who poses a threat to themselves or a third party, and must therefore be kept under constant observation. ... A kitchen is a room used for food preparation. ... Modern indoor gymnasium with pull-down basketball hoops. ...

Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers, concertina wire, electrified fencing, secured and defensible main gates, armed guard towers, lighting, motion sensors, dogs, and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security. Remotely controlled doors, CCTV monitoring, alarms, cages, restraints, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility. A sketch of a typical concertina wire obstacle Concertina wire is a type of barbed wire or razor wire that is formed in large coils which can be expanded like a concertina. ... An electric fence is a barrier that uses painful or even lethal high-voltage electric shocks to deter animals or people from crossing a boundary. ... Police dog getting ready to search a vehicle for drugs A police dog is a dog that is trained specifically to assist police and similar law-enforcement personnel with their work. ... The usage of surveillance cameras is increasing rapidly. ...

Modern prison designs, particularly those of high-security prisons, have sought to increasingly restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility while minimizing the corrections staffing needed to monitor and control the population. As compared to the traditional landing-cellblock-hall designs, many newer prisons are designed in a decentralized "podular" layout with individual self-contained housing units, known as "pods" or "modules", arranged around centralized outdoor yards in a "campus". The pods contain tiers of cells laid out in an open pattern arranged around a central control station from which a single corrections officer can monitor all of the cells and the entire pod. Control of cell doors, communications and CCTV monitoring is conducted from the control station as well. Movement out of the pod to the exercise yard or work assignments can be restricted to individual pods at designated times, or else prisoners may be kept almost always within their pod or even their individual cells depending upon the level of security. Goods and services, such as meals, laundry, commisary, educational materials, religious services and medical care can increasingly be brought to individual pods or cells as well.

Conversely, despite these design innovations, overcrowding at many prisons, particularly in the US, has resulted in a contrary trend, as many prisons are forced to house large numbers of prisoners, often hundreds at a time, in gymnasiums or other large buildings that have been converted into massive open dormitories.

Lower-security prisons are often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them freer movement around the grounds to work or activities during the day.

See Panopticon for a historical prison design that has influenced modern designs. Panopticon blueprint by Jeremy Bentham, 1791 The Panopticon is a type of prison building designed by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham. ...

Prisons and the criminal justice system

A convicted defendant will typically receive a "custodial sentence" if found guilty of committing a serious criminal offense such as physical assault, rape, murder, and acts involving circumstances of aggravation (eg. use of a weapon, violence, children), or has reoffended. In some countries, the law may require that courts hand down a mandatory and sometimes lengthy custodial sentence whenever a crime involves property, drugs or other prohibited substances, or where the defendant has previously been convicted (see mandatory sentencing). Some jurisdictions may hold a suspect in prison on remand for varying periods of time. A custodial sentence is a judicial sentence, imposing a punishment (and hence the resulting punishment itself) consisting of mandatory custody of the convict, either in prison (incarceration) or in some other closed therapeutic and/or (re)educational institution, such as a reformatory, (maximum security) psychiatry or drug detoxication (especially cold... In law, an offense (or offence) is a violation of the penal law. ... Aggravation is a legal concept, which Blacks Law Dictionary defines as: Any circumstance attending the commission of a crime or tort which increases its guilt or enormity or adds to its injurious consequences, but which is above and beyond the essential constituents of the crime or tort itself. ... Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior. ... A mandatory sentence is a judicial decision setting the punishment to be inflicted on a person convicted of a crime where judicial discretion is limited by law. ... In the parlance of criminal justice, a suspect is a term used to refer to a person, known or unknown, suspected of committing a crime. ... A prisoner who is denied, refused or unable to meet the conditions of bail, or who is unable to post bail, may be held in a prison on remand until their criminal trial. ...

Gatehouse of former 19th century St Albans prison in England, as seen in the British TV comedy Porridge.

The nature of prisons and of prison systems varies from country to country, although many systems typically segregate prisoners by sex, and by category of risk. Prisons are often rated by the degree of security, ranging from minimum security (used mainly for nonviolent offenders such as those guilty of fraud) through to maximum security and super-maximum or supermax (often used for those who have committed violent crimes or crimes while imprisoned). Gatehouse of former St Albans Prison. ... Gatehouse of former St Albans Prison. ... St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35. ... Porridge is a British BBC television sitcom (1974–1977), written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais and starring Ronnie Barker. ... Supermax is the name used to describe control-unit prisons or units within prisons, representing the most secure and austere levels of custody in prison systems. ...

The issue of crime and punishment is a highly politicized issue. Prisons, prison systems, sentencing and imprisonment practices, and the use of capital punishment may all lead to controversy and debate. For example, the use of mandatory sentencing and the effectiveness of custodial sentences for minor property crimes is often debated, especially where the prison sentence required in such cases is more harsh than for the commission of violent crimes. Some of these issues are discussed further below. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page.

Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...

Criminal justice goals of the prison system

Criminal justice models are based on the goals of the penal system:

Retribution/Vengeance/Retaliation

This is founded on the "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" philosophy, which essentially states that if one person harms another, then an equivalent harm should be done to them. One goal here is to prevent vigilantism, gang or clan warfare, and other actions by those who have an unsatisfied need to "get even" for a crime against them, their family, or their group. It is, however, difficult to determine how to equate different types of "harm". A literal case is where a murderer is punished with the death penalty, the argument being "justice demands a life for a life". One criticism of long term prison sentences and other methods for achieving justice is that such "warehousing" of criminals is rather expensive. Yet another facet of this debate disregards the financial cost for the most part. The argument regarding warehousing rests, in this case, upon the theory that any punishment considered respectful of human rights should not include caging humans for life without chance of release--that even death is morally and ethically a higher road than no-parole prison sentences. For the aircraft, see A-5 Vigilante. ...

