NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pentobarbital

Pentobarbital is a short acting barbiturate that is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol.^[1] One trade name for this drug is Nembutal®, coined by Dr. John S. Lundy, who started using it in 1930, from the structural formula of the sodium salt—Na (sodium) + ethyl + methyl + butyl + al (common suffix for barbiturates).^[2] In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...

Uses

Approved

Pentobarbital's FDA approved human uses include treatment of seizures and preoperative (and other) sedation; it is also approved as a short-term hypnotic.^[3] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food (humans and animal), dietary supplements, drugs (human and animal), cosmetics, medical devices (human and animal) and radiation emitting devices (including non-medical devices), biologics, and... Seizures are temporary abnormal electro-physiologic phenomena of the brain, resulting in abnormal synchronization of electrical neuronal activity. ... Sedation is a medical procedure involving administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure, such as endoscopy, vasectomy, or minor surgery with local anaesthesia. ... Hypnotic drugs are a class of drugs that induce sleep, used in the treatment of severe insomnia. ...

Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label

Off-label uses of pentobarbital include reduction of intracranial pressure in Reye's syndrome, traumatic brain injury^[1] and induction of coma in cerebral ischemia patients.^[3] Reyes syndrome is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver. ... In medicine, ischemia (Greek Î¹ÏƒÏ‡Î±Î¹Î¼Î¯Î±, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply, generally due to factors in the blood vessels, with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue. ...

Veterinary medicine

In veterinary medicine sodium pentobarbital—traded under names such as Sagatal—is used as an anaesthetic.^[5] Pentobarbital is an ingredient in Equithesin. Veterinary medicine is the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. ... Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ... Equithesin is an anesthetic often used in veterinary or animal research work. ...

Veterinary Euthanasia

It is used by itself, or more often in combination with complementary agents such as phenytoin, in commercial animal euthanasia^[6] injectable solutions. Trade names include Euthasol, Euthatal, Beuthanasia-D and Fatal Plus. Phenytoin sodium (marketed as DilantinÂ® in the USA and as EpanutinÂ® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Human Euthanasia

Pentobarbital has also been used for physician-assisted suicide. Pentobarbital was used in the Northern Territory of Australia, prior to euthanasia becoming illegal.^[7]

Folklore

A pentobarbital suppository was cited in an October 2006 news article in WorldNetDaily.com as the cause of death of Marilyn Monroe. Norma Jeane Mortenson (June 1, 1926 â€“ August 5, 1962), better known as Marilyn Monroe, was a Golden Globe Award-winning American actress, singer, model and pop icon. ...

The Beatles where accused of writing their 1966 hit Yellow Submarine while induldging in the psychoactive effects of Nembutal, though band members denied the allegations. The Beatles appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964 as part of their first tour of the United States, promoting their first hit single there, I Want To Hold Your Hand. ... Yellow Submarine can refer to: Yellow Submarine - original song by The Beatles, released in 1966. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ...

Metabolism

Pentobarbital undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver and possibly the intestines.^[8] Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle, one of the central metabolic pathways in aerobic organisms. ...

Drug Interactions

Administration of alcohol, opioids, antihistamines, other sedative-hypnotics, and other central nervous system depressants will additively increase the sedation caused by pentobarbital.^[3] Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ... An antihistamine is a drug which serves to reduce or eliminate effects mediated by histamine, an endogenous chemical mediator released during allergic reactions, through action at the histamine receptor. ... A sedative is a substance which depresses the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...

Tricyclic antidepressants decrease serum levels of pentobarbital. Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ...

References and End Notes

July 16 is the 197th day (198th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 168 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 16 is the 197th day (198th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 168 days remaining. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

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Barbiturates

Allobarbital, Amobarbital, Aprobarbital, Alphenal, Barbexaclone, Barbital, Butabarbital, Butalbital, Butobarbital, Butallylonal, Cyclobarbital, Cyclopal, Ethallobarbital, Hexethal, Heptabarbital, Hexobarbital, Mephobarbital, Metharbital, Methohexital, Methylphenobarbital, Pentobarbital, Probarbital, Proxibarbital, Propallylonal, Reposal, Secobarbital, Talbutal, Thialbarbital, Thiamylal, Thiobarbital, Thiobutabarbital Thiopental, Vinbarbital, Vinylbital Barbiturates are drugs that acts as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ... Allobarbital is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1950s. ... Amobarbital (formerly known as amylobarbitone) is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Alphenal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1960s. ... Barbexaclone (marketed in Italy as Maliasin by Abbott Laboratories). ... Barbital (marketed under the brand name Veronal), also called barbitone, was the first commercially marketed barbiturate. ... Butabarbital ButisolÂ® is a prescription barbiturate sleep aid. ... Butalbital, 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with an intermediate duration of action. ... Butobarbital (also known as Soneryl) is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Butallylonal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1960s. ... Cyclobarbital, also known as cyclobarbitol or cyclobarbitone, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Cyclopal (Dormisan) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1940s. ... Ethallobarbital is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Hexethal (Ortol) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1940s. ... Heptabarbital is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Hexobarbital is a barbiturate derivative having hypnotic and sedative effects. ... Methylphenobarbital (also known as mephobarbital) is marketed in the US as Mebaral by Ovation. ... Metharbital was marketed as Gemonil by Abbott Laboratories. ... Methohexital is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic induction agent, that is, used to commence anaesthesia. ... Methylphenobarbital (also known as mephobarbital) is marketed in the US as Mebaral by Ovation. ... Probarbital (Vasalgin) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1950s. ... Proxibarbital (Ipronal) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1970s. ... Propallylonal (Nostal, Quietal, Ibomal) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1950s. ... Reposal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1960s in Denmark. ... Secobarbital (marketed under the brand names SeconalÂ® and Tuinal) is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Talbutal (LotusateÂ®), also called 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. ... Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ... Sodium thiopental (also called sodium pentothal (™ of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental (or thiopentone) sodium) is a rapid-onset, short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. ... Vinbarbital is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Vinylbital, also known as butylvinyl, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ...

