The Penner (also Pennar, Penna or Penneru) is a river of southern India. The Penner rises on the hill of Nandidrug in Kolar District of Karnataka state, and runs 560 km (350 miles) north and east through the state of Andhra Pradesh to empty into the Bay of Bengal. The watershed of the Penner and its tributaries covers part of the southern Deccan plateau, including most of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and part of Karnataka. The Kolar Plateau forms the divide between the Penner watershed and those of the Kaveri, Ponnaiyar, and Palar rivers to the south. The Penner drains the northern portion of the plateau, which includes parts of Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka. The Krishna River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the Penner's watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the northern divide of the Penner basin. The upper watershed of the Penner includes Cuddapah District, central and eastern Anantapur District, the southern part of Kurnool District, northwestern Chittoor District. The main tributaries of the Penner are the Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru from the north, and the Chitrabvati, Papaghni and Cheyyeru from the south. The Penner then flows east through a gap in the Eastern Ghats ranges onto the plain of Coastal Andhra, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal 15 km east of Nellore at a place called Ootukuru. Nandidrug is a hill fortress of southern India, in the Kolar district of Karnataka state, 4851 ft. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Andhra Pradesh  : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... A map showing the location of the Bay of Bengal. ... A drainage basin is the area within the drainage basin divide (yellow outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (blue lines) of a contiguous area. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... the region marked in green Rayalaseema is an unofficial region of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... Andhra Pradesh  : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... The Ponnaiyar is a river in southern India. ... The Palar is a river of southern India. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Krishna River is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). ... The Erramala (also called Yellamala) are range of low hills in southern India, in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh state. ... Map showing cuddapah district Cuddapah, or Kadapa, as it is known now, is one of the districts of Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh, India. ... Anantapur is a district in Andhra Pradesh, India. ... Kurnool is a district in Andhra Pradesh, India. ... Chittoor   (Telugu :చిత్తూరు), also known as Chittur, is a city and district of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains, eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. ... Coastal Andhra is an unofficial region of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... Nellore is a city located in Andhra Pradesh, India. ...

The upper basin of the Penner is largely made up of ancient Archean rocks, principally granite and schist. The lower basin is made up of young sediments, including laterite and recent alluvium. The Archean is a geologic eon; it is a somewhat antiquated term for the time span between 2500 million years before the present and 3800 million years before the present. ... Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ... Schist The schists form a group of medium-grade metamorphic rocks, chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar minerals such as micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite, and others. ... Cutting of laterite brickstones, Angadipuram, India Laterite is a surface formation in tropical areas which is enriched in iron and aluminium and develops by intensive and long lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock. ... Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, to wash against) is soil or sediments deposited by a river or other running water. ...

The Penner basin has a dry tropical monsoon climate. The upper basin of the Penner is semi-arid, with summer temperatures of 25-46ºC and winter temperatures of 18 - 28ºC. Most of the rainfall is provided by the moisture-bearing southwest monsoon, which provides rain to most of India between June and September. The Penner basin lies in the rain shadow of the high Western Ghats ranges, which prevents much moisture from reaching the region. Post-monsoon cyclonic storms in the coastal region produce additional rain during September and October. The winter northeast monsoon, which provides rain between December and March, provides little rain to the upper basin and slightly more to the lower basin. It varies greatly from year to year in south India, sometimes bringing powerful cyclonic storms with flooding and high winds. The mean annual rainfall is 550 mm/year in Anantapur, and 900 mm/year in Nellore. The Penner basin suffered from a prolonged drought in the 1990's, which caused much misery among the regions farmers and generated political demands to build an aqueduct to bring water from the Krishna River to Rayalaseema. Monsoon in the Vindhya mountain range, central India A monsoon is a storm whose direction depends on the specific season. ... For the television series see Rain Shadow. ... The Agasthiyamalai range of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a mountain range in India. ... This article is about the meteorological phenomenon. ... Pont du Gard, France, a Roman aqueduct built circa 19 BC. It is one of Frances top tourist attractions and a World Heritage Site. ...

The beautiful Pennar river near the Gandikota fort

The upper basin was formerly covered by tropical dry forest, thorn forest, and xeric shrublands. Most of the dry tropical forest has now disappeared, due to clearance for grazing and overharvesting the forests for timber and firewood, replaced by thorny shrublands. The remnant forests of the Deccan are largely deciduous, dropping their leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests of Coastal Andhra were evergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets. Trinidad and Tobago dry forest on Chacachacare showing the dry-season deciduous nature of the vegetation The tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest biome, also known as tropical dry forest, is located at tropical and subtropical latitudes. ... In isolation, Hawaiis Silverswords have adapted to xeric microclimates within volcanic craters, trapping and channeling dew and protecting leaves with reflective hairs. ... Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off). ... The East Deccan dry evergreen forests are an ecoregion of southeastern India. ...

The estuary of the Penner river extends 7km upstream from the Bay of Bengal. Tidal influence and salt water extends further upstream during the November to June dry season. Coastal dunes as high as 7 meters form around the river mouth. Upputeru tidal creek, 15km in length, and Isakapalli lagoon, separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Isakapalli barrier island, 180 m long and up to 3 m high, form the main coastal wetlands. The small boat port of Krishnapatnam lies on Upputeru creek, and is planned to be developed into a deep-water port by 2006. Buckingham Canal, a navigable man-made waterway that runs just behind the coast, allows small boats from the Penner to get to Chennai in the south and the Krishna River delta to the north. Estuaries and coastal waters are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing ecological, economic, cultural, and aesthetic benefits. ... A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ... Krishnapatnam is small port town in Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, India. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Buckingham Canal is a salt water navigation canal, running parallel to the Coromandel Coast of South India for 420 km, from Krishna District in Andhra Pradesh to Villupuram District in Tamil Nadu. ... Chennai   (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras  , is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is Indias fourth largest metropolitan city. ... The Krishna River is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). ...