Deterrence

Here the criminal is used as an "example to himself/herself and others". By subjecting prisoners to harsh conditions, authorities hope to convince them to avoid future criminal behavior and to exemplify for others the rewards for avoiding such behavior; that is, the fear of punishment will win over whatever pleasure the illegal activity might bring. The deterrence model frequently goes far beyond "an eye for an eye", exacting a more severe punishment than would seem to be indicated by the crime. Torture has been used in the past as a deterrent, as has the public embarrassment and discomfort of stocks, and, in religious communities, excommunication. Executions, particularly gruesome ones (such as hanging or beheading), often for petty offenses, are further examples of attempts at deterrence. One criticism of the deterrence model is that criminals typically have a rather short-term orientation, and the possibility of long-term consequences is of little importance to them. Also, their quality of life may be so horrific that any treatment within the criminal justice system (which is compatible with human rights law) will only be seen as an improvement over their previous situation. Deterrence ALOHA!! is a means of controlling a persons behavior through negative motivational influences, namely fear of punishment. ... Torture is defined by the United Nations Convention Against Torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he... Deterrence is the method manipulating a persons action by negative motivational influences. ... The stocks are a device used since medieval times for public humiliation, corporal punishment, and torture. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Deterrence ALOHA!! is a means of controlling a persons behavior through negative motivational influences, namely fear of punishment. ... Deterrence ALOHA!! is a means of controlling a persons behavior through negative motivational influences, namely fear of punishment. ...

Reform/Rehabilitation

(This refers to treatment of the individual prisoners, rather than to reform of the penal system.) The purpose of reform, and the level of resources to apply to it are much disputed areas of public policy. One archaic school of thought is that a criminal should be encouraged to rehabilitate his or her inherent deficiencies. Alternatively, the process may be seen as providing the person with an alternative to criminal behaviour upon release. This rehabilitation process may involve provision of education, vocational training, treatment for drug addiction, counseling, and/or an attempt to encourage socially acceptable behaviors: for instance the need to treat others with respect, or for self-discipline might be stressed. for other uses please see Crime (disambiguation) A crime is an act that violates a political or moral law. ... Vocational education prepares learners for certain careers or professions, which are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a trade, occupation or vocation in which the learner participates. ...

The approach to take with younger criminals, the severity of any regime, and whether efforts at rehabilitation should be mandatory are all areas of political debate, as is the issue of funding. Whilst some argue that the cost to society is offset by preventing crime in the future, others contend that it rewards those in jail with training that would not otherwise have been available to them. A key issue that frames these debates is the view taken on responsibility for crime in society; are criminals inherently prone to illegal behaviour, or does crime stem from a failure of social policy? Illegal, or unlawful, is either prohibitted or not authorized by law. ...

When reform and/or rehabilitation has failed, recidivism is a likely outcome. The United States maintains one of the highest recidivism rates in the world. In recent years with the number of U.S. inmates quadrupling since 1980, more human rights groups and other activist groups are working to reduce recidivism. Amnesty International works to protect the basic rights of inmates and the Innocence Project works to free wrongly convicted inmates. Even businesses such as Writeaprisoner.com focus on reducing the extremely high rate of inmates returning to prison after they have been released by establishing positive relationships through letter writing. Amnesty International symbol Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) comprising a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights.[1] Essentially it compares actual practices of human rights with internationally accepted standards and demands compliance where these have not... The Innocence Project refers to a number of non-profit legal clinics in the United States. ... // Background WriteAPrisoner. ...

Removal from society

The goal here is simply to keep criminals away from potential victims, thus reducing the number of crimes they can commit. The criticism of this model is that others increase the number and severity of crimes they commit to make up for the "vacuum" left by the removed criminal. For example, a drug dealer removed from a location will result in an unmet demand for drugs at that locale, and an existing or new drug dealer will then appear, to fill the void. This new drug dealer may have been innocent of any crimes before this opportunity, or may have been guilty of less serious crimes, such as being a look-out for the previous drug dealer.

Repayment

Prisoners are forced to repay their "debt" to society . Unpaid or low pay work is common in many prisons, often to the benefit of the community. Most of the time in prisons low-pay work is a form of "keeping in touch" with the outside world and the jobs are ones that benefit the prison. For example, Monroe Prison in Monroe, WA is a fully self-sufficient facility. The prisoners jobs support the prison, such as laundry, yard maintenance, mechanical systems maintenance and other jobs. The money made in these jobs goes to a prisoner account that the prisoner can access at any time. The normal wage runs from $0.59 to $1.26 hourly. In some countries prisons operate as labour camps. Critics say that the repayment model gives government an economic incentive to send more people to prison. In corrupt or authoritarian regimes, such as the former Soviet Union, many citizens are sentenced to forced labour for minor breaches of the law, simply because the government requires the labour camps as a source of income. Community service is increasingly being used as an alternative to prison for petty criminals. For other uses, see Debt (disambiguation). ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in forced labor. ... Community service refers to service that a person performs for the benefit of his or her local community. ...

Reduction in immediate costs

Government and prison officials also have the goal of minimizing short-term costs.

