The Penner (also Pennar or Penneru) is a river of southern India. The Penner rises on the hill of Nandidrug in Kolar district of Karnataka state, and runs 560 km (350 miles) north and east through Andhra Pradesh state to empty into the Bay of Bengal. The watershed of the Penner and its tributaries covers part of the southern Deccan plateau, including most of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. and part of Karnataka. The Kolar plateau forms the divide between the Penner watershed and those of the Kaveri, Ponnaiyar, and Palar rivers to the south. The Penner drains the northern portion of the plateau, which includes parts of Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka. The Krishna River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the Penner's watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the northern divide of the Penner basin. The upper watershed of the Penner includes Cuddapah District, central and eastern Anantapur District, the southern part of Kurnool District, northwestern Chittoor District. The main tributaries of the Penner are the Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru from the north, and the Chitrabvati, Papaghni and Cheyyeru from the south. The Penner then flows east through a gap in the Eastern Ghats ranges onto the plain of Coastal Andhra, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal 15 km east of Nellore. The Kolar District is situated in the state of Karnataka, India. ... Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ in Kannada) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ... The Bay of Bengal is a sea that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. ... For the term related to television programmes, see watershed (television). ... Introduction The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ... Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ in Kannada) is one of the four southern states of India. ... The Cauvery (sometimes written as Kaveri) is one of the major rivers of southern India. ... The Kolar District is situated in the state of Karnataka, India. ... Tumkur is an administrative district in the state of Karnataka in India. ... The Krishna River is one of the longest rivers of India (about 900 km in length). ... The Erramala (also called Yellamala) are range of low hills in southern India, in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh state. ... Cuddapah, or Kadapa, as it is known now, is one of the districts of Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh, India. ... Anantapur is a district and its administrative city in the southwest of the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, on the border of the state of Karnataka. ... Kurnool is a city in Andhra Pradesh state of southern India. ... Chittoor is a city and district of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains, eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. ... Coastal Andhra is an unofficial region of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... Nellore is the headquarters of the Nellore district, the southern most coastal district in the state Andhra Pradesh, in India. ...

The upper basin of the Penner is largely made up of ancient Archean rocks, principally granite and schist. The lower basin is made up of young sediments, including laterite and recent alluvium. The Archean is a geologic eon; it is a somewhat antiquated term for the time span between 2500 million years before the present and 3800 million years before the present. ... Granite - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Categories: Mineral stubs | Metamorphic rocks ... Laterite is a red-colored clay rich soil found in the tropics and subtropics. ... Alluvium is soil land deposited by a river or other running water. ...

The Penner basin has a dry tropical monsoon climate. The upper basin of the Penner is semi-arid, with summer temperatures of 25-46ºC and winter temperatures of 18 - 28ºC. Most of the rainfall is provided by the moisture-bearing southwest monsoon, which provides rain to most of India between June and September. The Penner basin lies in the rain shadow of the high Western Ghats ranges, which prevents much moisture from reaching the region. Post-monsoon cyclonic storms in the coastal region produce additional rain during September and October. The winter northeast monsoon, which provides rain between December and March, provides little rain to the upper basin and slightly more to the lower basin. It varies greatly from year to year in south India, sometimes bringing powerful cyclonic storms with flooding and high winds. The mean annual rainfall is 550 mm/year in Anantapur, and 900 mm/year in Nellore. The Penner basin suffered from a prolonged drought in the 1990's, which caused much misery among the regions farmers and generated political demands to build an aqueduct to bring water from the Krishna River to Rayalaseema. Monsoon in Vindhya in centre India A monsoon is a periodic wind, especially in the Indian Ocean and southern Asia. ... A rain shadow (or more accurately, precipitation shadow) is a dry region on the surface of the Earth that is leeward or behind a mountain with respect to the prevailing wind direction. ... The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of Indias Deccan Plateau, and separate the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. ... This article is about the meteorological phenomenon. ... This article is about the structure aqueduct, for the racecourse see Aqueduct Racetrack. ...

The upper basin was formerly covered by tropical dry forest, thorn forest, and xeric shrublands. Most of the dry tropical forest has now disappeared, due to clearance for grazing and overharvesting the forests for timber and firewood, replaced by thorny shrublands. The remnant forests of the Deccan are largely deciduous, dropping their leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests of Coastal Andhra were evergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets. Introduction Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests is a biome located at tropical and subtropical latitudes. ... Deserts and xeric shrublands is a biome in which the climate is very dry, either hot or cold It is characterized by water : almost none temperature : hot or cold soil : very limited plants : very sparse (succulents) animal : very sparse (insect, reptiles, arachnids, nocturnal birds) Colorados San Luis Valley is... Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off). ... The East Deccan dry evergreen forests are an ecoregion of southeastern India. ...

The estuary of the Penner river extends 7km upstream from the Bay of Bengal. Tidal influence and salt water extends further upstream during the November to June dry season. Coastal dunes as high as 7 meters form around the river mouth. Upputeru tidal creek, 15km in length, and Isakapalli lagoon, separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Isakapalli barrier island, 180 m long and up to 3 m high, form the main coastal wetlands. The small boat port of Krishnapatnam lies on Upputeru creek, and is planned to be developed into a deep-water port by 2006. Buckingham Canal, a navigable man-made waterway that runs just behind the coast, allows small boats from the Penner to get to Chennai in the south and the Krishna River delta to the north. Estuaries and coastal waters are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing numerous ecological, economic, cultural, and aesthetic benefits and services. ... A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Buckingham Canal is a salt water navigation canal, running parallel to the Coromandel Coast of South India for 420 km, from Krishna District in Andhra Pradesh to South Arcot district in Tamil Nadu. ... Chennai (சென்னை in Tamil), formerly known as Madras, is a city on the east coast of southern India. ... The Krishna River is one of the longest rivers of India (about 900 km in length). ...