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Anticonvulsants (N03)

Barbiturates: Barbexaclone, Metharbital, Methylphenobarbital, Phenobarbital, Primidone The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ... Barbexaclone (marketed in Italy as Maliasin by Abbott Laboratories). ... Metharbital was marketed as Gemonil by Abbott Laboratories. ... Methylphenobarbital (also known as mephobarbital) is marketed in the US as Mebaral by Ovation. ... Phenobarbital (also phenobarbitone) (LuminalÂ®) is a weak acid with the chemical formula C12H12N2O3. ... Primidone, is an anticonvulsant of the pyrimidinedione class whose active metabolites, phenobarbital (minor) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) (major), are also anticonvulsants. ...

Hydantoins: Ethotoin, Fosphenytoin, Mephenytoin, Phenytoin Hydantoin, which is also known as glycolylurea, is a heterocyclic organic compound which can be thought of as a cyclic double-condensation reaction product of glycolic acid and urea. ... Ethotoin (marketed as PeganoneÂ® by Ovation) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. ... Fosphenytoin (CerebyxÂ®, Parke-Davis) is a water-soluble phenytoin prodrug used in only in hospitals for the treatment of epileptic seizures. ... Mephenytoin (marketed as MesantoinÂ® by Novartis) is a hydantoin, used as an anticonvulsant. ... Phenytoin sodium (marketed as DilantinÂ® in the USA and as EpanutinÂ® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ...

Oxazolidinediones: Ethadione, Paramethadione, Trimethadione The following are oxazolidinediones: paramethadione trimethadione ethadione Categories: Pharmacology stubs | Antiepileptics ... Ethadione is an anticonvulsant medication in the oxazolidinedione family. ... Paramethadione is an anticonvulsant in the oxazolidinedione class. ... Trimethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant. ...

Succinimides: Ethosuximide, Mesuximide, Phensuximide Succinimides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ... Ethosuximide is a succinimide anticonvulsant, used mainly in absence seizures. ... Mesuximide (or methsuximide) is an anticonvulsant medication. ... Phensuximide is an anticonvulsant in the succinimide class. ...

Benzodiazepines: Clobazam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Nitrazepam, Temazepam Alprazolam 2mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , or benzos for short) are a class of psychoactive drugs considered as minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnestic properties which is brought upon by this class of drug slowing down the central nervous system. ... Clobazam is triazolobenzodiazepine, also known as a 1,5-benzodiazepine, meaning that its diazepine ring has its nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 5 positions instead of the usual 1 and 4. ... Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-name KlonopinÂ® in the United States and RivotrilÂ® in Europe, Brazil and Canada) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Clorazepate (marketed under the brand names TranxeneÂ® and TranxiliumÂ®) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Diazepam (IPA: ), marketed under brand names Valium, Stesolid, Diazemuls, Seduxen, Bosaurin, Diapam, Antenex, Ducene and Apozepam)[1] is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Lorazepam (marketed under the brand names AtivanÂ®, TemestaÂ®, TavorÂ®) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Midazolam (marketed under brand names VersedÂ®, HypnovelÂ®, DormicumÂ® and DormonidÂ®, pronounced ) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Carboxamides: Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, Rufinamide Fatty acid derivatives: Valpromide, Valnoctamide Carboxamides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ... Carbamazepine (sold under the brand-names Biston, Calepsin, Carbatrol, Epitol, Equetro, Finlepsin, Sirtal, Stazepine, Tegretol, Telesmin, Timonil) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Oxcarbazepine (Marketed as TrileptalÂ® by Novartis) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Rufinamide is an anticonvulsant medication. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... Valpromide (dipropylacetamide, Î±-propylvaleramide, Diprozin) is a carboxamide derivative of valproic acid that is considered safer to use than either valproic acid or sodium valproate. ... Valnoctamide has been used in France as a tranquilizer and muscle relaxant since 1964[3] and as an anticonvulsant since starting in 1969 in Portugal. ...