In wealthy societies:

This calls for keeping prisoners "happy" by providing them with things like television and conjugal visits. Inexpensive measures like these prevent prison assaults and riots which in turn allow the number of guards to be minimized. Providing the quickest possible parole and/or release also reduces immediate costs to the prison system (although these may very well increase long term costs to the prison system and society due to recidivism). The ultimate way to reduce immediate costs is to eliminate prisons entirely and use fines, community service, and other sanctions (like the loss of a driver's license or the right to vote) instead.^{[citation needed]} Executions at first would appear to limit costs, but, in most wealthy societies, the long appeals process for death sentences (and associated legal costs) make them quite expensive.

In poor societies:

Poor societies, which lack the resources to imprison criminals for years, frequently use execution in place of imprisonment, for severe crimes. Less severe crimes, such as theft, might be dealt with by less severe physical means, such as amputation of the hands. When long term imprisonment is used in such societies, it may be a virtual death sentence, as the lack of food, sanitation, and medical care causes widespread disease and death, in such prisons.

Some of the goals of criminal justice are compatible with one another, while others are in conflict. In the history of prison reform, the harsh treatment, torture, and executions used for deterrence first came under fire as a violation of human rights. The salvation goal, and methods, were later attacked as violations of the individual's Freedom of Religion. This led to further "reforms" aimed principally at reform/correction of the individual, removal from society, and reduction of immediate costs. The perception that such reforms sometimes denied victims justice then led to further changes. The hope, in the future, is that medical diagnosis and treatments might assist future generations of prisoner reformers. For example, if the "thrill-seeking gene" could be suppressed via RNAi technology, this could lead to less risk-taking behavior (some of it criminal). A conjugal visit is a scheduled visit during which an inmate of a penal institution is permitted to have sexual intercourse with a visitor in a closely controlled setting. ... Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior. ... Deterrence ALOHA!! is a means of controlling a persons behavior through negative motivational influences, namely fear of punishment. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ... In molecular biology, RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism in which the presence of small fragments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) whose sequence matches a given gene interferes with the expression of that gene. ...

Military and political prisons

Prisons form part of military systems, and are used variously to house prisoners of war, unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. See military prison. Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... The term unlawful combatant (also unlawful enemy combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent) denotes people denied the protection of the Geneva Conventions; those to whom protection is recognised as due are referred to as lawful combatants. ... Military Prison is where the level military operates some type of military prison system. ...

Certain countries maintain or have in the past had a system of political prisons; arguably the gulags associated with Stalinism are best known. The definition of what is and is not a political crime and a political prison is, of course, highly controversial. Some psychiatric facilities have characteristics of prisons, especially when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. Gulag ( , Russian: ) is an acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно—Трудовых Лагерей и колоний, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies of the NKVD. Anne Applebaum, in her book Gulag: A History, explains: // Literally, the word GULAG is an acronym, meaning Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp... Joseph Stalin. ... Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ...

Ecclesiastical prisons

It is plain from many decrees in the "Corpus Juris Canonici" that the Roman Catholic Church has claimed and exercised the right, belonging to a perfect and visible society, of protecting its members by condemning the guilty to imprisonment. The object of prisons originally, both among the Hebrews and the Romans, was merely the safe-keeping of a criminal, real or pretended, until his trial. The ecclesiastical idea of imprisonment, however, is that confinement be made use of both as a punishment and as affording an opportunity for reformation and reflection. This method of punishment was anciently applied even to clerics. Thus, Boniface VIII (cap. "Quamvis", iii, "De poen.", in 6) decrees: Corpus Iuris Canonici is the Roman Catholic Churchs revised and authenticated versions of the libri legales. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Boniface VIII, né Benedict Gaetano ( 1235 - October 11, 1303) was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303. ...

Although it is known that prisons were specially instituted for the custody of criminals, not for their punishment, yet we shall not find fault with you if you commit to prison for the performance of penance, either perpetually or temporarily as shall seem best, those clerics subject to you who have confessed crimes or been convicted of them, after you have carefully considered the excesses, persons and circumstances involved in the case.

The Church adopted the extreme punishment of perpetual imprisonment because, by the canons, the execution of offenders, whether clerical or lay, could not be ordered by ecclesiastical judges. It was quite common in ancient times to imprison in monasteries, for the purpose of doing penance, those clerics who had been convicted of grave crimes (c. vii, dist. 50). The "Corpus Juris", however, says (c. "Super His", viii, "De poen.") that incarceration does not of itself inflict the stigma of infamy on a cleric, as is evident from a papal pronouncement on the complaint of a cleric who had been committed to prison because he vacillated in giving testimony. The reply recorded is that imprisonment does not ipso facto carry with it any note of infamy. Infamy, from INFAMIA, the Latin antonym of Fama (fame), means: -a negative reputation (but high profile, in modern speech often considered as a form of celebrity), as in crime, immorality, cruelty . ...

As to monastic prisons for members of religious orders, we find them recorded in decrees dealing with the incorrigibility of those who have lost the spirit of their vocation. Thus, by command of Urban VIII, the Congregation of the Council (21 September, 1624) decreed: Urban VIII, né Maffeo Barberini (April 1568 - July 29, 1644) was pope from 1623-1644. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

For the future, no regular, legitimately professed, may be expelled from his order unless he be truly incorrigible. A person is not to be judged truly incorrigible unless not only all those things are found verified which are required by the common law (notwithstanding the constitutions of any religious order even confirmed and approved by the Holy See), but also, until the delinquent has been tried by fasting and patience for one year in confinement. Therefore, let every order have private prisons, at least one in every province.

The crimes in question must be such as by natural or civil law would merit the punishment of death or imprisonment for life (Reiffenstuel, "Jus Can. univ.", no. 228). Innocent XII reduced the year required by the above-mentioned decree to six months (Decree "Instantibus", 2). A decree of the Sacred Congregation of the Council (13 November, 1632) declares that a religious is not to be judged incorrigible because he flees from imprisonment, unless, after being punished three times, he should make a fourth escape. As the civil laws do not, at present, permit of incarceration by private authority, the Congregation on the Discipline of Regulars has decreed (22 January, 1886) that trials for incorrigibility, preceding dismissal, should be carried out by summary, not formal, process, and that for each case recourse should be had to Rome. A vestige of the monastic imprisonment (which, of course, nowadays depends only on moral force) is found in the decree of Leo XIII (4 November, 1892), in which he declares that religious who have been ordained and wish to leave their order cannot, under pain of perpetual suspension, depart from the cloister (exire ex clausura) until they have been adopted by a bishop. Innocent XII, né Antonio Pignatelli (March 13, 1615 - September 27, 1700) pope from 1691 to 1700, was the successor of Alexander VIII. He came of a distinguished Neapolitan family and was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome, he in his twentieth year became an official of the court of... Pope Leo XIII Supreme Pontiff (1878-1903) Leo XIII, né Gioacchino Pecci (March 2, 1810 - July 20, 1903) was Pope from 1878 to 1903. ...

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.

The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by The Encyclopedia Press. ...

Prison population statistics

As of 2006, it is estimated that at least nine million people are currently imprisoned worldwide. ^[2] It is believed that this number is likely to be much higher, in view of general under-reporting and a lack of data from various countries, especially authoritarian regimes. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the prison population in most countries has increased significantly ^{[citation needed]}. Bold text:This article applies to political ideologies. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ...

In absolute terms, the United States currently has the largest inmate population in the world, with more than 2 million ^[3] in prison and jails even though violent crime and property crime have been declining since the 1990s according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. ^[4] In 2002, both Russia and China also had prison populations in excess of 1 million ^{[2] [5]}.

As a percentage of total population, Rwanda has the largest prison population as of 2002, with more than 100,000 (of a total population of around 8 million), largely as a result of the 1994 genocide. The United States is second largest in relative numbers with 486 prisoners per 100,000 of population, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, also making it the largest in relative numbers amongst developed countries). New Zealand has the second highest prison population per capita amongst developed countries, with 169 prisoners per 100,000. Template:Dont Cleanup The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass extermination of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus in Rwanda. ... The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is a department of the US Department of Justice which is responsible for maintaining criminal justice data and statistics. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ...

In 2003, the United Kingdom had 73,000 inmates in its facilities, with France and Germany having a similar number. Prisoner may refer to the following: A person incarcerated in a prison or similar facility. ...

The high proportion of prisoners in developed countries may be explained by a range of factors, including better funded criminal justice systems, a more strict approach to law and order (eg. through the use of mandatory sentencing), and a larger gap between the rich and the poor. In non-developed countries, rates of incarceration may be a reflection of a tendency for some crimes to go unpunished, political corruption, or the use of other mechanisms which provide an alternative to incarceration as a means of dealing with crime (eg. through the use of reconciliation). Criminal justice system flowchart Criminal justice refers to the system used by government to maintain social control, prevent crime, enforce laws, and administer justice. ... In politics, law and order refers to a political platform which supports a strict criminal justice system, especially in relation to violent crime and property crimes, through harsher criminal penalties. ... A mandatory sentence is a judicial decision setting the punishment to be inflicted on a person convicted of a crime where judicial discretion is limited by law. ... World map of the Corruption Perceptions Index, which measures the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians. Blue colors indicate little corruption, red colors indicate much corruption In broad terms, political corruption is the misuse by government officials of their governmental powers for illegitimate... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Look up reconcile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

According to the last statistics by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (October 2005, "Prisoners in 2005), the "rate of incarceration in prison at yearend 2005 was 488 sentenced inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents". However, if one adds the jail population to that number, 252, one comes up with the more realistic figure of 740 inmates per 100,000 residents.

Mean: Estimate of 197 (196.63) Median: 92 Ran*e: 696

Juvenile Prisons

Prisons for juveniles (people under 18) are known as young offenders institutes and hold minors who have been convicted, many countries have their own age of criminal responsibility in which children are deemed legally responsible for their actions for a crime. Defense of infancy is a form of defense by excuse; in which a defendant argues that, at the time a law was broken, they were not criminally liable for their actions, as they had not reached an age of criminal responsibility. ...

Prisons by country

Prisons in Australia

The main cell block of Fremantle Prison, Western Australia.

Many prisons in Australia were built by convict labour in the 1800s. During the 1990s various state governments in Australia engaged private sector correctional corporations to build and operate prisons whilst several older government run institutions were decommissioned. Operation of Federal detention centres was also privatised at a time when a large influx of illegal immigrants began to arrive in Australia. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2080x1544, 693 KB) Summary The main cellblock taken by ghostieguide dec 22 2005 Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2080x1544, 693 KB) Summary The main cellblock taken by ghostieguide dec 22 2005 Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A recreation of typical 1855 cell accommodation. ... Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person (3rd) Population (December 2006)  - Population  2,050,900 (4th)  - Density  0. ...

• List of Australian prisons and detention centres
• Immigration detention centres
• Mandatory detention in Australia

This is a list of operational and former Australian prisons and immigration detention centres. ... Australian immigration detention facilities comprise a number of different facilities throughout Australia and the Pacific Ocean. ... Mandatory detention in Australia refers to the Australian federal governments policy and system of mandatory detention, under which all persons entering or remaining in the country without a valid visa are compulsorily detained[1]. Immigration detainees are incarcerated in one of the Australian immigration detention facilities on the Australian...