Carboxylic acids: Valproic acid (Sodium valproate & Valproate semisodium), Tiagabine -- GABA analogs: Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Progabide, Vigabatrin Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted... Valproic acid is a chemical compound that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Sodium valproate (INN) or valproate sodium (USAN) is the sodium salt of valproic acid and is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy. ... Valproate semisodium (INN) or divalproex sodium (USAN) consists of a compound of sodium valproate and valproic acid in a 1:1 molar relationship in an enteric coated form. ... Tiagabine is an anti-convulsive medication produced by Cephalon and marketed under the brand name Gabitril. ... Gaba may refer to: GabÃ¢ or gabaa (Philippines), the concept of negative karma of the Cebuano people GABA, the gamma-amino-butyric acid neurotransmitter GABA receptor, in biology, receptors with GABA as their endogenous ligand Gaba 1 to 1, an English conversational school in Japan Marianne Gaba, a US model... Gabapentin (brand name: NeurontinÂ®) was initially synthesized to mimic the structure of GABA for the treatment of epilepsy. ... Pregabalin (brand name: LyricaÂ®) is a new anticonvulsant drug indicated as an add on therapy for partial onset seizures and for certain types of neuropathic pain. ... Progabide (INN) is an analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid used in the treatment of epilepsy. ... Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant that inhibits the catabolism of GABA. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist. ...

Others:- Monosaccharides: Topiramate -- Aromatic allylic alcohols: Stiripentol -- Ureas: Phenacemide, Pheneturide -- Phenyltriazines: Lamotrigine Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. ... Topiramate (brand name: TopamaxÂ®) is an anticonvulsant drug produced by Ortho-McNeil Neurologics, a division of Johnson & Johnson. ... In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ... An allyl group is an alkene hydrocarbon group with the formula H2C=CH-CH2-. It is made up of a vinyl group, CH2=CH-, attached to a methylene -CH2. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... Stiripentol (marketed as Diacomit by Laboratoires BIOCODEX) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. ... Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ... Phenacemide is an anticonvulsant of the urea class. ... Pheneturide (or ethylphenacemide) is an anticonvulsant medication. ... Lamotrigine (marketed as Lamictal by GlaxoSmithKline, called Lamictin in South Africa, Lamogine in Israel, and ë¼ë¯¹íƒˆ in South Korea) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ...

Carbamates: Emylcamate, Felbamate, Meprobamate -- Pyrrolidines: Brivaracetam, Levetiracetam, Nefiracetam, Seletracetam Carbamates are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure -NH(CO)O-. More precisely the carbamate group is considered an amide group with an alkoxy or hydroxy functional group next to the carbonyl group. ... Emylcamate (marketed as StriatranÂ® by Merck) is an anxiolytic and muscle relaxant. ... Felbamate (marketed as Felbamol by MedPointe) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. ... Meprobamate (marketed under the brand names MiltownÂ® by Wallace Laboratories and EquanilÂ® by Wyeth) is a carbamate derivative which is used as an anxiolytic drug. ... Flash point 3 Â°C R/S statement R: 11 20/21/22 35 S: 16 26 28 36/37 45 RTECS number UX9650000 Related compounds Related compounds pyrrole piperidine Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and... Levetiracetam (brand name: KeppraÂ®) is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy. ... Categories: Stub | Substances of the piracetam group ...

Sulfa drugs: Acetazolamide, Ethoxzolamide, Sultiame, Zonisamide -- Propionates: Beclamide -- Aldehydes: Paraldehyde -- Bromides: Potassium bromide, Sodium bromide There are several sulphonamide-based groups of drugs. ... Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name DiamoxÂ®, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, benign intracranial hypertension and altitude sickness. ... Ethoxzolamide (6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, alternatively known as Ethoxyzolamide) is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. ... Sulthiame (or Sultiame) is an anticonvulsant drug. ... Zonisamide (brand name ZonegranÂ®) is an anticonvulsant used as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. ... The propionate (also propanoate) ion is C2H5COOâˆ’ (propionic acid minus one hydrogen ion). ... Beclamide (marketed as Chloracon, Hibicon, Posedrine, Nydrane, Seclar, and other names) is a propionate and was used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant. ... An aldehyde. ... Paraldehyde is the cyclic form of three acetaldehyde molecules (a trimer). ... A bromide is a phrase, or person who uses phrases, which have been used and repeated so many times as to become either insincere in their meaning, or seem like an attempt at trying to explain the obvious. ... Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the 1800s. ... Sodium bromide is the chemical compound with the formula NaBr. ...

Contents

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Approved

Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label

Veterinary medicine

Veterinary Euthanasia

Human Euthanasia

Folklore

Metabolism

Drug Interactions

References and End Notes

External links

Uses