Prisons in Japan

• See Penal system of Japan

Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Prisons in the United Kingdom

For information on prisons and related subjects in the United Kingdom, see articles on Her Majesty's Prison Service, on the United Kingdom prison population and the List of United Kingdom prisons. Also see house arrest. Her Majestys Prison Service is the British Executive Agency reporting to the Home Office tasked with managing most of the prisons within England and Wales (Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own Prison Services). ... The United Kingdom has one of the highest rates of incarceration in western Europe: on average 139 people in every 100,000 are in prison (although this is far short of the 714 per 100,000 in the United States). ... This page lists all current and a number of historical prisons in the United Kingdom. ... In justice and law, house arrest is the situation where a person is confined (by the authorities) to his or her residence. ...

Prisons in Canada

• See Corrections Canada

Historic Morrow County jail in tiny Mount Gilead, Ohio, a purely temporary facility.

The Correctional Service of Canada is the government agency responsible for the federal prison and parole system in Canada. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2500x1941, 1201 KB) Summary Morrow County jail in Mount Gilead, Ohio, a Second Empire. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2500x1941, 1201 KB) Summary Morrow County jail in Mount Gilead, Ohio, a Second Empire. ... Morrow County is a county located in the state of Ohio, United States. ... Mount Gilead State Park. ...

Prisons in France

France has 188 prisons in mainland and the oversea territories. Statistics showed around 50,000 places on July 1, 2005 for around 60,000 prisoners.

• official website : http://www.justice.gouv.fr/minister/DAP/etablissement.htm
• official statistic (2005) : http://www.justice.gouv.fr/chiffres/chiffrescles05.pdf

Prisons in Germany

• See Prisons in Germany

Germany has 196 prisons (of which 19 are open institutions). Official statistics showed 79,979 places on August 31 2006. On the same day, there were 77,166 prisoners (of which 13,233 pre-trial; 62,029 serving sentences; 1904 others, i.e. mainly civil prisoners; 4073 were female). This is the highest number of prisoners since 1990, when the first statistics after German unification were published. The prison service in Germany is run solely by the federal states although governed by a federal law. ...

• official statistics: http://www.destatis.de/download/d/veroe/fach_voe/justizvollzug06.pdf
• strafvollzugsarchiv/prisons archive, University of Bremen:

http://www.strafvollzugsarchiv.de

Prisons in the United States

• See Prisons in the United States

Prisons in the United States are operated by the Federal government, as well as by each of the state governments. ...

Prisons in history

The following are a selected list of prisons with well-known historical significance:

• Alcatraz, San Francisco (historical)
• Andersonville National Historic Site, Andersonville, Georgia (historical)
• Angola prison, near St. Francisville, Louisiana (since before 1901)
• Attica Correctional Facility, Attica (town), New York, scene of the most infamous prison riot in United States history
• Auburn Prison, Auburn, New York [since 1816]
• The Bastille, Paris, France (historical) In French
• Butyrka prison, Moscow, Russia
• Château d'If, Marseille (historical) In French
• Carandiru, Brazil (historical)
• Devil's Island, French Guiana (historical)
• Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (historical)
• Fleet Prison, London, England (historical)
• Fort Jefferson, Florida keys (historical)
• Fort Monroe, Phoebus, Virginia (historical)
• Folsom State Prison, Folsom, California
• Fremantle Prison, Fremantle, Western Australia
• Hanoi Hilton, Hanoi, Vietnam (POW prison; historical)
• Joliet Prison, Joliet, Illinois (historical)
• Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, Ireland (historical)
• Kingston Penitentiary, Kingston, Ontario Canada (Operating continuously since June 1, 1835)
• La Santé, Paris, France (historical)
• Landsberg Prison, Landsberg am Lech, Germany (since 1910)
• Leavenworth, Kansas, site of a federal prison and the military's primary prison, the United States Disciplinary Barracks.
• Lubyanka prison, Moscow (historical)
• Maze Prison, Belfast, Northern Ireland (historical)
• McNeil Island, Steilacoom, Washington (historical)
• Newgate Prison, London, England (historical)
• Peter and Paul Fortress, St. Petersburg, Russia (historical)
• Rikers Island, New York City, US (since 1884)
• Robben Island, South Africa (historical)
• Sing Sing Correctional Facility, Ossining, New York, U.S. (since 1828)
• Spandau Prison,West Berlin (historical)
• The Tower of London, London, England (historical)

Alcatraz Island (aka The Rock) is a small island located in the middle of San Francisco Bay in California, United States that served as a lighthouse, then a military fortification, and then a federal prison for the area until 1963, when it became a national recreation area. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Andersonville National Historic Site is located in Andersonville, Georgia. ... Andersonville is a city in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. ... Angola is the Louisiana State Penitentiary and is estimated to be the largest prison in the U.S. with 5,000 inmates and over 1,000 staff. ... St. ... The Attica Correctional Facility is one of the best known prisons in the United States, second possibly to Alcatraz. ... Attica is a town located in Wyoming County, New York. ... Auburn Prison is a prison located in Auburn, New York, USA. Constructed in 1816, it was the first state prison in New York, the site of the first execution via electric chair, and the namesake of the Auburn System, a correctional system believed to rehabilitate prisoners William Kemmler, who murdered... Auburn is a city in Cayuga County, New York, United States of America. ... The Bastille The Bastille was a prison in Paris, known formally as Bastille Saint-Antoine—Number 232, Rue Saint-Antoine. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Butyrka prison (Russian: Бутырская тюрьма, Butyrka Бутырка is a colloquial term) was the central transit prison in pre-revolutionary Russia, located in Moscow. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2007)    - Density 10,469,000   8537. ... The Château dIf is a stable (later a prison) located on the island of If, the smallest island in the Frioul Archipelago situated in the Mediterranean Sea about a mile offshore in the Bay of Marseille in southeastern France. ... City flag Coat of arms Motto: By her great deeds, the city of Massilia shines Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Department Bouches-du-Rhône (13) Subdivisions 16 arrondissements (in 8 secteurs) Intercommunality Urban Community of Marseille Provence... Carandiru Pententiary, was the biggest penitentiary on America Latina. ... Devils Island Devils Island (French: ÃŽle du Diable) is the smallest and northernmost island of the three ÃŽles du Salut located off the coast of French Guiana at . ... Eastern State Penitentiary is a former state prison in the United States. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... Pray remember ye poor debtors: inmates of the Fleet Prison beg passers by for alms. ... London — containing the City of London — is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England and a major world city. With over seven million inhabitants (Londoners) in Greater London area, it is amongst the most densely populated areas in Western Europe. ... Dry Tortugas National Park is a United States National Park, located in the Dry Tortugas islands of the Florida Keys. ... Palm trees in Islamorada The Florida Keys are an archipelago, a string of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. ... Satellite Photo of Fort Monroe Fort Monroe, Virginia (also known as Fortress Monroe) is a military installation located at Old Point Comfort on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads on the Chesapeake Bay in eastern Virginia in the United States. ... Phoebus was an incorporated town located in Elizabeth City County on the Virginia Peninsula in eastern Virginia. ... Folsom State Prison, sometimes known as Folsom State Prison, Represa, is one of 33 prisons operated by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). ... Folsom is a city in Sacramento County, California, USA. Though Folsom is most commonly known by its famous Folsom Prison, it is a thriving suburb of Sacramento. ... A recreation of typical 1855 cell accommodation. ... Location of Fremantle, Western Australia Fremantle ( ) is a city located within the Perth metropolitan area on Australias western coast, at the mouth of the Swan River, 19 kilometres southwest of Perths Central Business District. ... The Hanoi Hilton in a 1970 aerial surveillance photo. ... Hanoi (Vietnamese: Hà Ná»™i)  , estimated population 3,058,000(2004), is the capital of Vietnam. ... Joliet Prison was a prison in Joliet, Illinois, United States from 1858 to 2002. ... The city of Joliet is located 40 miles southwest of Chicago. ... Kilmainham Jail, also known as Kilmainham Gaol, is a prison located in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. ... This article is about the city in Ireland. ... Kingston Penitentiary is a maximum security prison located in Kingston, Ontario between King Street West and Lake Ontario. ... Murney Tower, Kingston The Fort Henry Guard performing an historical demonstration The Prince George Hotel. ... La Santé Prison (French: Maison darrêt de la Santé) is a jail located in Paris, France. ... The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Entrance of the Landsberg Prison Landsberg Prison is a penal facility located in the town of Landsberg am Lech in the southwest of the German state of Bavaria, about 30 miles (45 km) west of Munich. ... Landsberg am Lech is a town in the southwest of Bavaria, Germany, about 50 kilometers west of Munich and 35 kilometers south of Augsburg. ... Leavenworth redirects here. ... The United States Penitentiary (USP), Leavenworth is located in Leavenworth, Kansas on 1,583 acres (6. ... A view of the United States Disciplinary Barracks. ... Lubyanka was one of the most infamous NKVD prisons in Soviet Union. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2007)    - Density 10,469,000   8537. ... Her Majestys Prison (HMP) Maze (known colloqually as The Maze) is a disused prison sited at the former RAF station at Long Kesh (it is still called Long Kesh by many Irish Republicans) near Lisburn, nine miles outside Belfast, in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 54. ... Motto:  (Latin for Who will separate us?)[1] Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official language(s) English (de facto), Ulster Scots, Irish3, Northern Ireland Sign Language, Irish Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of... McNeil Island is an island in Puget Sound, located just west of Steilacoom, Washington at 47°1242 North, 122°4114 West3. ... Steilacoom is a town located in Pierce County, Washington. ... Old Newgate Prison, which was replaced in the 18th century. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... The Peter and Paul Fortress (Петропавловская крепость) is in St. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... View of Rikers Island Rikers Island is the name of New York Citys largest jail facility, as well as the name of the 415 acre (1. ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1613  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area    - City... Prison buildings on Robben Island. ... Alternative meaning: Sing Sing (band) Sing Sing Correctional Facility is a prison in Ossining, New York. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Spandau Prison from the air Spandau Prison was a prison situated in the borough of Spandau in western Berlin, constructed in 1876. ... Boroughs of West Berlin West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. ... The Tower of London, seen from the river, with a view of the water gate called Traitors Gate. ... London — containing the City of London — is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England and a major world city. With over seven million inhabitants (Londoners) in Greater London area, it is amongst the most densely populated areas in Western Europe. ...

Cultural references to prisons and prison life

There are many famous work of literature describing or discussing prisons. Examples include:

• The Count of Monte Cristo, classic adventure novel by Alexandre Dumas, père.
• The Ballad of Reading Gaol, famous poem by Oscar Wilde.

There have been several films produced that depict prison life, including: The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is a classic adventure novel by Alexandre Dumas, père. ... Alexandre Dumas, père, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (July 24, 1802 – December 5, 1870) was a French writer, best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world. ... The Ballad of Reading Gaol is a famous poem by Oscar Wilde, written after his release from Reading prison on 19 May 1897. ... Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854 – November 30, 1900) was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, short story writer and Freemason. ...

• Le Trou (1960) Directed by Jacques Becker
• Cool Hand Luke (1967) Directed by Stuart Rosenberg
• A Clockwork Orange (1971) Directed by Stanley Kubrick
• Papillon (1973) Directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
• Stir Crazy (1975) Directed by Sidney Poitier
• Midnight Express (1978) Directed by Alan Parker
• Escape from Alcatraz (1979) Directed by Don Siegel
• Ghosts... of the Civil Dead (1988) Directed by John Hillcoat
• Blood In Blood Out (1993) Directed by Taylor Hackford
• The Shawshank Redemption (1994) Directed by Frank Darabont
• Dead Man Walking (1995) Directed by Tim Robbins
• The Chamber (1996) Directed by James Foley
• The Rock (1996) Directed by Michael Bay
• The Green Mile (1999) Directed by Frank Darabont
• The Last Castle (2001) Directed by Rod Lurie
• Half Past Dead (2002) Directed by Don Michael
• Let's Go to Prison (2006) Directed by Bob Odenkirk

There have also been a number of television programs, including: Le Trou is a 1960 film directed by Jacques Becker. ... Jacques Becker (September 15, 1906 - February 21, 1960) was a French screenwriter and film director. ... Cool Hand Luke is a 1967 American film starring Paul Newman and directed by Stuart Rosenberg. ... Stuart Rosenberg is a film director. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an influential, Academy Award-winning and acclaimed American film director and producer. ... Papillon is a French word for butterfly. The term may also refer to Papillon (autobiography), a memoir written by Henri Charrière about his imprisonment at a penal colony in French Guiana. ... Franklin James Schaffner (May 30, 1920 - July 2, 1989) was an American film director. ... DVD cover Stir Crazy is a 1980 comedy film starring Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor as two men framed for a bank robbery and each ending up with a 125 year prison sentence. ... Sir Sidney Poitier KBE, (IPA pronunciation: ) (born February 20, 1927), is an Academy Award-winning Bahamian actor, film director, and activist. ... Midnight Express is a 1978 biographical film, based on the book of true accounts of Billy Hayes, a young American sent to a Turkish prison for trying to smuggle Hashish out of Turkey to the US. However movie deviates especially in the portrayal of Turks from the book to a... Alan Parker on the set of Pink Floyd The Wall Sir Alan Parker (born February 14, 1944) is a British film director, producer, writer, and actor. ... Escape from Alcatraz is a 1963 non-fiction book, written by J. Campbell Bruce, about the history of Alcatraz Penitentiary and the escape attempts, some successful, of the inmates. ... Don Siegel (October 26, 1912 - April 20, 1991) was an influential American film director. ... Ghosts. ... John Hillcoat is an Australian film writer and director. ... Bound by Honor (also known as Blood in, Blood out) is a 1993 film directed by Taylor Hackford. ... Taylor Hackford (born December 31, 1944 in Santa Barbara, California) is an American film director. ... The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 movie, written and directed by Frank Darabont, based on the Stephen King novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. ... Frank Darabont (born on January 28, 1959) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. ... This article is about the film. ... Tim Robbins at Cannes, 2001 Height: 6 ft 4 in / 1. ... The Chamber (1994) is a legal/suspense novel by noted American author John Grisham. ... James Foley (born December 23, 1957 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American film director and screenwriter. ... The Rock (1996) is an action movie that primarily takes place on Alcatraz Island, and the San Francisco Bay area. ... Michael Benjamin Bay (born February 17, 1965) is an American film director and producer. ... The Green Mile is a 1999 movie, directed by Frank Darabont and adapted by him from the Stephen King novel The Green Mile. ... Frank Darabont (born on January 28, 1959) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. ... The Last Castle is a 2001 movie starring Robert Redford and James Gandolfini. ... Rod Lurie (born 1962) is an American director, screenwriter and former film critic. ... Half Past Dead is a 2002 action movie in which a criminal infiltrates a prison to interrogate a prisoner about the location of a fortune in gold and an FBI agent has to stop him. ... Lets Go to Prison is a dark American comedy that was released in theatres November 17, 2006, staring Dax Shepard, Will Arnett and Chi McBride, and directed by Bob Odenkirk. ... Robert Bob Odenkirk (born October 22, 1962, in Naperville, Illinois) is an American actor, writer, director and producer. ...

• Porridge (TV) (1974-1977)
• Prisoner (TV series) (1979-1986)
• Oz (TV series) (1997-2003) HBO
• Bad Girls (TV series) (1999-present)
• Prison Break (TV series) (2005-present)

Porridge is a British BBC television sitcom (1974–1977), written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais and starring Ronnie Barker. ... For the 1967 British fantasy-drama television series starring Patrick McGoohan, see The Prisoner. ... Oz was the first one-hour dramatic television series to be produced by HBO. The show, which aired for six seasons (1997-2003), was created by Tom Fontana and produced by Barry Levinson. ... Bad Girls was a British television drama series shown on ITV1 from 1999 to 2006. ... Bondage Escape is an American television series that premiered on the Fox Network on August 29, 2005. ...

Corresponding with prisoners

Corresponding with prisoners is very helpful to them, but carries risks for both correspondents - improper mail to inmates can cost them privileges (normally, all mail to inmates is read by prison staff). Use of a pen-pal service reduces (but not eliminates) these risks - as of 2005, there were more than 36 such services for U.S. prisoners alone. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from...

See also

Anton Praetorius (Lippstadt 1560 – 6 December 1613 near Heidelberg in Laudenbach/Bergstrasse), Protestant pastor and fighter against the persecution of witches (witchhunts, witchcraft trials) and against torture. ... Boot camps have been part of the correctional and penal system of the United States for the last 25 years. ... In the United Kingdom, a Borstal was a juvenile detention centre or reformatory, an institution of the criminal justice system, intended to reform delinquent male youths aged between about 16 and 21. ... The Bridewell Palace was rebuilt for Henry VIII in 1515-1520 on the site of an earlier palace. ... Community service refers to service that a person performs for the benefit of his or her local community. ... False imprisonment is a tort, and possibly a crime, wherein a person is intentionally confined without legal authority. ... The Department of Corrections is a U.S. department responsible for the nations prison and reform system. ... It has been suggested that Adjudication be merged into this article or section. ... In justice and law, house arrest is the situation where a person is confined (by the authorities) to his or her residence. ... Jailhouse lawyer is a colloquial term in North American English to refer to an inmate in a jail or other prison who, though usually never having practiced law nor having any formal legal training, informally assists other inmates in legal matters relating to their sentence (e. ... Life imprisonment is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime, nominally for the entire remaining life of the prisoner, but in fact for a period which varies between jurisdictions: many countries have a maximum possible period of time a prisoner may be incarcerated, or require the possibility of parole... This page provides a list of prisons by country. ... Panopticon blueprint by Jeremy Bentham, 1791 The Panopticon is a type of prison building designed by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham. ... A Penal Colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the states (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than the prison farm. ... Penal labour or penal servitude is a form of unfree labour. ... Penology (from the Latin poena, punishment) comprises penitentiary science: that concerned with the processes devised and adopted for the punishment, repression, and prevention of crime, and the treatment of prisoners. ... The aim of the prison abolition movement is to eliminate prisons, jails, immigration detention centers, and prisoner of war camps by alternatives which they argue are more useful and more humane. ... Prison education involves vocational training or academic education supplied to prisoners as part of their rehabilitation and preparation for life outside prison. ... A prison escape or prison break is where a prisoner leaves their prison through unofficial or illegal ways, and almost always results in an effort to recapture them by their original detainers. ... A Correction officer is a person charged with the responsibility of the supervision of prisoners in a prison or jail. ... Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, aiming at a more effective penal system. ... Prison sexuality deals with sexual relationships between confined individuals. ... The movement for Prisoners rights is based on the principle that prisoners, even though they are deprived of liberty, are still entitled to basic human rights. ... Prisons in the United States are operated by the Federal government, as well as by each of the state governments. ... Most prisons are operated by government agencies. ... Look up Punishment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A prisoner who is denied, refused or unable to meet the conditions of bail, or who is unable to post bail, may be held in a prison on remand until their criminal trial. ... Village lock-ups were temporary holding places for detaining people in rural parts of England and Wales. ... Village lock-ups were temporary holding places for detaining people in rural parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland. ...

References

1. ^ Vold, George B., Thomas J. Bernard, Jeffrey B. Snipes (2001). Theoretical Criminology. Oxford University Press. 
2. ^ ^{a b} World Prison Population List. Home Office, UK (2003).
3. ^ Harrison, Paige M., Allen J. Beck (June 2006). Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
4. ^ http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance.htm
5. ^ Entire World - Prison Population Totals. Retrieved on 2006-06-13.

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ...

Further reading

• Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, New York: Random House 1975
• Peter Kropotkin, "In Russian and French Prisons". Online book. This is a criticism of the existence of prisons.
• James (Jim) Bruton, Big House: Life Inside a Supermax Security Prison, Voyageur Press (July, 2004), hardcover, 192 pages, ISBN 0-89658-039-3
• George Jackson, George Jackson: Soledad brother.
• Paula C. Johnson, Inner Lives: Voices of African American Women in Prison, New York University Press 2004
• Marek M. Kaminski (2004) Games Prisoners Play. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11721-7 http://webfiles.uci.edu/mkaminsk/www/book.html
• Ted Conover. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing. Knopf, 2001. Trade paperback, 352 pages, ISBN 0-375-72662-4.
• Mark L. Taylor. The Executed God: The Way of the Cross in Lockdown America. Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0-8006-3283-4.
• Wil S. Hylton. "Sick on the Inside: Correctional HMOs and the coming prison plague". Harper's Magazine, August 2003.
• World Prison Population List (fourth edition) UK Home Office, 2003. ISSN 1473-8406
• Dillon, Read & Co. Inc. and the Aristocracy of Prison Profits

Michel Foucault (IPA pronunciation: ; English-speakers pronunciation varies) (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher and historian. ... Discipline and Punish (subtitled The Birth of the Prison) is a book written by the philosopher Michel Foucault. ... Peter Kropotkin Prince Peter Alexeevich Kropotkin (In Russian Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин) (December 9, 1842 - February 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of what he called anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society... Cover of Soledad Brother George Jackson (September 23, 1941 – August 21, 1971) was a Black American militant who became a member of the Black Panther Party while in prison, where he spent the last 12 years of his life. ... The modern concept of Small Office and Home Office or SoHo , or Small or Home Office deals with the category of business which can be from 1 to 10 workers. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Prisons

• Prison Statistics - Bureau of Justice Statistics
• Home Office, UK - Justice & prisons
• Lower Rates For Prison Collect Calls - Collect Calls From Prisons